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  • Energy Research
  • 13. Climate action
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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahnen, Nikolaus;

    In dieser Arbeit werden Berechnungen zur klimatischen Sensitivität der Eiskappe von Devon Island (Nunavut, Kanada) durchgeführt, die auf einem mit Wärmesummen arbeitenden Massenbilanzmodell basieren. Wichtigste Datenbasis für die Modellrechnungen sind dabei höhenabhängige Massenbilanzreihen der Devon-Eiskappe sowie tägliche Klimadaten der WMO-Station Resolute Bay. Durch die Bestimmung geeigneter Modellparameter (Temperaturgradienten, Wärmesummenkoeffizienten) ist es möglich, das mittlere Massenbilanzprofil gut zu simulieren. Das auf diese Weise kalibrierte Modell kann dann – als einfache Alternative zu Energiebilanzmodellen – zur Berechnung der Sensitivität der Massenbilanz auf Veränderungen von Temperatur und Niederschlag genutzt werden. Anwendungen des Modells verdeutlichen, dass die Massenbilanz der Devon-Eiskappe stark abhängig von der Entwicklung der Sommertemperaturen und die klimatische Sensitivität im Vergleich mit anderen Eismassen aus feuchteren Klimaten sehr klein ist. Die Einbeziehung der saisonalen Abhängigkeit der Massenbilanz kann schließlich helfen, eine mit Schwierigkeiten verbundene Rekonstruktion der jährlichen Massenbilanz zu verbessern. In this study, a degree-day approach is used to carry out model simulations to determine the climatic sensitivity of the mass balance of the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada). The most important data the model is fed by are a 38 yr long series of specific mass balance data and daily air temperature data from the WMO station Resolute Bay. By determining suitable model parameters (temperature lapse rates, degree-day coefficients) it is possible to simulate the mean mass balance profile convincingly. As a simple alternative to energy balance models, the calibrated degree-day model can then be used to determine the sensitivity of the mass balance to changes in temperature and precipitation. Results show that the mass balance of the Devon Ice Cap is strongly dependent on the summer temperatures and that the overall climatic sensitivity is small compared to those of other ice masses in more humid regions. The reconstruction of the mass balance series is attended with difficulties, but can be improved by including the mass balance''s seasonal sensitivity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
    Doctoral thesis . 2004
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
      Doctoral thesis . 2004
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahnen, Nikolaus;

    In dieser Arbeit werden Berechnungen zur klimatischen Sensitivität der Eiskappe von Devon Island (Nunavut, Kanada) durchgeführt, die auf einem mit Wärmesummen arbeitenden Massenbilanzmodell basieren. Wichtigste Datenbasis für die Modellrechnungen sind dabei höhenabhängige Massenbilanzreihen der Devon-Eiskappe sowie tägliche Klimadaten der WMO-Station Resolute Bay. Durch die Bestimmung geeigneter Modellparameter (Temperaturgradienten, Wärmesummenkoeffizienten) ist es möglich, das mittlere Massenbilanzprofil gut zu simulieren. Das auf diese Weise kalibrierte Modell kann dann – als einfache Alternative zu Energiebilanzmodellen – zur Berechnung der Sensitivität der Massenbilanz auf Veränderungen von Temperatur und Niederschlag genutzt werden. Anwendungen des Modells verdeutlichen, dass die Massenbilanz der Devon-Eiskappe stark abhängig von der Entwicklung der Sommertemperaturen und die klimatische Sensitivität im Vergleich mit anderen Eismassen aus feuchteren Klimaten sehr klein ist. Die Einbeziehung der saisonalen Abhängigkeit der Massenbilanz kann schließlich helfen, eine mit Schwierigkeiten verbundene Rekonstruktion der jährlichen Massenbilanz zu verbessern. In this study, a degree-day approach is used to carry out model simulations to determine the climatic sensitivity of the mass balance of the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada). The most important data the model is fed by are a 38 yr long series of specific mass balance data and daily air temperature data from the WMO station Resolute Bay. By determining suitable model parameters (temperature lapse rates, degree-day coefficients) it is possible to simulate the mean mass balance profile convincingly. As a simple alternative to energy balance models, the calibrated degree-day model can then be used to determine the sensitivity of the mass balance to changes in temperature and precipitation. Results show that the mass balance of the Devon Ice Cap is strongly dependent on the summer temperatures and that the overall climatic sensitivity is small compared to those of other ice masses in more humid regions. The reconstruction of the mass balance series is attended with difficulties, but can be improved by including the mass balance''s seasonal sensitivity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
    Doctoral thesis . 2004
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
      Doctoral thesis . 2004
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Authors: Müller, Anna-Lisa;

