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  • Authors: Podstawka, Marian; Podstawka, Urszula;

    Structure of energy carriers in Poland used for electricity differs from that in highly developed countries significantly. Currently almost 95% of electricity in our country is produced from coal and lignite. An increasing demand for electricity as well as European law result in the need of making more use of other energy resources including renewable energy sources (OZE). In 2010 the largest part of energy was produced from biomass (53,1%), followed by water (26,8%) and wind (16,7%). When it comes to energy production from biogas, its significance is low. In the analyzed year this kind of energy represented only 3,3% of the whole energy produced with OZE. Currently, the lowest cost of electricity production (370 PLN/MWh) characterizes coal power stations. Production of electricity using renewable sources of energy is a little bit more expensive (approximately 400 PLN/MWh). Energy produced by the coal power stations will meet more and more difficulties caused by the acquisition of rights to emit the carbon dioxide. As a result, there is a prospect of production of energy using its renewable sources. Power sector based on these resources does not produce waste, does not destroy environment and besides has a positive impact on local development. Production of energy using biogas is especially important. It follows from the fact that these power stations use in energy production both municipal, food industry and agricultural production waste, and support pro-ecological policy of European Union. In addition they both directly and indirectly reduce pollution. There are 34 bio-mass power stations currently operating in Poland with total capacity of almost 40MWh ; Struktura nośników energii w Polsce wykorzystywanych do energii elektrycznej znacznie rożni się od tej w wysoko rozwiniętych państwach. Aktualnie prawie 95% energii elektrycznej w naszym kraju produkowane jest z węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz przepisy unijne sprawiają, że istnieje konieczność większego ...

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  • Authors: Podstawka, Marian; Podstawka, Urszula;

    Structure of energy carriers in Poland used for electricity differs from that in highly developed countries significantly. Currently almost 95% of electricity in our country is produced from coal and lignite. An increasing demand for electricity as well as European law result in the need of making more use of other energy resources including renewable energy sources (OZE). In 2010 the largest part of energy was produced from biomass (53,1%), followed by water (26,8%) and wind (16,7%). When it comes to energy production from biogas, its significance is low. In the analyzed year this kind of energy represented only 3,3% of the whole energy produced with OZE. Currently, the lowest cost of electricity production (370 PLN/MWh) characterizes coal power stations. Production of electricity using renewable sources of energy is a little bit more expensive (approximately 400 PLN/MWh). Energy produced by the coal power stations will meet more and more difficulties caused by the acquisition of rights to emit the carbon dioxide. As a result, there is a prospect of production of energy using its renewable sources. Power sector based on these resources does not produce waste, does not destroy environment and besides has a positive impact on local development. Production of energy using biogas is especially important. It follows from the fact that these power stations use in energy production both municipal, food industry and agricultural production waste, and support pro-ecological policy of European Union. In addition they both directly and indirectly reduce pollution. There are 34 bio-mass power stations currently operating in Poland with total capacity of almost 40MWh ; Struktura nośników energii w Polsce wykorzystywanych do energii elektrycznej znacznie rożni się od tej w wysoko rozwiniętych państwach. Aktualnie prawie 95% energii elektrycznej w naszym kraju produkowane jest z węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz przepisy unijne sprawiają, że istnieje konieczność większego ...

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  • Authors: Kacprzak, Konrad; Sobczak, Krzysztof;

    Przepływ wokół turbiny wiatrowej Savoniusa o stałym przekroju został przeanalizowany przy pomocy symulacji quasi-2D oraz 3D w programie ANSYS CFX. Symulacje przeprowadzono tak, aby możliwe było porównanie ich wyników z danymi eksperymentalnymi innych badaczy. Przeanalizowano dwa projekty turbin: turbinę Savoniusa oraz Bacha. Referat zawiera analizę najbardziej charakterystycznych struktur przepływu oraz ich porównanie. ; The flow around Savonius wind turbine with constant crosssections is examined by means of quasi-2D and 3D flow predictions executed in ANSYS CFX. Simulations were performed in a way allowing for a comparison with the wind tunnel data presented by other researchers. Two designs were simulated: the Classical and so-called Bach-type Savonius rotor. The paper presents systematic analysis of the most characteristic flow structures, which are identified and compared.

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  • Authors: Kacprzak, Konrad; Sobczak, Krzysztof;

    Przepływ wokół turbiny wiatrowej Savoniusa o stałym przekroju został przeanalizowany przy pomocy symulacji quasi-2D oraz 3D w programie ANSYS CFX. Symulacje przeprowadzono tak, aby możliwe było porównanie ich wyników z danymi eksperymentalnymi innych badaczy. Przeanalizowano dwa projekty turbin: turbinę Savoniusa oraz Bacha. Referat zawiera analizę najbardziej charakterystycznych struktur przepływu oraz ich porównanie. ; The flow around Savonius wind turbine with constant crosssections is examined by means of quasi-2D and 3D flow predictions executed in ANSYS CFX. Simulations were performed in a way allowing for a comparison with the wind tunnel data presented by other researchers. Two designs were simulated: the Classical and so-called Bach-type Savonius rotor. The paper presents systematic analysis of the most characteristic flow structures, which are identified and compared.

