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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; +1 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Konrad, Marcel; Pagenkopf, Johannes; J��ger, Victoria Carolin; Dittus, Holger; +3 Authors

    The project partners Duisport AG, the DLR Institute of Vehicle Concepts and the Center for Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT) have investigated the feasibility of locomotives with hydrogen fuel cell hybrid powertrains (FCH) for typical use by Duisport Rail (dpr) in the Duisburg port area and on the public rail network.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plankenbühler, Thomas; Kolb, Sebastian; Herkendell, Katharina; Karl, Jürgen;

    This study summarises the scientific state of the art for the production, transportation, storage and reconversion of green hydrogen concisely and in the form of fact sheets. The aim is to provide a compact and independent overview that can serve as a guideline and basis of decision-making for future investments in the energy industry. The study discusses 47 technologies with different technology readiness levels and compares them in terms of technical and economic performance indicators. A set of uniform boundary conditions common to the energy industry allows to ensure comparability of economically relevant data (especially hydrogen production costs). In the study, technology profiles describe technologies with high technical relevance and availability as well as technologies with high technical potential but currently low availability. In each case, the state of development, operating principle, market situation as well as technical and economic risks are discussed. Additionally, a technology radar briefly presents technologies with currently unclear technical potential or technologies that are not yet available. Eine Studie im Auftrag der N-ERGIE Aktiengesellschaft

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bohn, Friedrich J.; Bohn, Stephan; Peters, Aribert; Quaschning, Volker;

    Auf den Straßen brummen 2040 noch Verbrennermotoren, fast alle Wohnungen werden noch mit Gas beheizt. Gas und Öl müssen wir importieren, nur etwa 60 % des Stroms erzeugen wir schon erneuerbar. Energie wird immer teurer, Ausfälle häufen sich. – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Report . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    BIP!Powered by BIP!
    visibility146
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Report . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schober, Kay-Uwe; Hörnel-Metzger, Beate; Müller, Maximilian Leonhard; Schütz, Ulrike; +3 Authors

    Global climate change also affects the German forest. In order to fulfill the diverse ecosystem services, forest management has to be sustainable. This includes the fact that climate-friendly and in Germany native tree species such as the sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) are increasingly used in the construction industry. Therefore, the aim of the joint project was the development of a wet construction process with wood moisture contents of up to 30%, which supplies weak and previously unattractive oak hardwoods to a high-quality, multi-stage cascade and long-term structural use. Characteristics of the wet construction technology are a low processing depth due to only a few steps and forgo of technical drying and energy-intensive sawmill processes. The new process represent a comprehensive innovation in the raw material provision by forestry and carpentry companies, creates a long-term carbon dioxide product storage, leads to a significant avoidance of greenhouse emissions and can also be transferred to other types of hardwood species. At the beginning was the idea of a new process chain in which the construction of buildings is flexible adapted to the available assortment of trees. The allocation of the available trunk cross-sections occurs by a near-forest characterization and feature-related selection. Since wood, as a natural material, has a highly inhomogeneous structure, the determination of the material properties was a major research focus, since all properties are dependent on growth conditions, moisture content and location. With the example of a reference object, the scientific findings on the process chain, the construction itself, the raw material and the structural design and development have been proofed and validated. The demonstration building as one project result has been built successfully as a forestry machine hall. The results of the carried out studies and their scientific findings served as base for a prototype building and the proof of concept. The building’s success validates the functionality of the developed process chain. The timber construction company used approximately 80% of the digitally assigned trunks for construction. The structural members of the countryside building have been debarked by a high-pressure water jet process only, which is not common for industrial and prefabricated buildings. The trunks have been trimmed afterwards with a mobile sawmill and the joinery and assembling of the roundwood structure could be done without any further preparatory work or special tools by the local carpenters. The static flexural testing of the raw material could not match the measurement results of the dynamic determination of stiffness with Viscan. This result is in line with other published research reports on nondestructive testing and characterization of wood. The ultrasonic time-of-flight measurement provided even greater deviations. However, a good correlation showed the modulus of elasticity investigations and the NDT tests done on whole trunks of green oak and small-size clear specimen. The design-relevant material properties of the bending strength and stiffness derived by testing have been evaluated according to the Eurocode guidelines “Design by testing”. The property mean values and their 5%-quantiles exceed the bending MOE and MOR normative thresholds. The tested raw material in form of naturally dried small-diameter roundwood oaks has been mechanical graded and assigned into strength class D30 according to EN 338 for the structural design of the demonstration building. Der globale Klimawandel beeinträchtigt auch den deutschen Wald. Damit er seine vielfältigen Ökosystemdienstleistungen erbringen kann, muss die Bewirtschaftung nachhaltig sein. Dazu gehört, dass insbesondere klimaverträgliche und heimische Baumarten wie die Traubeneiche (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) einer verstärkten Nutzung im Bauwesen zugeführt werden. Zielstellung des Verbundprojektes war deshalb die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens für den Nassverbau mit Holzfeuchten bis 30%, das schwache und bislang unattraktive Laubholzsortimente aus Eiche einer hochwertigen und langfristigen baulichen Verwendung und einer mehrstufigen Kaskadennutzung zuführt. Verfahrensmerkmale sind eine geringe Bearbeitungstiefe durch wenige Prozessschritte und der Verzichtet auf die technische Trocknung des Rohmaterials und energieintensive Sägewerksprozesse. Es stellt somit eine umfassende Innovation der Bauholzbereitstellung durch Forst- und Zimmereibetriebe dar, schafft einen langfristigen Kohlendioxid-Produktspeicher, führt zu einer erheblichen Vermeidung von Treibhausgasen und lässt sich auch auf andere Schwachholzsortimente übertragen. Ausgangspunkt der Forschung war die Idee einer neuen Prozesskette, bei der die Konstruktion von Bauwerken flexibel an das vorrätige Holzangebot angepasst wird. Dabei erfolgt die Zuordnung des Angebots vorhandener Stammquerschnitte über eine waldnahe Charakterisierung und merkmalbezogene Vorsortierung. Da Holz als Naturfaserrohstoff stark inhomogen aufgebaut ist, bildete die Bestimmung der Werkstoffkennwerte einen wesentlichen Forschungsschwerpunkt, da alle Eigenschaften wuchs-, feuchte- und standortabhängig veränderlich sind. Am Beispiel eines Referenzobjektes wurden die Erkenntnisse zur Prozesskette, der Konstruktion, dem Rohmaterial und der Tragwerksentwicklung validiert und das Demonstrationsbauwerk als forstwirtschaftliche Maschinenhalle erfolgreich realisiert. Es wurde ein Demonstrationsbauwerk unter Verwendung aller durchgeführter Untersuchungen und deren wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse errichtet. Damit ist die Funktionalität der entwickelten Prozesskette dargestellt. Dabei wurden ca. 80% der digital zugewiesenen Stämme plangemäß vom Holzbauunternehmen in die Konstruktion eingebaut. Dieses wurde lediglich im Wasserstrahlhochdruckverfahren entrindet und mit einem Mobilsägewerk besäumt. Abbund und Montage wurden von einem Unternehmen im ländlichen Raum ohne weitere vorbereitende Maßnahmen oder Spezialwerkzeuge durchgeführt. Die statische Prüfung des Rohmaterials in Biegezugversuchen konnte die Messergebnisse der dynamischen Steifigkeitsbestimmung mit Viscan nicht erreichen. Dies deckt sich mit anderen Forschungsberichten zur Charakterisierung von Holz. Die Ultraschallaufzeitmessung lieferte hier noch größere Abweichungen. Eine gute Korrelation zeigte die Steifigkeitsermittlung an waldfrischen ganze Stämmen und Kleinprüfkörpern. Die bemessungsrelevanten Materialkennwerte der Biegezugfestigkeit und des Biegeelastizitätsmoduls lagen über den Mindestwerten der Festigkeitsklasse D30 nach DIN EN 338, sodass diese für die Tragwerksberechnung des Demonstrationsbauwerkes herangezogen werden konnten.