    This paper argues that the sustainability paradigm is currently used to transform industrial port cities into creative sustainable cities (Müller, 2013). Based on empirical data from the city of Dublin, I show that the sustainability paradigm is combined with the creative city paradigm to revitalize inner-city quarters. This urban planning strategy includes a focus on the creative class (Florida, 2004) and aims at integrating the old in the new, both in architectural and social terms. With this, it tries to be an integrative urban revitalization strategy. In the course of the 20th century, the Irish society developed from an industrial to a postindustrial, knowledge-based society (Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1993). New occupations emerged, making new forms of working spaces and modes of transport necessary, and a growing population now asks for a new kind of living spaces. Additionally, inner-city quarters have become increasingly popular with people working in knowledge-intensive industries. Consequently, city planners have initiated a revitalization process in these quarters, and they used two urban planning paradigms â creative cities (Florida, 2005) and sustainability â as guidelines for urban regeneration. This strategy aims to transform the whole city, but the single districts have to be the object of investigation when empirically approaching the changes of the built environment. Here we see that a threefold understanding of sustainability is used to integrate the demands of the new social groups in those of existing communities. Thus, the approaches used in the districts differ: (1) In The Liberties, home of a new-build technology cluster, the focus is on an economically sustainable development. (2) In Temple Bar, Dublin's cultural quarter, the emphasis is on a socially sustainable approach. (3) In the Docklands, the area of the old inner-city harbor, an attempt is made to combine all three dimensions of sustainability by creating new buildings (ecological sustainability) for both 'old' and 'new'1 inhabitants (social sustainability) and work space for growing industries like the knowledge-intensive industries (economic sustainability). The urban revitalization strategies have one thing in common: The inner-city districts dispose of a number of protected buildings which have to be integrated in the re-structuring of the quarters. Therefore, these buildings are renovated and combined with new buildings to form an architectural and spatial image of Dublin as a city with a future that is rooted in the city's industrial past. In this sense, the urban regeneration approach even has a notion of architectural and historical sustainability. San Francisco

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    Authors: Müller, Anna-Lisa;

    This paper argues that the sustainability paradigm is currently used to transform industrial port cities into creative sustainable cities (Müller, 2013). Based on empirical data from the city of Dublin, I show that the sustainability paradigm is combined with the creative city paradigm to revitalize inner-city quarters. This urban planning strategy includes a focus on the creative class (Florida, 2004) and aims at integrating the old in the new, both in architectural and social terms. With this, it tries to be an integrative urban revitalization strategy. In the course of the 20th century, the Irish society developed from an industrial to a postindustrial, knowledge-based society (Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1993). New occupations emerged, making new forms of working spaces and modes of transport necessary, and a growing population now asks for a new kind of living spaces. Additionally, inner-city quarters have become increasingly popular with people working in knowledge-intensive industries. Consequently, city planners have initiated a revitalization process in these quarters, and they used two urban planning paradigms â creative cities (Florida, 2005) and sustainability â as guidelines for urban regeneration. This strategy aims to transform the whole city, but the single districts have to be the object of investigation when empirically approaching the changes of the built environment. Here we see that a threefold understanding of sustainability is used to integrate the demands of the new social groups in those of existing communities. Thus, the approaches used in the districts differ: (1) In The Liberties, home of a new-build technology cluster, the focus is on an economically sustainable development. (2) In Temple Bar, Dublin's cultural quarter, the emphasis is on a socially sustainable approach. (3) In the Docklands, the area of the old inner-city harbor, an attempt is made to combine all three dimensions of sustainability by creating new buildings (ecological sustainability) for both 'old' and 'new'1 inhabitants (social sustainability) and work space for growing industries like the knowledge-intensive industries (economic sustainability). The urban revitalization strategies have one thing in common: The inner-city districts dispose of a number of protected buildings which have to be integrated in the re-structuring of the quarters. Therefore, these buildings are renovated and combined with new buildings to form an architectural and spatial image of Dublin as a city with a future that is rooted in the city's industrial past. In this sense, the urban regeneration approach even has a notion of architectural and historical sustainability. San Francisco