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  • Authors: Waniek, Katarzyna;

    W tym artykule przedstawiono analizę potencjału teoretycznego promieniowania słonecznego w wybranych powiatach województwa Śląskiego obliczoną przy użyciu narzędzi GIS oraz Numerycznego Modelu Terenu (NMT). Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego został obliczony dla całego roku dla 12 powiatów województwa śląskiego. Dodatkowo dla 4 powiatów (cieszyńskiego, Częstochowa, Katowice oraz Sosnowiec) obliczono potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego dla poszczególnych pór roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima). Czynnikami determinującymi potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego była wysokość Słońca, ukształtowanie terenu i przezroczysta atmosfera. Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego w województwie śląskim zwiększa się od powiatów północnych w stronę południowych. Wybrane powiaty województwa śląskiego ukazują cechy klimatu Polski: północne fragmenty województwa są nieco chłodniejsze od centralnej części, południe zaś charakteryzuje się wyższymi temperaturami oraz cechami klimatu górskiego. This article is an analysis of the theoretical potential of solar radiation in selected districts of the Silesia region and is calculated using GIS tools and Digital Elevation Models (DEM). Theoretical potential of solar radiation was calculated for the whole year for 12 districts of the Silesia region. There are 4 districts (Cieszyn, Częstochowa Katowice and Sosnowiec) where additional research was conducted for seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The factors determining the theoretical potential of solar radiation were the height of the sun, landform and the transparent atmosphere. The theoretical potential of solar radiation in the Silesian region increases from the northern districts towards the south. Selected districts of the Silesian Province show the characteristics of a Polish climate: the northern parts of the province are a little cooler than the central part, and the South is characterized by higher temperatures and characteristics of a mountain climate.

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  • Authors: Waniek, Katarzyna;

    W tym artykule przedstawiono analizę potencjału teoretycznego promieniowania słonecznego w wybranych powiatach województwa Śląskiego obliczoną przy użyciu narzędzi GIS oraz Numerycznego Modelu Terenu (NMT). Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego został obliczony dla całego roku dla 12 powiatów województwa śląskiego. Dodatkowo dla 4 powiatów (cieszyńskiego, Częstochowa, Katowice oraz Sosnowiec) obliczono potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego dla poszczególnych pór roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima). Czynnikami determinującymi potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego była wysokość Słońca, ukształtowanie terenu i przezroczysta atmosfera. Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego w województwie śląskim zwiększa się od powiatów północnych w stronę południowych. Wybrane powiaty województwa śląskiego ukazują cechy klimatu Polski: północne fragmenty województwa są nieco chłodniejsze od centralnej części, południe zaś charakteryzuje się wyższymi temperaturami oraz cechami klimatu górskiego. This article is an analysis of the theoretical potential of solar radiation in selected districts of the Silesia region and is calculated using GIS tools and Digital Elevation Models (DEM). Theoretical potential of solar radiation was calculated for the whole year for 12 districts of the Silesia region. There are 4 districts (Cieszyn, Częstochowa Katowice and Sosnowiec) where additional research was conducted for seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The factors determining the theoretical potential of solar radiation were the height of the sun, landform and the transparent atmosphere. The theoretical potential of solar radiation in the Silesian region increases from the northern districts towards the south. Selected districts of the Silesian Province show the characteristics of a Polish climate: the northern parts of the province are a little cooler than the central part, and the South is characterized by higher temperatures and characteristics of a mountain climate.

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  • Authors: Piątkowska, Bożenna;

    Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa ; Tematyka rozprawy doktorskiej sytuuje się w obszarze polityki energetycznej. Dotyczy szeroko pojętej problematyki ochrony interesów państwa w niezwykle newralgicznym dla niego obszarze jakim jest sektor paliw płynnych. Branża paliwowa stanowi istotny element strategiczny polityki państwa polskiego i pomimo ponad 27 lat przemian społeczno-gospodarczych nadal wymaga rozwiązań systemowych i prawnych. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, iż przestępczość ekonomiczna powoduje miliardowe straty dla budżetu państwa, a w konsekwencji stanowi zagrożenie stabilności podmiotów prowadzących działalność zgodnie z prawem, jak i potencjalnych klientów. Przestępczość ta jest niezwykle groźna, gdyż z uwagi na towarzyszące jej przestępstwa kryminalne, korupcyjne oraz pranie brudnych pieniędzy, dotyka nie tylko sfery bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, ale również bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Wobec tego istotną jest polityka państwa, która poprzez sprawowany nadzór i kontrolę nad działalnością ekonomiczną, zobowiązana jest do skutecznego zapobiegania niepożądanym z interesem państwa zjawiskom w obrocie gospodarczym. W wielu przypadkach państwo polskie w tak kluczowym obszarze gospodarki, nie zawsze dość skutecznie kreowało politykę w celu uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego oraz w zakresie dostosowywania prawa. Spowodowane to było m.in. tworzeniem przez kolejno zmieniające się rządy nowych uregulowań prawnych, poprzez dostosowywanie je do własnych potrzeb czy też obietnic danych wyborcom. ; The subject of the doctoral touches upon an issue of energy policy. This concerns a wide topic of securing national interest in a pivotal area of the liquid fuel sector. The fuel sector constitutes a crucial and strategic element of Polish national Policy and despite over 27 years of social-economic transformation, still requires comprehensive and legal solutions. Their aim is to prevent organised crime groups from committing fuel related crime: VAT and excise fraud. Research has shown that ...