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    – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

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    Authors: Baltruks, Dorothea; Sowa, Maren; Voss, Maike;

    Die Auswirkungen der Klimakrise auf unser Wohlergehen und unsere Gesundheit werden mit jeder Hitzewelle, jedem Extremwetterereignis und jeder Dürreperiode deutlicher. Doch auch andere durch menschliche Aktivitäten verursachte Umweltschäden haben direkte und indirekte Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesundheit. Vor allem der dramatische Biodiversitätsverlust sowie die Verschmutzung von Gewässern, Luft und Böden haben längst ein gefährliches Maß erreicht. Gesundheitsschutz ist also nicht nur in der Gesundheitspolitik anzusiedeln, ebenso wie Umweltschutz weit über die Umweltpolitik hinaus verbessert werden muss. Das Arzneimittelwesen nimmt auf der einen Seite mit seinen wichtigen gesundheitsschützenden und -fördernden Produkten eine essenzielle Rolle in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung ein. Auf der anderen Seite trägt es durch seine chemikalienintensive Produktion erheblich zu Umwelt- und Klimabelastungen bei, die wiederum unserer Gesundheit und unseren Lebensgrundlagen schaden. In diesem Policy Brief stellen wir diese Problematik dar und zeigen auf, mit welchen rechtlichen Hebeln die Umwelt- und Klimabilanz des Sektors verbessert werden kann. Als besonders wirkungsvolle Hebel gilt eine zulassungsrelevante Umweltrisikoprüfung für Humanarzneimittel; die verpflichtende Berücksichtigung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien in der Ausschreibung für Arzneimittel; die Einbeziehung von sowohl Treibhausgasemissionen als auch Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität in das Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz; transparente, zugängliche Daten zu den Klima- und Umweltauswirkungen von Neu- und Altarzneimitteln; die Reduktion von Verschwendung und unsachgemäßer Entsorgung; die Förderung von Generikaproduktion in Europa; sowie Aus- und Weiterbildungen für Pharmazeut:innen im Hinblick auf Umweltschutz und Nachhaltigkeit.

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    Authors: Wealer, Ben; Breyer, Christian; Hennicke, Peter; Hirsch, Helmut; +12 Authors

    Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 9, 1–98. (Note:The article is in German, but provides a long English abstract.) ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (English further below): Angesichts der sich beschleunigenden Klimakrise wird die Bedeutung der Kernkraft, die derzeit ca. 10 % der weltweiten Stromproduktion ausmacht, für den zukünftigen Energieträgermix diskutiert. Einige Länder, internationale Organisationen, private Unternehmen sowie Forscher:innen messen der Kernenergie auf dem Weg zur Kli­ma­neutralität und zum Ende fossiler Energien eine gewisse Bedeutung bei. Dies geht auch aus Energie- und Klimaszenarien des IPCC hervor. Dagegen legen die Er­fahrun­gen mit der kommerziellen Nutzung der Kernkraft der letzten sieben Jahr­zehnte nahe, dass ein solcher Pfad mit erheblichen technischen, ökonomischen und gesell­schaftlichen Risiken verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Diskussionsbeitrag erör­tert Ar­gumente in den Bereichen „Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale“, „Wirt­schaftlich­keit“, „zeitliche Verfügbarkeit“ sowie „Kompatibilität mit der sozial-ökolo­gischen Transformation“ und zieht dann ein Fazit. Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale: In Kernkraftwerken sind jederzeit katastro­phale Unfälle mit großen Freisetzungen radioaktiver Schadstoffe möglich. Dies zei­gen nicht nur die Großunfälle, z. B. die Ka­ta­strophen von Tschernobyl und Fukushima, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Un­fäl­len, die sich seit 1945 in jedem Jahrzehnt und in jeder Region, die Kernenergie nutzt, ereignet haben. Von in Planung befindlichen SMR-Reaktorkonzepten („Small Modu­lar Reactors“) ist keine wesentlich größere Zuver­lässigkeit zu erwarten. Darüber hinaus besteht permanent die Gefahr des Miss­brauchs von waffenfähigem Spaltmaterial (hochangereichertes Uran bzw. Plu­to­nium) für terroristische Zwecke oder andere Proliferation. Die Endlagerung hoch­radio­aktiver Abfälle muss aufgrund hoher Halbwertszeiten für über eine Millio­n Jahre sicher gewähr­leistet werden; die damit verbundenen Langfristrisiken sind aus heu­tiger Per­spektive nicht überschaubar und weisen zukünftigen Generationen erheb­liche Las­ten zu. Wirtschaftlichkeit: Die kommerzielle Nutzung von Kernenergie war in den 1950er Jahren ein Nebenprodukt militärischer Entwicklungen und hat seit dieser Zeit nie­mals den Sprung zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen Energiequelle geschafft. Selbst der laufende Betrieb von älteren Kernkraftwerken wird heute zunehmend unwirtschaft­lich. Laufzeitverlängerungen sind technisch und wirtschaftlich riskant. Beim Neubau von Kernkraftwerken der aktuellen 3. Generation muss mit Verlusten in Höhe meh­rerer Milliarden US-$ bzw. € gerechnet werden. Zusätzlich fallen erhebliche und der­zeit weitgehend unbe­kannte Kosten für den Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken und die Endlagerung radioak­tiver Abfälle an. Energiewirtschaftliche Analysen zeigen, dass die Einhaltung ambitio­nierter Klimaschutzziele (globale Erwärmung 1,5° bis unter 2 °C) ohne Kernenergie nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung von Systemkosten mit erneuerbaren Energien kostengünstiger ist. Hierzu kommt, dass Unfallrisiken von Kernkraftwerken nicht versicherbar sind und Schäden daher immer sozialisiert werden müssen. Die in aktu­ellen Diskussionen genannten SMR-Konzepte („Small Modular Reactors“) und die Konzepte der sogenannten „Kernkraftwerke der 4. Generation“ (nicht-Leichtwasser-gekühlt) sind technisch unausgereift und weit von kommerziellen Einsätzen entfernt. Zeitliche Verfügbarkeit: Angesichts des stagnierenden bzw. in allen Kernkraftstaaten (außer China) rückläufigen Kernkraftwerksbaus, Planungs- und Bauzeiten von zwei Jahrzehnten (und mehr) sowie absehbar geringen technischen Innovationen kann Kernkraft in den für die Bekämpfung der Klimakrise relevanten Zeiträumen von zwei bis maximal drei Jahrzehnten keine Rolle spielen. Die Anzahl des Baubeginns von Kernkraftwerken ist bereits seit 1976 rückläufig. Aktuell befinden sich lediglich 52 Kernkraftwerke im Bau und nur wenige Länder versuchen den Einstieg in die Kern­energie. Traditionelle Hersteller wie Westinghouse (USA) und Framatome (Frank­reich) sind finanziell angeschlagen und nicht in der Lage, im nächsten Jahrzehnt eine große Anzahl an Neubauprojekten in Angriff zu nehmen. Kernkraft in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Die größte Herausforderung der großen Transformation, d. h. von sozial-ökologischen Reformen in Richtung zu einem gesellschaftlich gestützten zukunftsfähigen, klimaneutralen Energiesystem, liegt in der Überwindung der Widerstände („Lock-in“) des alten, von fossilen Kraftwerken dominierten Energiesystems. Kernenergie ist nicht geeignet, diesen Transforma­tionsprozess zu unterstützen, sondern blockiert diesen sogar: durch Innovations- und Investitionsblockaden. Nuklearer Wasserstoff ist weder aus technischen noch aus ökonomischen Gründen eine Option zur Steigerung der Auslastung von Kern­kraftwerken. Japan ist ein plastisches Beispiel für Transfor­mationsresistenz. In Deutschland schreitet die Atomwende zwar durch die Abschal­tung der letzten sechs Kernkraftwerke (2021 bzw. 2022) voran, jedoch sind weitere Schritte zu einem voll­ständigen Atomausstieg notwendig, u. a. die Schließung der Atomfabriken in Lingen und Gronau. Die Atomwende ist auch eine notwendige Be­dingung für eine erfolg­reiche Endlagersuche. Fazit: Im vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrag wird eine Vielzahl von Argumenten ge­prüft und am bestehenden Stand der Forschung abgeglichen. Dabei bestätigt sich die Einschätzung der Scientists for Future aus dem Diskussionsbeitrag „Klimaver­trägliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland“ vom Juli 2021, dass Kernenergie nicht in der Lage ist, in der verbleibenden Zeit einen sinnvollen Beitrag zum Umbau zu einer klimaverträglichen Energieversorgung zu leisten. Kernkraft ist zu gefährlich, zu teuer und zu langsam verfügbar; darüber hinaus ist Kernkraft zu transformationsresis­tent, d. h. sie blockiert den notwendigen sozial-ökologischen Transformationspro­zess, ohne den ambitionierte Klimaschutzziele nicht erreichbar sind. ENGLISH: In light of the accelerating climate crisis, nuclear energy and its place in the future energy mix is being debated once again. Currently its share of global electricity ge­n­eration is about 10 percent. Some countries, international organizations, private businesses and scientists accord nuclear energy some kind of role in the pursuit of climate neutrality and in ending the era of fossil fuels. The IPCC, too, includes nuclear energy in its scenarios. On the other hand, the experience with commercial nuclear energy generation acquired over the past seven decades points to the significant technical, economic, and social risks involved. This paper reviews arguments in the areas of “technology and risks,” “economic viability,” ’timely availability,” and “com­patibility with social-ecological transformation processes.” Technology and risks: Catastro­phes involving the release of radioactive material are always a real possibility, as il­lustrated by the major accidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Also, since 1945, countless accidents have occurred wherever nuclear energy has been deployed. No significantly higher reliability is to be expected from the SMRs (“small modular reactors”) that are currently at the plan­ning stage. Even modern ma­thematical techniques, such as probabilistic security analyses (PSAs), do not adequa­tely reflect important factors, such as deficient secu­rity arrangements or rare natural disasters and thereby systematically underestimate the risks. Moreover, there is the ever-present proliferation risk of weapon-grade, highly enriched uranium, and plutonium. Most spent fuel rods are stored in scarcely protected surface containers or other interim solutions, often outside proper con­tainment structures. The safe storage of highly radioactive material, owing to a half-live of individual isotopes of over a million years, must be guaranteed for eons. Even if the risks involved for future generations cannot be authoritatively determined to­day, heavy burdens are undoubtedly externalized to the future. Nuclear energy and economic efficiency: The commercial use of nuclear energy was, in the 1950s, the by-product of military programmes. Not then, and not since, has nuclear energy been a competitive energy source. Even the continued use of existing plants is not economical, while investments into third generation reactors are pro­jected to require subsidies to the tune of billions of $ or €. The experience with the development of SMR con­cepts suggests that these are prone to lead to even higher electricity costs. Lastly, there are the considerable, currently largely unknown costs involved in dismant­ling nuclear power plants and in the safe storage of radioactive waste. Detailed ana­lyses confirm that meeting ambitious climate goals (i. e. global heating of between 1.5° and below 2° Celsius) is well possible with renewables which, if system costs are consi­dered, are also considerably cheaper than nuclear energy. Given, too, that nuclear power plants are not commercially insurable, the risks inherent in their operation must be borne by society at large. The currently hyped SMRs and the so-called Generation IV concepts (not light-water cooled) are techno­logically immature and far from commercially viable. Timely availability: Given the stagnating or – with the exception of China – slowing pace of nuclear power plant construction, and considering furthermore the limited innovation potential as well as the timeframe of two decades for planning and con­struction, nuclear power is not a viable tool to mitigate global heating. Since 1976, the number of nuclear power plants construction starts is declining. Currently, only 52 nuclear power plants are being built. Very few countries are pursuing respective plans. Traditional nuclear producers, such as Westinghouse (USA) and Framatome (France) are in dire straits financially and are not able to launch a significant num­ber of new construction projects in the coming decade. It can be doubted whether Russia or China have the capacity to meet a hypothetically surging demand for nuclear en­ergy but, in any event, relying on them would be neither safe nor geopolitically de­sirable. Nuclear energy in the social-ecological transformation: The ultimate challenge of the great transformation, i. e. kicking off the socio-ecological reforms that will lead to a broadly supported, viable, climate-neutral energy system, lies in overcoming the drag (“lock-in”) of the old system that is dominated by fossil fuel interests. Yet, make no mistake, nuclear energy is of no use to support this process. In fact, it blocks it. The massive R&D investment required for a dead-end technology crowds out the devel­opment of sustainable technologies, such as those in the areas of renewables, energy storage and efficiency. Nuclear energy producers, given the competitive en­viron­ment they operate in, are incentivized to prevent – or minimize – investments in renewables. For obvious technical as well as economic reasons, nuclear hydrogen – the often-proclaimed deus ex machina – cannot enhance the viability of nuclear power plants. Japan is an exhibit A of transformation resistance. In Germany the end of the atomic era proceeds, and the last six nuclear power stations will be switched off in 2021 and 2022, but further steps are still needed, most importantly the search for a safe storage facility for radioactive waste. By way of conclusion: The present analysis reviews a whole range of arguments based on the most recent and authoritative scientific literature. It confirms the assessment of the paper Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany – 16 points of orien­tation, pub­li­shed on 22 April 2021 by Scientists for Future (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334) that nuclear energy can­not, in the short time re­maining before the climate tips, meaningfully contribute to a climate-neutral energy system. Nuclear energy is too dangerous, too expensive, and too sluggishly deploy­able to play a significant role in mitigating the climate crisis. In addition, nuclear en­ergy is an obstacle to achieving the social-ecological transfor­mation, without which ambitious climate goals are elusive.