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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    Master thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    Authors: Schröder, P.;

    For an enhancement in the time-space-yield of one-stage agricultural biogas plants, experiments for developing early warning indicators (EWI) for process failures and countermeasures for process stabilization and for adapting the substrate composition were conducted. A new EWI was developed, the A/elCon, the proportion of the concentration of organic acids to the electrical conductivity, which warned most effectively in lab- and full-scale experiments. As a countermeasure against process failures, the addition of different additives was tested. In general, the addition of additives counteracted over-acidifications at high organic loading rates (OLR). In contrast to increased OLRs without countermeasures, the microbial communities adapted to high OLRs, if additives were added, by an increase in the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic and acid tolerant mixotrophic methanogens. The combination of trace elements and NaOH was most beneficial for stabilizing agricultural biogas processes and was successfully used in combination with the A/elCon to maintain a long-term high-performance digestion (up to OLR = 7.5 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d). A further increase in the time-space-yield was achieved by co-digesting energy-rich lipid-containing substrates. As known from the digestion of biological waste, the high-performance co-digestions were stabilized by CaO additions leading to an aggregate formation. The stabilization was based on the precipitation of toxic long-chain fatty acids with calcium and thus the formation of surfaces for biofilms. Even a long-term high-performance co-digestion (up to OLR = 9 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) was established by adding CaO. In this connection the formation of highly effective fatty acid degrading microbial consortia was detected consisting of syntrophic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic archaea that contributed to the process stability. Analyzing the microbial communities the results of the metagenome analysis and of the classical genetic fingerprinting via DGGE were compared. Both methods showed an increase in acidogenic bacteria and thereby especially in lactic acid producing bacteria with increasing loading rates. The results of the metagenome analysis were much more detailed. Zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute in einstufigen, landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen wurden Versuche zur Entwicklung von Frühwarnindikatoren (FWI) für Prozessstörungen und von Maßnahmen zur Prozessstabilisierung, sowie zur Substratzusammensetzung durchgeführt. Ein neuer FWI wurde entwickelt, der A/elCon, das Verhältnis aus der Konzentration organischer Säuren (engl.: org. acids) zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit (engl.: electr. conductivity), der im Labor und in der Großtechnik am effektivsten vor drohenden Prozessstörungen warnte. Als Maßnahme zur Prozessstabilisierung wurde die Zugabe von Additiven untersucht. Grundsätzlich wurde durch die Additivzugabe eine Übersäuerung bei hohen Raumbelastungen vermieden. Im Unterschied zur Leistungssteigerung ohne Additivzugabe, passte sich die mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft durch Zunahme der relativen Abundanz hydrogenotropher und säuretoleranter mixotropher Methanogener an hohe Raumbelastungen (BR) an. Eine Kombination aus Spurenelementen und NaOH eignete sich am besten zur Prozessstabilisierung und wurde zusammen mit dem A/elCon erfolgreich zur Etablierung einer Langzeit-Hochlast-Vergärung (bis BR = 7,5 kg oTS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) von NawaRo eingesetzt. Eine weitere Leistungssteigerung wurde durch Co-Vergärung energiereicher lipidhaltiger Substrate erzielt. Wie aus Anlagen der Abfallwirtschaft bekannt, wurden die Hochlast-Co-Vergärungen bei CaO-Zugabe durch eine Aggregatbildung stabilisiert. Die Aggregate binden toxische, langkettige Fettsäuren und bilden Oberflächen für Biofilme. Es wurde auch eine Langzeit-Hochlast-Co-Vergärung (t > 100 d) durch Zugabe von CaO etabliert. Dabei wurde die Ausbildung einer hocheffektiven fettsäureabbauenden mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaft, bestehend aus syntrophen Bacteria und hydrogenotrophen Archaea detektiert, die entscheidend zur Prozessstabilität beitrug. Bei der Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Biozönosen wurden die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse und des klassischen genetischen Fingerprintings mittels DGGE verglichen. Beide Methoden zeigten eine Zunahme acidogener Bacteria und dabei speziell von Milchsäurebakterien mit zunehmender Raumbelastung. Die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse waren deutlich detaillierter.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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      Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Schröder, P.;