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  • Authors: Piątkowska, Bożenna;

    Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa ; Tematyka rozprawy doktorskiej sytuuje się w obszarze polityki energetycznej. Dotyczy szeroko pojętej problematyki ochrony interesów państwa w niezwykle newralgicznym dla niego obszarze jakim jest sektor paliw płynnych. Branża paliwowa stanowi istotny element strategiczny polityki państwa polskiego i pomimo ponad 27 lat przemian społeczno-gospodarczych nadal wymaga rozwiązań systemowych i prawnych. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, iż przestępczość ekonomiczna powoduje miliardowe straty dla budżetu państwa, a w konsekwencji stanowi zagrożenie stabilności podmiotów prowadzących działalność zgodnie z prawem, jak i potencjalnych klientów. Przestępczość ta jest niezwykle groźna, gdyż z uwagi na towarzyszące jej przestępstwa kryminalne, korupcyjne oraz pranie brudnych pieniędzy, dotyka nie tylko sfery bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, ale również bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Wobec tego istotną jest polityka państwa, która poprzez sprawowany nadzór i kontrolę nad działalnością ekonomiczną, zobowiązana jest do skutecznego zapobiegania niepożądanym z interesem państwa zjawiskom w obrocie gospodarczym. W wielu przypadkach państwo polskie w tak kluczowym obszarze gospodarki, nie zawsze dość skutecznie kreowało politykę w celu uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego oraz w zakresie dostosowywania prawa. Spowodowane to było m.in. tworzeniem przez kolejno zmieniające się rządy nowych uregulowań prawnych, poprzez dostosowywanie je do własnych potrzeb czy też obietnic danych wyborcom. ; The subject of the doctoral touches upon an issue of energy policy. This concerns a wide topic of securing national interest in a pivotal area of the liquid fuel sector. The fuel sector constitutes a crucial and strategic element of Polish national Policy and despite over 27 years of social-economic transformation, still requires comprehensive and legal solutions. Their aim is to prevent organised crime groups from committing fuel related crime: VAT and excise fraud. Research has shown that ...

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  • Authors: Popov, Mikhail; Semko, Igor; Kozak, Ihor;

    Bibliogr. ; Summ. eng. ; 244 p. : il. (color.) ; 24 cm ; The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well. ; Bibliogr. przy pracach ; 244 s. : il. (w tym kolor.) ; 24 cm ; Streszcz. prac w jęz. ang. ; Wstęp, spis treści i tyt. rozdz. również w jęz. ang.

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  • Authors: Popov, Mikhail; Semko, Igor; Kozak, Ihor;

    Bibliogr. ; Summ. eng. ; 244 p. : il. (color.) ; 24 cm ; The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well. ; Bibliogr. przy pracach ; 244 s. : il. (w tym kolor.) ; 24 cm ; Streszcz. prac w jęz. ang. ; Wstęp, spis treści i tyt. rozdz. również w jęz. ang.

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  • Authors: Gasiński, Tomasz;
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  • Authors: Gasiński, Tomasz;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Ostatnia dekada przyniosła zmiany społeczne, polityczne i gospodarcze zarówno w samym Izraelu, jak i na Bliskim Wschodzie. Ewoluowały także charakter i skala zaangażowania mocarstw światowych w tym regionie. Celem artykułu jest stwierdzenie, czy zmiany zachodzące w środowisku Izraela od 2011 r. są na tyle silne, aby w znaczący sposób przekształcić bliskowschodnią strategię tego państwa. W pierwszej części, zarysowane zostaną najważniejsze nowe uwarunkowania zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne izraelskiej polityki zagranicznej. W drugiej, dokonana zostanie analiza głównych kierunków tej polityki w ostatnich latach: 1. zwalczania zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego, 2. współpracy z bliskowschodnimi aktorami międzynarodowymi, 3.reagowania i wpływania na aktywność mocarstw światowych w regionie. Social, political and economic changes have taken place both in Israel and the Middle East in the last decade. Also the scope and character of great powers' engagement in this region have evolved. The aim of this paper is to determine if Israel’s environment transformation from 2011 is significant enough to induce a major change in the Middle Eastern strategy of this state. In the first part, the main new determinants (on national and international level) of the Israeli foreign policy are depicted. In the second part, the key features of this policy in the recent years are analysed. The analysis focuses on: 1. combating threats to the national security, 2. cooperation with the regional actors, 3. reacting and influencing great powers' actions in the region.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jagiellonian Univers...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Ostatnia dekada przyniosła zmiany społeczne, polityczne i gospodarcze zarówno w samym Izraelu, jak i na Bliskim Wschodzie. Ewoluowały także charakter i skala zaangażowania mocarstw światowych w tym regionie. Celem artykułu jest stwierdzenie, czy zmiany zachodzące w środowisku Izraela od 2011 r. są na tyle silne, aby w znaczący sposób przekształcić bliskowschodnią strategię tego państwa. W pierwszej części, zarysowane zostaną najważniejsze nowe uwarunkowania zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne izraelskiej polityki zagranicznej. W drugiej, dokonana zostanie analiza głównych kierunków tej polityki w ostatnich latach: 1. zwalczania zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego, 2. współpracy z bliskowschodnimi aktorami międzynarodowymi, 3.reagowania i wpływania na aktywność mocarstw światowych w regionie. Social, political and economic changes have taken place both in Israel and the Middle East in the last decade. Also the scope and character of great powers' engagement in this region have evolved. The aim of this paper is to determine if Israel’s environment transformation from 2011 is significant enough to induce a major change in the Middle Eastern strategy of this state. In the first part, the main new determinants (on national and international level) of the Israeli foreign policy are depicted. In the second part, the key features of this policy in the recent years are analysed. The analysis focuses on: 1. combating threats to the national security, 2. cooperation with the regional actors, 3. reacting and influencing great powers' actions in the region.