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    Authors: Hagedorn, Gregor; Heger, Tina;

    Neue Gesetze fördern die Agrarwende: Technik und Digitalisierung sichern hohe Erträge. Böden, Wälder und Moore sind nachhaltig bewirtschaftet und bieten gleichzeitig Lebensräume für Tiere und Pflanzen. Entsiegelung lässt Städte ergrünen. – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

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    Authors: Holzhauer, Sascha; Krebs, Friedrich; Fischer, Timo; Mackensen, Reinhard;

    Dieser Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse der Sichtung und Bewertung existierender Beschreibungen und Architekturen des Systems Energie/IKT sowie Vorschläge zu nötigen Erweiterungen gemäß Task 3.1 „Architekturmodelle des Energiesystems“ und zu bestehenden und zukünftigen Datenflüssen gemäß Task 3.2. „Kommunikationsarchitekturen“ zusammen. Dazu werden zunächst eine Beschreibung sowie eine Analyse der relevanten Architekturbestandteile und der beteiligten Rollen und Akteure durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wird dann ein Überblick existierender Anwendungsfälle von IKT im Kontext Smart Grid gegeben und exemplarisch einzelne Fälle detaillierter analysiert. The research presented in this article was partly funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under contract no "03SFK4F1".

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    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; +1 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.

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    Authors: Konrad, Marcel; Pagenkopf, Johannes; J��ger, Victoria Carolin; Dittus, Holger; +3 Authors

    The project partners Duisport AG, the DLR Institute of Vehicle Concepts and the Center for Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT) have investigated the feasibility of locomotives with hydrogen fuel cell hybrid powertrains (FCH) for typical use by Duisport Rail (dpr) in the Duisburg port area and on the public rail network.