    For an enhancement in the time-space-yield of one-stage agricultural biogas plants, experiments for developing early warning indicators (EWI) for process failures and countermeasures for process stabilization and for adapting the substrate composition were conducted. A new EWI was developed, the A/elCon, the proportion of the concentration of organic acids to the electrical conductivity, which warned most effectively in lab- and full-scale experiments. As a countermeasure against process failures, the addition of different additives was tested. In general, the addition of additives counteracted over-acidifications at high organic loading rates (OLR). In contrast to increased OLRs without countermeasures, the microbial communities adapted to high OLRs, if additives were added, by an increase in the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic and acid tolerant mixotrophic methanogens. The combination of trace elements and NaOH was most beneficial for stabilizing agricultural biogas processes and was successfully used in combination with the A/elCon to maintain a long-term high-performance digestion (up to OLR = 7.5 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d). A further increase in the time-space-yield was achieved by co-digesting energy-rich lipid-containing substrates. As known from the digestion of biological waste, the high-performance co-digestions were stabilized by CaO additions leading to an aggregate formation. The stabilization was based on the precipitation of toxic long-chain fatty acids with calcium and thus the formation of surfaces for biofilms. Even a long-term high-performance co-digestion (up to OLR = 9 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) was established by adding CaO. In this connection the formation of highly effective fatty acid degrading microbial consortia was detected consisting of syntrophic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic archaea that contributed to the process stability. Analyzing the microbial communities the results of the metagenome analysis and of the classical genetic fingerprinting via DGGE were compared. Both methods showed an increase in acidogenic bacteria and thereby especially in lactic acid producing bacteria with increasing loading rates. The results of the metagenome analysis were much more detailed. Zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute in einstufigen, landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen wurden Versuche zur Entwicklung von Frühwarnindikatoren (FWI) für Prozessstörungen und von Maßnahmen zur Prozessstabilisierung, sowie zur Substratzusammensetzung durchgeführt. Ein neuer FWI wurde entwickelt, der A/elCon, das Verhältnis aus der Konzentration organischer Säuren (engl.: org. acids) zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit (engl.: electr. conductivity), der im Labor und in der Großtechnik am effektivsten vor drohenden Prozessstörungen warnte. Als Maßnahme zur Prozessstabilisierung wurde die Zugabe von Additiven untersucht. Grundsätzlich wurde durch die Additivzugabe eine Übersäuerung bei hohen Raumbelastungen vermieden. Im Unterschied zur Leistungssteigerung ohne Additivzugabe, passte sich die mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft durch Zunahme der relativen Abundanz hydrogenotropher und säuretoleranter mixotropher Methanogener an hohe Raumbelastungen (BR) an. Eine Kombination aus Spurenelementen und NaOH eignete sich am besten zur Prozessstabilisierung und wurde zusammen mit dem A/elCon erfolgreich zur Etablierung einer Langzeit-Hochlast-Vergärung (bis BR = 7,5 kg oTS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) von NawaRo eingesetzt. Eine weitere Leistungssteigerung wurde durch Co-Vergärung energiereicher lipidhaltiger Substrate erzielt. Wie aus Anlagen der Abfallwirtschaft bekannt, wurden die Hochlast-Co-Vergärungen bei CaO-Zugabe durch eine Aggregatbildung stabilisiert. Die Aggregate binden toxische, langkettige Fettsäuren und bilden Oberflächen für Biofilme. Es wurde auch eine Langzeit-Hochlast-Co-Vergärung (t > 100 d) durch Zugabe von CaO etabliert. Dabei wurde die Ausbildung einer hocheffektiven fettsäureabbauenden mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaft, bestehend aus syntrophen Bacteria und hydrogenotrophen Archaea detektiert, die entscheidend zur Prozessstabilität beitrug. Bei der Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Biozönosen wurden die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse und des klassischen genetischen Fingerprintings mittels DGGE verglichen. Beide Methoden zeigten eine Zunahme acidogener Bacteria und dabei speziell von Milchsäurebakterien mit zunehmender Raumbelastung. Die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse waren deutlich detaillierter.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Jörg Blankenbach; Jan Echterhoff; Johannes Pinnekamp;