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    W pracy przedstawiono badania nad możliwością wykorzystania odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego do bezpośredniego wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Pomiary przeprowadzono w zakresie temperatur 293–333 K. Obejmowały one elektroutlenianie emulsji odpadowego (zużytego) syntetycznego oleju silnikowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Do wytworzenia emulsji wykorzystano niejonowy środek powierzchniowo czynny Syntanol DS-10. Maksymalna uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 22 mA/cm2 (dla temp. 333 K). Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego wytwarzania prądu elektrycznego z odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego, a więc zasilania nim ogniw paliwowych. The paper presents possibility of using used synthetic engine oil to direct electricity production. The measure- ments conducted in the temperature range 293–333 K. Were measured electrooxidation of used synthetic engine oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant Syntanol DS-10. The maximum current density reached the level of 22 mA/cm2 (temp.333 K). Measurements shows possibility of direct electricity production from used synthetic engine oil emulsion, so powering fuel cell of this oil.

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    W pracy przedstawiono badania nad możliwością wykorzystania odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego do bezpośredniego wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Pomiary przeprowadzono w zakresie temperatur 293–333 K. Obejmowały one elektroutlenianie emulsji odpadowego (zużytego) syntetycznego oleju silnikowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Do wytworzenia emulsji wykorzystano niejonowy środek powierzchniowo czynny Syntanol DS-10. Maksymalna uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 22 mA/cm2 (dla temp. 333 K). Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego wytwarzania prądu elektrycznego z odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego, a więc zasilania nim ogniw paliwowych. The paper presents possibility of using used synthetic engine oil to direct electricity production. The measure- ments conducted in the temperature range 293–333 K. Were measured electrooxidation of used synthetic engine oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant Syntanol DS-10. The maximum current density reached the level of 22 mA/cm2 (temp.333 K). Measurements shows possibility of direct electricity production from used synthetic engine oil emulsion, so powering fuel cell of this oil.

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    Authors: Grabiec, Mariusz;

    Fjords are long and deep bays of the glacial origin. Thanks to their extent into the interior they effectively contributed settlement process. Currently fjords are economically exploited by the wide scope of activities related to marine economy and tourism. Due to sea – atmosphere – land interactions, fjords become the subject of interdisciplinary studies on feedbacks between the individual environment components. Particular scientific interest is focused on the arctic fjords due to their still unaffected nature and climate changes 2–4 times faster in polar areas than in other regions of the world. Such kind of studies devoted to the observations of the fjords in Svalbard were carried out within AWAKE international project and are continued with AWAKE2. In particular, the investigations concern the frequency and results of the warm Atlantic water inflow into the fjords. Glaciers terminating into fjords influenced by environmental changes, since the end of 19th century are in permanent recession. Glaciers supply increased amount of freshwater coming from both the melting and the calving.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Repository of th...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Grabiec, Mariusz;

    Fjords are long and deep bays of the glacial origin. Thanks to their extent into the interior they effectively contributed settlement process. Currently fjords are economically exploited by the wide scope of activities related to marine economy and tourism. Due to sea – atmosphere – land interactions, fjords become the subject of interdisciplinary studies on feedbacks between the individual environment components. Particular scientific interest is focused on the arctic fjords due to their still unaffected nature and climate changes 2–4 times faster in polar areas than in other regions of the world. Such kind of studies devoted to the observations of the fjords in Svalbard were carried out within AWAKE international project and are continued with AWAKE2. In particular, the investigations concern the frequency and results of the warm Atlantic water inflow into the fjords. Glaciers terminating into fjords influenced by environmental changes, since the end of 19th century are in permanent recession. Glaciers supply increased amount of freshwater coming from both the melting and the calving.