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    Authors: Plankenbühler, Thomas; Kolb, Sebastian; Herkendell, Katharina; Karl, Jürgen;

    This study summarises the scientific state of the art for the production, transportation, storage and reconversion of green hydrogen concisely and in the form of fact sheets. The aim is to provide a compact and independent overview that can serve as a guideline and basis of decision-making for future investments in the energy industry. The study discusses 47 technologies with different technology readiness levels and compares them in terms of technical and economic performance indicators. A set of uniform boundary conditions common to the energy industry allows to ensure comparability of economically relevant data (especially hydrogen production costs). In the study, technology profiles describe technologies with high technical relevance and availability as well as technologies with high technical potential but currently low availability. In each case, the state of development, operating principle, market situation as well as technical and economic risks are discussed. Additionally, a technology radar briefly presents technologies with currently unclear technical potential or technologies that are not yet available. Eine Studie im Auftrag der N-ERGIE Aktiengesellschaft

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    Authors: Bohn, Friedrich J.; Bohn, Stephan; Peters, Aribert; Quaschning, Volker;

    Auf den Straßen brummen 2040 noch Verbrennermotoren, fast alle Wohnungen werden noch mit Gas beheizt. Gas und Öl müssen wir importieren, nur etwa 60 % des Stroms erzeugen wir schon erneuerbar. Energie wird immer teurer, Ausfälle häufen sich. – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

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    Authors: Schober, Kay-Uwe; Hörnel-Metzger, Beate; Müller, Maximilian Leonhard; Schütz, Ulrike; +3 Authors

    Global climate change also affects the German forest. In order to fulfill the diverse ecosystem services, forest management has to be sustainable. This includes the fact that climate-friendly and in Germany native tree species such as the sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) are increasingly used in the construction industry. Therefore, the aim of the joint project was the development of a wet construction process with wood moisture contents of up to 30%, which supplies weak and previously unattractive oak hardwoods to a high-quality, multi-stage cascade and long-term structural use. Characteristics of the wet construction technology are a low processing depth due to only a few steps and forgo of technical drying and energy-intensive sawmill processes. The new process represent a comprehensive innovation in the raw material provision by forestry and carpentry companies, creates a long-term carbon dioxide product storage, leads to a significant avoidance of greenhouse emissions and can also be transferred to other types of hardwood species. At the beginning was the idea of a new process chain in which the construction of buildings is flexible adapted to the available assortment of trees. The allocation of the available trunk cross-sections occurs by a near-forest characterization and feature-related selection. Since wood, as a natural material, has a highly inhomogeneous structure, the determination of the material properties was a major research focus, since all properties are dependent on growth conditions, moisture content and location. With the example of a reference object, the scientific findings on the process chain, the construction itself, the raw material and the structural design and development have been proofed and validated. The demonstration building as one project result has been built successfully as a forestry machine hall. The results of the carried out studies and their scientific findings served as base for a prototype building and the proof of concept. The building’s success validates the functionality of the developed process chain. The timber construction company used approximately 80% of the digitally assigned trunks for construction. The structural members of the countryside building have been debarked by a high-pressure water jet process only, which is not common for industrial and prefabricated buildings. The trunks have been trimmed afterwards with a mobile sawmill and the joinery and assembling of the roundwood structure could be done without any further preparatory work or special tools by the local carpenters. The static flexural testing of the raw material could not match the measurement results of the dynamic determination of stiffness with Viscan. This result is in line with other published research reports on nondestructive testing and characterization of wood. The ultrasonic time-of-flight measurement provided even greater deviations. However, a good correlation showed the modulus of elasticity investigations and the NDT tests done on whole trunks of green oak and small-size clear specimen. The design-relevant material properties of the bending strength and stiffness derived by testing have been evaluated according to the Eurocode guidelines “Design by testing”. The property mean values and their 5%-quantiles exceed the bending MOE and MOR normative thresholds. The tested raw material in form of naturally dried small-diameter roundwood oaks has been mechanical graded and assigned into strength class D30 according to EN 338 for the structural design of the demonstration building. Der globale Klimawandel beeinträchtigt auch den deutschen Wald. Damit er seine vielfältigen Ökosystemdienstleistungen erbringen kann, muss die Bewirtschaftung nachhaltig sein. Dazu gehört, dass insbesondere klimaverträgliche und heimische Baumarten wie die Traubeneiche (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) einer verstärkten Nutzung im Bauwesen zugeführt werden. Zielstellung des Verbundprojektes war deshalb die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens für den Nassverbau mit Holzfeuchten bis 30%, das schwache und bislang unattraktive Laubholzsortimente aus Eiche einer hochwertigen und langfristigen baulichen Verwendung und einer mehrstufigen Kaskadennutzung zuführt. Verfahrensmerkmale sind eine geringe Bearbeitungstiefe durch wenige Prozessschritte und der Verzichtet auf die technische Trocknung des Rohmaterials und energieintensive Sägewerksprozesse. Es stellt somit eine umfassende Innovation der Bauholzbereitstellung durch Forst- und Zimmereibetriebe dar, schafft einen langfristigen Kohlendioxid-Produktspeicher, führt zu einer erheblichen Vermeidung von Treibhausgasen und lässt sich auch auf andere Schwachholzsortimente übertragen. Ausgangspunkt der Forschung war die Idee einer neuen Prozesskette, bei der die Konstruktion von Bauwerken flexibel an das vorrätige Holzangebot angepasst wird. Dabei erfolgt die Zuordnung des Angebots vorhandener Stammquerschnitte über eine waldnahe Charakterisierung und merkmalbezogene Vorsortierung. Da Holz als Naturfaserrohstoff stark inhomogen aufgebaut ist, bildete die Bestimmung der Werkstoffkennwerte einen wesentlichen Forschungsschwerpunkt, da alle Eigenschaften wuchs-, feuchte- und standortabhängig veränderlich sind. Am Beispiel eines Referenzobjektes wurden die Erkenntnisse zur Prozesskette, der Konstruktion, dem Rohmaterial und der Tragwerksentwicklung validiert und das Demonstrationsbauwerk als forstwirtschaftliche Maschinenhalle erfolgreich realisiert. Es wurde ein Demonstrationsbauwerk unter Verwendung aller durchgeführter Untersuchungen und deren wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse errichtet. Damit ist die Funktionalität der entwickelten Prozesskette dargestellt. Dabei wurden ca. 80% der digital zugewiesenen Stämme plangemäß vom Holzbauunternehmen in die Konstruktion eingebaut. Dieses wurde lediglich im Wasserstrahlhochdruckverfahren entrindet und mit einem Mobilsägewerk besäumt. Abbund und Montage wurden von einem Unternehmen im ländlichen Raum ohne weitere vorbereitende Maßnahmen oder Spezialwerkzeuge durchgeführt. Die statische Prüfung des Rohmaterials in Biegezugversuchen konnte die Messergebnisse der dynamischen Steifigkeitsbestimmung mit Viscan nicht erreichen. Dies deckt sich mit anderen Forschungsberichten zur Charakterisierung von Holz. Die Ultraschallaufzeitmessung lieferte hier noch größere Abweichungen. Eine gute Korrelation zeigte die Steifigkeitsermittlung an waldfrischen ganze Stämmen und Kleinprüfkörpern. Die bemessungsrelevanten Materialkennwerte der Biegezugfestigkeit und des Biegeelastizitätsmoduls lagen über den Mindestwerten der Festigkeitsklasse D30 nach DIN EN 338, sodass diese für die Tragwerksberechnung des Demonstrationsbauwerkes herangezogen werden konnten.