    Urban drainage infrastructure has to adapt to challenges such as climate change, but also to trends such as population and settlement development. At the same time, the opportunities offered by digitization can be used to meet these challenges. In this thesis, therefore, two geoinformation-based models are developed, which use the advancing digitization to contribute to the adaptation of urban drainage to demographic and climate change. An important aspect of municipal flood protection are nature-oriented measures for the rainwater management as part of water-sensitive urban development. According to the recognized rules of technology, the overriding goal of rainwater management is to approximate the natural water balance. The estimate of this target value is difficult to determine. The potential offered by decentralized rainwater management measures to achieve or approach this target as well. One geoinformation-based model pursues these two goals. The first goal is the estimation of the water balance deficit. The second goal is a limitation of the potential measures for the best compensation of this deficit. For this purpose, structural, geological and hydrogeological restrictions are taken into account. The model works exclusively with geo-referenced data and thus offers direct localization of the results. Furthermore, the model combines the approach of the empirically determined water balance distribution functions of the DWA-A 102 and a GIS-based calculation. The advantages of this combination are the scaling of a selectable study area and the on the fly consideration of restrictions for the measures of decentralized rainwater management. The second geoinformation-based model is an artificial neural network (ANN) for calculating flood areas caused by heavy rain. The trained ANN is suitable for known areas, works in real time and substitute a conventional hydrodynamic model. Therefore, a supervised learning multi-layer feed-forward ANN was set up and trained. After that, it was then examined and assessed for its suitability. For the substitution of a hydrodynamic numerical model for calculation of flooding risks (flood areas or surface runoff) by an ANN, the ANN must 'learn' the hydrological processes of the conventional model. For this learning process, the ANN requires input values that essentially determine the hydrological processes (e.g. precipitation, digital elevation model, type of sealing, barriers and culverts, etc.). Moreover, the AAN requires target values. For the ANN, the target values are areas with a certain height water level caused by a precipitation event (flood areas with flood level). These target values were first calculated using a hydrodynamic numerical model.The developed model shows that ANNs are more suitable than conventional hydrodynamic numerical models for certain applications due to their computing speed. Even if the generalizability of the trained ANN to other model areas could not be successfully demonstrated, the ANN however was able to predict good results for a sufficiently known range of values.The biggest advantage of the ANN is the low computing time for predicting flood areas. In contrast to hydrodynamic numerical models, the ANN predicts flood areas with sufficient accuracy in a few seconds. The application possibilities of the developed model thus specialize in cases in which these strengths are indispensable. One indispensability is the prediction of flood area caused by spontaneously and spatially limited heavy rain. This indispensability is also a demand of the municipal flood protection. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Jörg Blankenbach; Jan Echterhoff; Johannes Pinnekamp;