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  • Authors: Podstawka, Marian; Podstawka, Urszula;

    Structure of energy carriers in Poland used for electricity differs from that in highly developed countries significantly. Currently almost 95% of electricity in our country is produced from coal and lignite. An increasing demand for electricity as well as European law result in the need of making more use of other energy resources including renewable energy sources (OZE). In 2010 the largest part of energy was produced from biomass (53,1%), followed by water (26,8%) and wind (16,7%). When it comes to energy production from biogas, its significance is low. In the analyzed year this kind of energy represented only 3,3% of the whole energy produced with OZE. Currently, the lowest cost of electricity production (370 PLN/MWh) characterizes coal power stations. Production of electricity using renewable sources of energy is a little bit more expensive (approximately 400 PLN/MWh). Energy produced by the coal power stations will meet more and more difficulties caused by the acquisition of rights to emit the carbon dioxide. As a result, there is a prospect of production of energy using its renewable sources. Power sector based on these resources does not produce waste, does not destroy environment and besides has a positive impact on local development. Production of energy using biogas is especially important. It follows from the fact that these power stations use in energy production both municipal, food industry and agricultural production waste, and support pro-ecological policy of European Union. In addition they both directly and indirectly reduce pollution. There are 34 bio-mass power stations currently operating in Poland with total capacity of almost 40MWh ; Struktura nośników energii w Polsce wykorzystywanych do energii elektrycznej znacznie rożni się od tej w wysoko rozwiniętych państwach. Aktualnie prawie 95% energii elektrycznej w naszym kraju produkowane jest z węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz przepisy unijne sprawiają, że istnieje konieczność większego ...

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  • Authors: Podstawka, Marian; Podstawka, Urszula;

    Structure of energy carriers in Poland used for electricity differs from that in highly developed countries significantly. Currently almost 95% of electricity in our country is produced from coal and lignite. An increasing demand for electricity as well as European law result in the need of making more use of other energy resources including renewable energy sources (OZE). In 2010 the largest part of energy was produced from biomass (53,1%), followed by water (26,8%) and wind (16,7%). When it comes to energy production from biogas, its significance is low. In the analyzed year this kind of energy represented only 3,3% of the whole energy produced with OZE. Currently, the lowest cost of electricity production (370 PLN/MWh) characterizes coal power stations. Production of electricity using renewable sources of energy is a little bit more expensive (approximately 400 PLN/MWh). Energy produced by the coal power stations will meet more and more difficulties caused by the acquisition of rights to emit the carbon dioxide. As a result, there is a prospect of production of energy using its renewable sources. Power sector based on these resources does not produce waste, does not destroy environment and besides has a positive impact on local development. Production of energy using biogas is especially important. It follows from the fact that these power stations use in energy production both municipal, food industry and agricultural production waste, and support pro-ecological policy of European Union. In addition they both directly and indirectly reduce pollution. There are 34 bio-mass power stations currently operating in Poland with total capacity of almost 40MWh ; Struktura nośników energii w Polsce wykorzystywanych do energii elektrycznej znacznie rożni się od tej w wysoko rozwiniętych państwach. Aktualnie prawie 95% energii elektrycznej w naszym kraju produkowane jest z węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz przepisy unijne sprawiają, że istnieje konieczność większego ...

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  • Authors: Kacprzak, Konrad; Sobczak, Krzysztof;

    Przepływ wokół turbiny wiatrowej Savoniusa o stałym przekroju został przeanalizowany przy pomocy symulacji quasi-2D oraz 3D w programie ANSYS CFX. Symulacje przeprowadzono tak, aby możliwe było porównanie ich wyników z danymi eksperymentalnymi innych badaczy. Przeanalizowano dwa projekty turbin: turbinę Savoniusa oraz Bacha. Referat zawiera analizę najbardziej charakterystycznych struktur przepływu oraz ich porównanie. ; The flow around Savonius wind turbine with constant crosssections is examined by means of quasi-2D and 3D flow predictions executed in ANSYS CFX. Simulations were performed in a way allowing for a comparison with the wind tunnel data presented by other researchers. Two designs were simulated: the Classical and so-called Bach-type Savonius rotor. The paper presents systematic analysis of the most characteristic flow structures, which are identified and compared.

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  • Authors: Kacprzak, Konrad; Sobczak, Krzysztof;

    Przepływ wokół turbiny wiatrowej Savoniusa o stałym przekroju został przeanalizowany przy pomocy symulacji quasi-2D oraz 3D w programie ANSYS CFX. Symulacje przeprowadzono tak, aby możliwe było porównanie ich wyników z danymi eksperymentalnymi innych badaczy. Przeanalizowano dwa projekty turbin: turbinę Savoniusa oraz Bacha. Referat zawiera analizę najbardziej charakterystycznych struktur przepływu oraz ich porównanie. ; The flow around Savonius wind turbine with constant crosssections is examined by means of quasi-2D and 3D flow predictions executed in ANSYS CFX. Simulations were performed in a way allowing for a comparison with the wind tunnel data presented by other researchers. Two designs were simulated: the Classical and so-called Bach-type Savonius rotor. The paper presents systematic analysis of the most characteristic flow structures, which are identified and compared.