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    – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

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    Authors: Baltruks, Dorothea; Sowa, Maren; Voss, Maike;

    Die Auswirkungen der Klimakrise auf unser Wohlergehen und unsere Gesundheit werden mit jeder Hitzewelle, jedem Extremwetterereignis und jeder Dürreperiode deutlicher. Doch auch andere durch menschliche Aktivitäten verursachte Umweltschäden haben direkte und indirekte Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesundheit. Vor allem der dramatische Biodiversitätsverlust sowie die Verschmutzung von Gewässern, Luft und Böden haben längst ein gefährliches Maß erreicht. Gesundheitsschutz ist also nicht nur in der Gesundheitspolitik anzusiedeln, ebenso wie Umweltschutz weit über die Umweltpolitik hinaus verbessert werden muss. Das Arzneimittelwesen nimmt auf der einen Seite mit seinen wichtigen gesundheitsschützenden und -fördernden Produkten eine essenzielle Rolle in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung ein. Auf der anderen Seite trägt es durch seine chemikalienintensive Produktion erheblich zu Umwelt- und Klimabelastungen bei, die wiederum unserer Gesundheit und unseren Lebensgrundlagen schaden. In diesem Policy Brief stellen wir diese Problematik dar und zeigen auf, mit welchen rechtlichen Hebeln die Umwelt- und Klimabilanz des Sektors verbessert werden kann. Als besonders wirkungsvolle Hebel gilt eine zulassungsrelevante Umweltrisikoprüfung für Humanarzneimittel; die verpflichtende Berücksichtigung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien in der Ausschreibung für Arzneimittel; die Einbeziehung von sowohl Treibhausgasemissionen als auch Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität in das Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz; transparente, zugängliche Daten zu den Klima- und Umweltauswirkungen von Neu- und Altarzneimitteln; die Reduktion von Verschwendung und unsachgemäßer Entsorgung; die Förderung von Generikaproduktion in Europa; sowie Aus- und Weiterbildungen für Pharmazeut:innen im Hinblick auf Umweltschutz und Nachhaltigkeit.

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    Authors: Wealer, Ben; Breyer, Christian; Hennicke, Peter; Hirsch, Helmut; +12 Authors

    Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 9, 1–98. (Note:The article is in German, but provides a long English abstract.) ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (English further below): Angesichts der sich beschleunigenden Klimakrise wird die Bedeutung der Kernkraft, die derzeit ca. 10 % der weltweiten Stromproduktion ausmacht, für den zukünftigen Energieträgermix diskutiert. Einige Länder, internationale Organisationen, private Unternehmen sowie Forscher:innen messen der Kernenergie auf dem Weg zur Kli­ma­neutralität und zum Ende fossiler Energien eine gewisse Bedeutung bei. Dies geht auch aus Energie- und Klimaszenarien des IPCC hervor. Dagegen legen die Er­fahrun­gen mit der kommerziellen Nutzung der Kernkraft der letzten sieben Jahr­zehnte nahe, dass ein solcher Pfad mit erheblichen technischen, ökonomischen und gesell­schaftlichen Risiken verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Diskussionsbeitrag erör­tert Ar­gumente in den Bereichen „Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale“, „Wirt­schaftlich­keit“, „zeitliche Verfügbarkeit“ sowie „Kompatibilität mit der sozial-ökolo­gischen Transformation“ und zieht dann ein Fazit. Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale: In Kernkraftwerken sind jederzeit katastro­phale Unfälle mit großen Freisetzungen radioaktiver Schadstoffe möglich. Dies zei­gen nicht nur die Großunfälle, z. B. die Ka­ta­strophen von Tschernobyl und Fukushima, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Un­fäl­len, die sich seit 1945 in jedem Jahrzehnt und in jeder Region, die Kernenergie nutzt, ereignet haben. Von in Planung befindlichen SMR-Reaktorkonzepten („Small Modu­lar Reactors“) ist keine wesentlich größere Zuver­lässigkeit zu erwarten. Darüber hinaus besteht permanent die Gefahr des Miss­brauchs von waffenfähigem Spaltmaterial (hochangereichertes Uran bzw. Plu­to­nium) für terroristische Zwecke oder andere Proliferation. Die Endlagerung hoch­radio­aktiver Abfälle muss aufgrund hoher Halbwertszeiten für über eine Millio­n Jahre sicher gewähr­leistet werden; die damit verbundenen Langfristrisiken sind aus heu­tiger Per­spektive nicht überschaubar und weisen zukünftigen Generationen erheb­liche Las­ten zu. Wirtschaftlichkeit: Die kommerzielle Nutzung von Kernenergie war in den 1950er Jahren ein Nebenprodukt militärischer Entwicklungen und hat seit dieser Zeit nie­mals den Sprung zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen Energiequelle geschafft. Selbst der laufende Betrieb von älteren Kernkraftwerken wird heute zunehmend unwirtschaft­lich. Laufzeitverlängerungen sind technisch und wirtschaftlich riskant. Beim Neubau von Kernkraftwerken der aktuellen 3. Generation muss mit Verlusten in Höhe meh­rerer Milliarden US-$ bzw. € gerechnet werden. Zusätzlich fallen erhebliche und der­zeit weitgehend unbe­kannte Kosten für den Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken und die Endlagerung radioak­tiver Abfälle an. Energiewirtschaftliche Analysen zeigen, dass die Einhaltung ambitio­nierter Klimaschutzziele (globale Erwärmung 1,5° bis unter 2 °C) ohne Kernenergie nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung von Systemkosten mit erneuerbaren Energien kostengünstiger ist. Hierzu kommt, dass Unfallrisiken von Kernkraftwerken nicht versicherbar sind und Schäden daher immer sozialisiert werden müssen. Die in aktu­ellen Diskussionen genannten SMR-Konzepte („Small Modular Reactors“) und die Konzepte der sogenannten „Kernkraftwerke der 4. Generation“ (nicht-Leichtwasser-gekühlt) sind technisch unausgereift und weit von kommerziellen Einsätzen entfernt. Zeitliche Verfügbarkeit: Angesichts des stagnierenden bzw. in allen Kernkraftstaaten (außer China) rückläufigen Kernkraftwerksbaus, Planungs- und Bauzeiten von zwei Jahrzehnten (und mehr) sowie absehbar geringen technischen Innovationen kann Kernkraft in den für die Bekämpfung der Klimakrise relevanten Zeiträumen von zwei bis maximal drei Jahrzehnten keine Rolle spielen. Die Anzahl des Baubeginns von Kernkraftwerken ist bereits seit 1976 rückläufig. Aktuell befinden sich lediglich 52 Kernkraftwerke im Bau und nur wenige Länder versuchen den Einstieg in die Kern­energie. Traditionelle Hersteller wie Westinghouse (USA) und Framatome (Frank­reich) sind finanziell angeschlagen und nicht in der Lage, im nächsten Jahrzehnt eine große Anzahl an Neubauprojekten in Angriff zu nehmen. Kernkraft in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Die größte Herausforderung der großen Transformation, d. h. von sozial-ökologischen Reformen in Richtung zu einem gesellschaftlich gestützten zukunftsfähigen, klimaneutralen Energiesystem, liegt in der Überwindung der Widerstände („Lock-in“) des alten, von fossilen Kraftwerken dominierten Energiesystems. Kernenergie ist nicht geeignet, diesen Transforma­tionsprozess zu unterstützen, sondern blockiert diesen sogar: durch Innovations- und Investitionsblockaden. Nuklearer Wasserstoff ist weder aus technischen noch aus ökonomischen Gründen eine Option zur Steigerung der Auslastung von Kern­kraftwerken. Japan ist ein plastisches Beispiel für Transfor­mationsresistenz. In Deutschland schreitet die Atomwende zwar durch die Abschal­tung der letzten sechs Kernkraftwerke (2021 bzw. 2022) voran, jedoch sind weitere Schritte zu einem voll­ständigen Atomausstieg notwendig, u. a. die Schließung der Atomfabriken in Lingen und Gronau. Die Atomwende ist auch eine notwendige Be­dingung für eine erfolg­reiche Endlagersuche. Fazit: Im vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrag wird eine Vielzahl von Argumenten ge­prüft und am bestehenden Stand der Forschung abgeglichen. Dabei bestätigt sich die Einschätzung der Scientists for Future aus dem Diskussionsbeitrag „Klimaver­trägliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland“ vom Juli 2021, dass Kernenergie nicht in der Lage ist, in der verbleibenden Zeit einen sinnvollen Beitrag zum Umbau zu einer klimaverträglichen Energieversorgung zu leisten. Kernkraft ist zu gefährlich, zu teuer und zu langsam verfügbar; darüber hinaus ist Kernkraft zu transformationsresis­tent, d. h. sie blockiert den notwendigen sozial-ökologischen Transformationspro­zess, ohne den ambitionierte Klimaschutzziele nicht erreichbar sind. ENGLISH: In light of the accelerating climate crisis, nuclear energy and its place in the future energy mix is being debated once again. Currently its share of global electricity ge­n­eration is about 10 percent. Some countries, international organizations, private businesses and scientists accord nuclear energy some kind of role in the pursuit of climate neutrality and in ending the era of fossil fuels. The IPCC, too, includes nuclear energy in its scenarios. On the other hand, the experience with commercial nuclear energy generation acquired over the past seven decades points to the significant technical, economic, and social risks involved. This paper reviews arguments in the areas of “technology and risks,” “economic viability,” ’timely availability,” and “com­patibility with social-ecological transformation processes.” Technology and risks: Catastro­phes involving the release of radioactive material are always a real possibility, as il­lustrated by the major accidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Also, since 1945, countless accidents have occurred wherever nuclear energy has been deployed. No significantly higher reliability is to be expected from the SMRs (“small modular reactors”) that are currently at the plan­ning stage. Even modern ma­thematical techniques, such as probabilistic security analyses (PSAs), do not adequa­tely reflect important factors, such as deficient secu­rity arrangements or rare natural disasters and thereby systematically underestimate the risks. Moreover, there is the ever-present proliferation risk of weapon-grade, highly enriched uranium, and plutonium. Most spent fuel rods are stored in scarcely protected surface containers or other interim solutions, often outside proper con­tainment structures. The safe storage of highly radioactive material, owing to a half-live of individual isotopes of over a million years, must be guaranteed for eons. Even if the risks involved for future generations cannot be authoritatively determined to­day, heavy burdens are undoubtedly externalized to the future. Nuclear energy and economic efficiency: The commercial use of nuclear energy was, in the 1950s, the by-product of military programmes. Not then, and not since, has nuclear energy been a competitive energy source. Even the continued use of existing plants is not economical, while investments into third generation reactors are pro­jected to require subsidies to the tune of billions of $ or €. The experience with the development of SMR con­cepts suggests that these are prone to lead to even higher electricity costs. Lastly, there are the considerable, currently largely unknown costs involved in dismant­ling nuclear power plants and in the safe storage of radioactive waste. Detailed ana­lyses confirm that meeting ambitious climate goals (i. e. global heating of between 1.5° and below 2° Celsius) is well possible with renewables which, if system costs are consi­dered, are also considerably cheaper than nuclear energy. Given, too, that nuclear power plants are not commercially insurable, the risks inherent in their operation must be borne by society at large. The currently hyped SMRs and the so-called Generation IV concepts (not light-water cooled) are techno­logically immature and far from commercially viable. Timely availability: Given the stagnating or – with the exception of China – slowing pace of nuclear power plant construction, and considering furthermore the limited innovation potential as well as the timeframe of two decades for planning and con­struction, nuclear power is not a viable tool to mitigate global heating. Since 1976, the number of nuclear power plants construction starts is declining. Currently, only 52 nuclear power plants are being built. Very few countries are pursuing respective plans. Traditional nuclear producers, such as Westinghouse (USA) and Framatome (France) are in dire straits financially and are not able to launch a significant num­ber of new construction projects in the coming decade. It can be doubted whether Russia or China have the capacity to meet a hypothetically surging demand for nuclear en­ergy but, in any event, relying on them would be neither safe nor geopolitically de­sirable. Nuclear energy in the social-ecological transformation: The ultimate challenge of the great transformation, i. e. kicking off the socio-ecological reforms that will lead to a broadly supported, viable, climate-neutral energy system, lies in overcoming the drag (“lock-in”) of the old system that is dominated by fossil fuel interests. Yet, make no mistake, nuclear energy is of no use to support this process. In fact, it blocks it. The massive R&D investment required for a dead-end technology crowds out the devel­opment of sustainable technologies, such as those in the areas of renewables, energy storage and efficiency. Nuclear energy producers, given the competitive en­viron­ment they operate in, are incentivized to prevent – or minimize – investments in renewables. For obvious technical as well as economic reasons, nuclear hydrogen – the often-proclaimed deus ex machina – cannot enhance the viability of nuclear power plants. Japan is an exhibit A of transformation resistance. In Germany the end of the atomic era proceeds, and the last six nuclear power stations will be switched off in 2021 and 2022, but further steps are still needed, most importantly the search for a safe storage facility for radioactive waste. By way of conclusion: The present analysis reviews a whole range of arguments based on the most recent and authoritative scientific literature. It confirms the assessment of the paper Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany – 16 points of orien­tation, pub­li­shed on 22 April 2021 by Scientists for Future (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334) that nuclear energy can­not, in the short time re­maining before the climate tips, meaningfully contribute to a climate-neutral energy system. Nuclear energy is too dangerous, too expensive, and too sluggishly deploy­able to play a significant role in mitigating the climate crisis. In addition, nuclear en­ergy is an obstacle to achieving the social-ecological transfor­mation, without which ambitious climate goals are elusive.