    Urban drainage infrastructure has to adapt to challenges such as climate change, but also to trends such as population and settlement development. At the same time, the opportunities offered by digitization can be used to meet these challenges. In this thesis, therefore, two geoinformation-based models are developed, which use the advancing digitization to contribute to the adaptation of urban drainage to demographic and climate change. An important aspect of municipal flood protection are nature-oriented measures for the rainwater management as part of water-sensitive urban development. According to the recognized rules of technology, the overriding goal of rainwater management is to approximate the natural water balance. The estimate of this target value is difficult to determine. The potential offered by decentralized rainwater management measures to achieve or approach this target as well. One geoinformation-based model pursues these two goals. The first goal is the estimation of the water balance deficit. The second goal is a limitation of the potential measures for the best compensation of this deficit. For this purpose, structural, geological and hydrogeological restrictions are taken into account. The model works exclusively with geo-referenced data and thus offers direct localization of the results. Furthermore, the model combines the approach of the empirically determined water balance distribution functions of the DWA-A 102 and a GIS-based calculation. The advantages of this combination are the scaling of a selectable study area and the on the fly consideration of restrictions for the measures of decentralized rainwater management. The second geoinformation-based model is an artificial neural network (ANN) for calculating flood areas caused by heavy rain. The trained ANN is suitable for known areas, works in real time and substitute a conventional hydrodynamic model. Therefore, a supervised learning multi-layer feed-forward ANN was set up and trained. After that, it was then examined and assessed for its suitability. For the substitution of a hydrodynamic numerical model for calculation of flooding risks (flood areas or surface runoff) by an ANN, the ANN must 'learn' the hydrological processes of the conventional model. For this learning process, the ANN requires input values that essentially determine the hydrological processes (e.g. precipitation, digital elevation model, type of sealing, barriers and culverts, etc.). Moreover, the AAN requires target values. For the ANN, the target values are areas with a certain height water level caused by a precipitation event (flood areas with flood level). These target values were first calculated using a hydrodynamic numerical model.The developed model shows that ANNs are more suitable than conventional hydrodynamic numerical models for certain applications due to their computing speed. Even if the generalizability of the trained ANN to other model areas could not be successfully demonstrated, the ANN however was able to predict good results for a sufficiently known range of values.The biggest advantage of the ANN is the low computing time for predicting flood areas. In contrast to hydrodynamic numerical models, the ANN predicts flood areas with sufficient accuracy in a few seconds. The application possibilities of the developed model thus specialize in cases in which these strengths are indispensable. One indispensability is the prediction of flood area caused by spontaneously and spatially limited heavy rain. This indispensability is also a demand of the municipal flood protection. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors

    Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.

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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors

    Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.

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    Authors: Gebauer, Matthias;

    This dissertation deals with the optimal implementation of the energy transition in Germany. The evaluation of the specified expansion path for renewable energies is intended to provide information as to whether the efforts of the federal government are sufficient to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. The evaluation tools designed for this dissertation are able to evaluate the specified additional amounts of the EEG 2021, to design storage concepts with which the producible amounts of electricity can be used in the best possible way and to compare the available energy with the necessary measures to achieve the Paris climate agreement. The result of this evaluation has shown that with the current expansion obligation, gross electricity consumption can be completely covered by renewable energies by 2050, but the excess electricity quantities that are not consumed in the electricity sector are not sufficient to cover 60 percent of the final energy requirement from renewable electricity. One of the government's targets is to reduce final energy consumption by 50 percent by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. Assuming that this project can be implemented, around 1270 terawatt hours (TWh) of energy will be required to supply all sectors of Germany. This contrasts with a maximum power generation of 620 TWh from regenerative generators. Even if this energy could be consumed without losses, only about 48 percent of the final energy consumption could be covered by renewable energies. If the expected efficiency losses are taken into account, around 950 TWh are required to be able to cover the final energy consumption as planned. In order for this energy to be generated by 2050, an improved expansion path is needed, which requires, among other things, the expansion of 125 gigawatts (GW) of onshore wind capacity, 100 GW of offshore wind capacity and 255 GW of PV system capacity. This corresponds to an increase of around 43 GW onshore, 47 GW offshore and 73 GW PV capacity, so a significant adjustment of the EEG 2021 is required that should be implemented immediately. In order for the generation plants to be set up to be used to the best possible extent, battery storage and power-to-gas technologies must also be installed in order to store energy that is not directly consumed and transfer it to other sectors. In order for the entire amount of electricity to be able to be purchased with the current expansion path, a total of around 150 GW of power-to-gas plants must be installed. A clear adjustment of the current efforts regarding the implementation of the energy transition on the part of business and politics is required. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Gebauer, Matthias;