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  • Authors: Waniek, Katarzyna;

    W tym artykule przedstawiono analizę potencjału teoretycznego promieniowania słonecznego w wybranych powiatach województwa Śląskiego obliczoną przy użyciu narzędzi GIS oraz Numerycznego Modelu Terenu (NMT). Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego został obliczony dla całego roku dla 12 powiatów województwa śląskiego. Dodatkowo dla 4 powiatów (cieszyńskiego, Częstochowa, Katowice oraz Sosnowiec) obliczono potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego dla poszczególnych pór roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima). Czynnikami determinującymi potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego była wysokość Słońca, ukształtowanie terenu i przezroczysta atmosfera. Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego w województwie śląskim zwiększa się od powiatów północnych w stronę południowych. Wybrane powiaty województwa śląskiego ukazują cechy klimatu Polski: północne fragmenty województwa są nieco chłodniejsze od centralnej części, południe zaś charakteryzuje się wyższymi temperaturami oraz cechami klimatu górskiego. This article is an analysis of the theoretical potential of solar radiation in selected districts of the Silesia region and is calculated using GIS tools and Digital Elevation Models (DEM). Theoretical potential of solar radiation was calculated for the whole year for 12 districts of the Silesia region. There are 4 districts (Cieszyn, Częstochowa Katowice and Sosnowiec) where additional research was conducted for seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The factors determining the theoretical potential of solar radiation were the height of the sun, landform and the transparent atmosphere. The theoretical potential of solar radiation in the Silesian region increases from the northern districts towards the south. Selected districts of the Silesian Province show the characteristics of a Polish climate: the northern parts of the province are a little cooler than the central part, and the South is characterized by higher temperatures and characteristics of a mountain climate.

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  • Authors: Waniek, Katarzyna;

    W tym artykule przedstawiono analizę potencjału teoretycznego promieniowania słonecznego w wybranych powiatach województwa Śląskiego obliczoną przy użyciu narzędzi GIS oraz Numerycznego Modelu Terenu (NMT). Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego został obliczony dla całego roku dla 12 powiatów województwa śląskiego. Dodatkowo dla 4 powiatów (cieszyńskiego, Częstochowa, Katowice oraz Sosnowiec) obliczono potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego dla poszczególnych pór roku (wiosna, lato, jesień, zima). Czynnikami determinującymi potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego była wysokość Słońca, ukształtowanie terenu i przezroczysta atmosfera. Potencjał teoretyczny promieniowania słonecznego w województwie śląskim zwiększa się od powiatów północnych w stronę południowych. Wybrane powiaty województwa śląskiego ukazują cechy klimatu Polski: północne fragmenty województwa są nieco chłodniejsze od centralnej części, południe zaś charakteryzuje się wyższymi temperaturami oraz cechami klimatu górskiego. This article is an analysis of the theoretical potential of solar radiation in selected districts of the Silesia region and is calculated using GIS tools and Digital Elevation Models (DEM). Theoretical potential of solar radiation was calculated for the whole year for 12 districts of the Silesia region. There are 4 districts (Cieszyn, Częstochowa Katowice and Sosnowiec) where additional research was conducted for seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The factors determining the theoretical potential of solar radiation were the height of the sun, landform and the transparent atmosphere. The theoretical potential of solar radiation in the Silesian region increases from the northern districts towards the south. Selected districts of the Silesian Province show the characteristics of a Polish climate: the northern parts of the province are a little cooler than the central part, and the South is characterized by higher temperatures and characteristics of a mountain climate.

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  • Authors: Piątkowska, Bożenna;

    Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa ; Tematyka rozprawy doktorskiej sytuuje się w obszarze polityki energetycznej. Dotyczy szeroko pojętej problematyki ochrony interesów państwa w niezwykle newralgicznym dla niego obszarze jakim jest sektor paliw płynnych. Branża paliwowa stanowi istotny element strategiczny polityki państwa polskiego i pomimo ponad 27 lat przemian społeczno-gospodarczych nadal wymaga rozwiązań systemowych i prawnych. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, iż przestępczość ekonomiczna powoduje miliardowe straty dla budżetu państwa, a w konsekwencji stanowi zagrożenie stabilności podmiotów prowadzących działalność zgodnie z prawem, jak i potencjalnych klientów. Przestępczość ta jest niezwykle groźna, gdyż z uwagi na towarzyszące jej przestępstwa kryminalne, korupcyjne oraz pranie brudnych pieniędzy, dotyka nie tylko sfery bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, ale również bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Wobec tego istotną jest polityka państwa, która poprzez sprawowany nadzór i kontrolę nad działalnością ekonomiczną, zobowiązana jest do skutecznego zapobiegania niepożądanym z interesem państwa zjawiskom w obrocie gospodarczym. W wielu przypadkach państwo polskie w tak kluczowym obszarze gospodarki, nie zawsze dość skutecznie kreowało politykę w celu uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego oraz w zakresie dostosowywania prawa. Spowodowane to było m.in. tworzeniem przez kolejno zmieniające się rządy nowych uregulowań prawnych, poprzez dostosowywanie je do własnych potrzeb czy też obietnic danych wyborcom. ; The subject of the doctoral touches upon an issue of energy policy. This concerns a wide topic of securing national interest in a pivotal area of the liquid fuel sector. The fuel sector constitutes a crucial and strategic element of Polish national Policy and despite over 27 years of social-economic transformation, still requires comprehensive and legal solutions. Their aim is to prevent organised crime groups from committing fuel related crime: VAT and excise fraud. Research has shown that ...