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    Authors: Hagedorn, Gregor; Heger, Tina;

    Neue Gesetze fördern die Agrarwende: Technik und Digitalisierung sichern hohe Erträge. Böden, Wälder und Moore sind nachhaltig bewirtschaftet und bieten gleichzeitig Lebensräume für Tiere und Pflanzen. Entsiegelung lässt Städte ergrünen. – Projekt Zukunftsbilder: Wissenschaftler:innen stellen auf Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und Studien dar, wie eine nachhaltige Welt aussehen könnte. Dieser Text beschreibt eine von über 40 Facetten des Lebens und Wirtschaftens in einem von vier Zukunftsbildern. Weitere Texte finden sich in der Zenodo-Community des Projekts ‘Zukunftsbilder’. Neben einem Weiter-so-Bild (Titel: „Langsam“) werden drei verschiedene positive Zukünfte geschildert (Titel: „Groß“, „Fokussiert“ und „Graswurzel“), die soziale Ziele erreichen und planetare Grenzen (zum Beispiel die Pariser Klimaziele oder Biodiversitätsziele) einhalten. Unsere Texte sind keine formellen wissenschaftlichen Zukunftsszenarien, sondern Beschreibungen von möglichen Zukünften. Sie wurden gemeinsam von Wissenschaftler:innen und Menschen aus sozialen Bewegungen erarbeitet und von Wissenschaftler:innen begutachtet. Die Texte stellen die Sichtweise der Autor:innen dar und sind nicht innerhalb aller beteiligten Organisationen abgestimmt. Das Projekt dient dazu, eine neue, konstruktive Diskussion um unsere Zukunft mit möglichst vielen Menschen anzuregen. Mehr Informationen unter www.zukunftsbilder.net. Bitte die aktuellste Version beachten!

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    Authors: Holzhauer, Sascha; Krebs, Friedrich; Fischer, Timo; Mackensen, Reinhard;

    Dieser Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse der Sichtung und Bewertung existierender Beschreibungen und Architekturen des Systems Energie/IKT sowie Vorschläge zu nötigen Erweiterungen gemäß Task 3.1 „Architekturmodelle des Energiesystems“ und zu bestehenden und zukünftigen Datenflüssen gemäß Task 3.2. „Kommunikationsarchitekturen“ zusammen. Dazu werden zunächst eine Beschreibung sowie eine Analyse der relevanten Architekturbestandteile und der beteiligten Rollen und Akteure durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wird dann ein Überblick existierender Anwendungsfälle von IKT im Kontext Smart Grid gegeben und exemplarisch einzelne Fälle detaillierter analysiert. The research presented in this article was partly funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under contract no "03SFK4F1".

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