    This dissertation deals with the optimal implementation of the energy transition in Germany. The evaluation of the specified expansion path for renewable energies is intended to provide information as to whether the efforts of the federal government are sufficient to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. The evaluation tools designed for this dissertation are able to evaluate the specified additional amounts of the EEG 2021, to design storage concepts with which the producible amounts of electricity can be used in the best possible way and to compare the available energy with the necessary measures to achieve the Paris climate agreement. The result of this evaluation has shown that with the current expansion obligation, gross electricity consumption can be completely covered by renewable energies by 2050, but the excess electricity quantities that are not consumed in the electricity sector are not sufficient to cover 60 percent of the final energy requirement from renewable electricity. One of the government's targets is to reduce final energy consumption by 50 percent by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. Assuming that this project can be implemented, around 1270 terawatt hours (TWh) of energy will be required to supply all sectors of Germany. This contrasts with a maximum power generation of 620 TWh from regenerative generators. Even if this energy could be consumed without losses, only about 48 percent of the final energy consumption could be covered by renewable energies. If the expected efficiency losses are taken into account, around 950 TWh are required to be able to cover the final energy consumption as planned. In order for this energy to be generated by 2050, an improved expansion path is needed, which requires, among other things, the expansion of 125 gigawatts (GW) of onshore wind capacity, 100 GW of offshore wind capacity and 255 GW of PV system capacity. This corresponds to an increase of around 43 GW onshore, 47 GW offshore and 73 GW PV capacity, so a significant adjustment of the EEG 2021 is required that should be implemented immediately. In order for the generation plants to be set up to be used to the best possible extent, battery storage and power-to-gas technologies must also be installed in order to store energy that is not directly consumed and transfer it to other sectors. In order for the entire amount of electricity to be able to be purchased with the current expansion path, a total of around 150 GW of power-to-gas plants must be installed. A clear adjustment of the current efforts regarding the implementation of the energy transition on the part of business and politics is required. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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    Authors: Zahnen, Nikolaus;

    In dieser Arbeit werden Berechnungen zur klimatischen Sensitivität der Eiskappe von Devon Island (Nunavut, Kanada) durchgeführt, die auf einem mit Wärmesummen arbeitenden Massenbilanzmodell basieren. Wichtigste Datenbasis für die Modellrechnungen sind dabei höhenabhängige Massenbilanzreihen der Devon-Eiskappe sowie tägliche Klimadaten der WMO-Station Resolute Bay. Durch die Bestimmung geeigneter Modellparameter (Temperaturgradienten, Wärmesummenkoeffizienten) ist es möglich, das mittlere Massenbilanzprofil gut zu simulieren. Das auf diese Weise kalibrierte Modell kann dann – als einfache Alternative zu Energiebilanzmodellen – zur Berechnung der Sensitivität der Massenbilanz auf Veränderungen von Temperatur und Niederschlag genutzt werden. Anwendungen des Modells verdeutlichen, dass die Massenbilanz der Devon-Eiskappe stark abhängig von der Entwicklung der Sommertemperaturen und die klimatische Sensitivität im Vergleich mit anderen Eismassen aus feuchteren Klimaten sehr klein ist. Die Einbeziehung der saisonalen Abhängigkeit der Massenbilanz kann schließlich helfen, eine mit Schwierigkeiten verbundene Rekonstruktion der jährlichen Massenbilanz zu verbessern. In this study, a degree-day approach is used to carry out model simulations to determine the climatic sensitivity of the mass balance of the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada). The most important data the model is fed by are a 38 yr long series of specific mass balance data and daily air temperature data from the WMO station Resolute Bay. By determining suitable model parameters (temperature lapse rates, degree-day coefficients) it is possible to simulate the mean mass balance profile convincingly. As a simple alternative to energy balance models, the calibrated degree-day model can then be used to determine the sensitivity of the mass balance to changes in temperature and precipitation. Results show that the mass balance of the Devon Ice Cap is strongly dependent on the summer temperatures and that the overall climatic sensitivity is small compared to those of other ice masses in more humid regions. The reconstruction of the mass balance series is attended with difficulties, but can be improved by including the mass balance''s seasonal sensitivity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
    Doctoral thesis . 2004
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
      Doctoral thesis . 2004
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    Authors: Zahnen, Nikolaus;