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  • Authors: Piątkowska, Bożenna;

    Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa ; Tematyka rozprawy doktorskiej sytuuje się w obszarze polityki energetycznej. Dotyczy szeroko pojętej problematyki ochrony interesów państwa w niezwykle newralgicznym dla niego obszarze jakim jest sektor paliw płynnych. Branża paliwowa stanowi istotny element strategiczny polityki państwa polskiego i pomimo ponad 27 lat przemian społeczno-gospodarczych nadal wymaga rozwiązań systemowych i prawnych. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, iż przestępczość ekonomiczna powoduje miliardowe straty dla budżetu państwa, a w konsekwencji stanowi zagrożenie stabilności podmiotów prowadzących działalność zgodnie z prawem, jak i potencjalnych klientów. Przestępczość ta jest niezwykle groźna, gdyż z uwagi na towarzyszące jej przestępstwa kryminalne, korupcyjne oraz pranie brudnych pieniędzy, dotyka nie tylko sfery bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, ale również bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Wobec tego istotną jest polityka państwa, która poprzez sprawowany nadzór i kontrolę nad działalnością ekonomiczną, zobowiązana jest do skutecznego zapobiegania niepożądanym z interesem państwa zjawiskom w obrocie gospodarczym. W wielu przypadkach państwo polskie w tak kluczowym obszarze gospodarki, nie zawsze dość skutecznie kreowało politykę w celu uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego oraz w zakresie dostosowywania prawa. Spowodowane to było m.in. tworzeniem przez kolejno zmieniające się rządy nowych uregulowań prawnych, poprzez dostosowywanie je do własnych potrzeb czy też obietnic danych wyborcom. ; The subject of the doctoral touches upon an issue of energy policy. This concerns a wide topic of securing national interest in a pivotal area of the liquid fuel sector. The fuel sector constitutes a crucial and strategic element of Polish national Policy and despite over 27 years of social-economic transformation, still requires comprehensive and legal solutions. Their aim is to prevent organised crime groups from committing fuel related crime: VAT and excise fraud. Research has shown that ...

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  • Authors: Popov, Mikhail; Semko, Igor; Kozak, Ihor;

    Bibliogr. ; Summ. eng. ; 244 p. : il. (color.) ; 24 cm ; The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well. ; Bibliogr. przy pracach ; 244 s. : il. (w tym kolor.) ; 24 cm ; Streszcz. prac w jęz. ang. ; Wstęp, spis treści i tyt. rozdz. również w jęz. ang.

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  • Authors: Popov, Mikhail; Semko, Igor; Kozak, Ihor;

    Bibliogr. ; Summ. eng. ; 244 p. : il. (color.) ; 24 cm ; The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well. ; Bibliogr. przy pracach ; 244 s. : il. (w tym kolor.) ; 24 cm ; Streszcz. prac w jęz. ang. ; Wstęp, spis treści i tyt. rozdz. również w jęz. ang.

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  • Authors: Gasiński, Tomasz;
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  • Authors: Gasiński, Tomasz;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Ostatnia dekada przyniosła zmiany społeczne, polityczne i gospodarcze zarówno w samym Izraelu, jak i na Bliskim Wschodzie. Ewoluowały także charakter i skala zaangażowania mocarstw światowych w tym regionie. Celem artykułu jest stwierdzenie, czy zmiany zachodzące w środowisku Izraela od 2011 r. są na tyle silne, aby w znaczący sposób przekształcić bliskowschodnią strategię tego państwa. W pierwszej części, zarysowane zostaną najważniejsze nowe uwarunkowania zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne izraelskiej polityki zagranicznej. W drugiej, dokonana zostanie analiza głównych kierunków tej polityki w ostatnich latach: 1. zwalczania zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego, 2. współpracy z bliskowschodnimi aktorami międzynarodowymi, 3.reagowania i wpływania na aktywność mocarstw światowych w regionie. Social, political and economic changes have taken place both in Israel and the Middle East in the last decade. Also the scope and character of great powers' engagement in this region have evolved. The aim of this paper is to determine if Israel’s environment transformation from 2011 is significant enough to induce a major change in the Middle Eastern strategy of this state. In the first part, the main new determinants (on national and international level) of the Israeli foreign policy are depicted. In the second part, the key features of this policy in the recent years are analysed. The analysis focuses on: 1. combating threats to the national security, 2. cooperation with the regional actors, 3. reacting and influencing great powers' actions in the region.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jagiellonian Univers...arrow_drop_down
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    Ostatnia dekada przyniosła zmiany społeczne, polityczne i gospodarcze zarówno w samym Izraelu, jak i na Bliskim Wschodzie. Ewoluowały także charakter i skala zaangażowania mocarstw światowych w tym regionie. Celem artykułu jest stwierdzenie, czy zmiany zachodzące w środowisku Izraela od 2011 r. są na tyle silne, aby w znaczący sposób przekształcić bliskowschodnią strategię tego państwa. W pierwszej części, zarysowane zostaną najważniejsze nowe uwarunkowania zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne izraelskiej polityki zagranicznej. W drugiej, dokonana zostanie analiza głównych kierunków tej polityki w ostatnich latach: 1. zwalczania zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa narodowego, 2. współpracy z bliskowschodnimi aktorami międzynarodowymi, 3.reagowania i wpływania na aktywność mocarstw światowych w regionie. Social, political and economic changes have taken place both in Israel and the Middle East in the last decade. Also the scope and character of great powers' engagement in this region have evolved. The aim of this paper is to determine if Israel’s environment transformation from 2011 is significant enough to induce a major change in the Middle Eastern strategy of this state. In the first part, the main new determinants (on national and international level) of the Israeli foreign policy are depicted. In the second part, the key features of this policy in the recent years are analysed. The analysis focuses on: 1. combating threats to the national security, 2. cooperation with the regional actors, 3. reacting and influencing great powers' actions in the region.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jagiellonian Univers...arrow_drop_down
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    W pracy przedstawiono badania nad możliwością wykorzystania odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego do bezpośredniego wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Pomiary przeprowadzono w zakresie temperatur 293–333 K. Obejmowały one elektroutlenianie emulsji odpadowego (zużytego) syntetycznego oleju silnikowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Do wytworzenia emulsji wykorzystano niejonowy środek powierzchniowo czynny Syntanol DS-10. Maksymalna uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 22 mA/cm2 (dla temp. 333 K). Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego wytwarzania prądu elektrycznego z odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego, a więc zasilania nim ogniw paliwowych. The paper presents possibility of using used synthetic engine oil to direct electricity production. The measure- ments conducted in the temperature range 293–333 K. Were measured electrooxidation of used synthetic engine oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant Syntanol DS-10. The maximum current density reached the level of 22 mA/cm2 (temp.333 K). Measurements shows possibility of direct electricity production from used synthetic engine oil emulsion, so powering fuel cell of this oil.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Inżynieria Ekologicz...arrow_drop_down
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    W pracy przedstawiono badania nad możliwością wykorzystania odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego do bezpośredniego wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Pomiary przeprowadzono w zakresie temperatur 293–333 K. Obejmowały one elektroutlenianie emulsji odpadowego (zużytego) syntetycznego oleju silnikowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Do wytworzenia emulsji wykorzystano niejonowy środek powierzchniowo czynny Syntanol DS-10. Maksymalna uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 22 mA/cm2 (dla temp. 333 K). Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego wytwarzania prądu elektrycznego z odpadowego syntetycznego oleju silnikowego, a więc zasilania nim ogniw paliwowych. The paper presents possibility of using used synthetic engine oil to direct electricity production. The measure- ments conducted in the temperature range 293–333 K. Were measured electrooxidation of used synthetic engine oil emulsion on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant Syntanol DS-10. The maximum current density reached the level of 22 mA/cm2 (temp.333 K). Measurements shows possibility of direct electricity production from used synthetic engine oil emulsion, so powering fuel cell of this oil.

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    Authors: Grabiec, Mariusz;

    Fjords are long and deep bays of the glacial origin. Thanks to their extent into the interior they effectively contributed settlement process. Currently fjords are economically exploited by the wide scope of activities related to marine economy and tourism. Due to sea – atmosphere – land interactions, fjords become the subject of interdisciplinary studies on feedbacks between the individual environment components. Particular scientific interest is focused on the arctic fjords due to their still unaffected nature and climate changes 2–4 times faster in polar areas than in other regions of the world. Such kind of studies devoted to the observations of the fjords in Svalbard were carried out within AWAKE international project and are continued with AWAKE2. In particular, the investigations concern the frequency and results of the warm Atlantic water inflow into the fjords. Glaciers terminating into fjords influenced by environmental changes, since the end of 19th century are in permanent recession. Glaciers supply increased amount of freshwater coming from both the melting and the calving.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Repository of th...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Grabiec, Mariusz;

    Fjords are long and deep bays of the glacial origin. Thanks to their extent into the interior they effectively contributed settlement process. Currently fjords are economically exploited by the wide scope of activities related to marine economy and tourism. Due to sea – atmosphere – land interactions, fjords become the subject of interdisciplinary studies on feedbacks between the individual environment components. Particular scientific interest is focused on the arctic fjords due to their still unaffected nature and climate changes 2–4 times faster in polar areas than in other regions of the world. Such kind of studies devoted to the observations of the fjords in Svalbard were carried out within AWAKE international project and are continued with AWAKE2. In particular, the investigations concern the frequency and results of the warm Atlantic water inflow into the fjords. Glaciers terminating into fjords influenced by environmental changes, since the end of 19th century are in permanent recession. Glaciers supply increased amount of freshwater coming from both the melting and the calving.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Repository of th...arrow_drop_down
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