    In dieser Arbeit werden Berechnungen zur klimatischen Sensitivität der Eiskappe von Devon Island (Nunavut, Kanada) durchgeführt, die auf einem mit Wärmesummen arbeitenden Massenbilanzmodell basieren. Wichtigste Datenbasis für die Modellrechnungen sind dabei höhenabhängige Massenbilanzreihen der Devon-Eiskappe sowie tägliche Klimadaten der WMO-Station Resolute Bay. Durch die Bestimmung geeigneter Modellparameter (Temperaturgradienten, Wärmesummenkoeffizienten) ist es möglich, das mittlere Massenbilanzprofil gut zu simulieren. Das auf diese Weise kalibrierte Modell kann dann – als einfache Alternative zu Energiebilanzmodellen – zur Berechnung der Sensitivität der Massenbilanz auf Veränderungen von Temperatur und Niederschlag genutzt werden. Anwendungen des Modells verdeutlichen, dass die Massenbilanz der Devon-Eiskappe stark abhängig von der Entwicklung der Sommertemperaturen und die klimatische Sensitivität im Vergleich mit anderen Eismassen aus feuchteren Klimaten sehr klein ist. Die Einbeziehung der saisonalen Abhängigkeit der Massenbilanz kann schließlich helfen, eine mit Schwierigkeiten verbundene Rekonstruktion der jährlichen Massenbilanz zu verbessern. In this study, a degree-day approach is used to carry out model simulations to determine the climatic sensitivity of the mass balance of the Devon Island ice cap (Nunavut, Canada). The most important data the model is fed by are a 38 yr long series of specific mass balance data and daily air temperature data from the WMO station Resolute Bay. By determining suitable model parameters (temperature lapse rates, degree-day coefficients) it is possible to simulate the mean mass balance profile convincingly. As a simple alternative to energy balance models, the calibrated degree-day model can then be used to determine the sensitivity of the mass balance to changes in temperature and precipitation. Results show that the mass balance of the Devon Ice Cap is strongly dependent on the summer temperatures and that the overall climatic sensitivity is small compared to those of other ice masses in more humid regions. The reconstruction of the mass balance series is attended with difficulties, but can be improved by including the mass balance''s seasonal sensitivity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
    Doctoral thesis . 2004
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15...
      Doctoral thesis . 2004
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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Authors: Müller, Anna-Lisa;

    This paper argues that the sustainability paradigm is currently used to transform industrial port cities into creative sustainable cities (Müller, 2013). Based on empirical data from the city of Dublin, I show that the sustainability paradigm is combined with the creative city paradigm to revitalize inner-city quarters. This urban planning strategy includes a focus on the creative class (Florida, 2004) and aims at integrating the old in the new, both in architectural and social terms. With this, it tries to be an integrative urban revitalization strategy. In the course of the 20th century, the Irish society developed from an industrial to a postindustrial, knowledge-based society (Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1993). New occupations emerged, making new forms of working spaces and modes of transport necessary, and a growing population now asks for a new kind of living spaces. Additionally, inner-city quarters have become increasingly popular with people working in knowledge-intensive industries. Consequently, city planners have initiated a revitalization process in these quarters, and they used two urban planning paradigms â creative cities (Florida, 2005) and sustainability â as guidelines for urban regeneration. This strategy aims to transform the whole city, but the single districts have to be the object of investigation when empirically approaching the changes of the built environment. Here we see that a threefold understanding of sustainability is used to integrate the demands of the new social groups in those of existing communities. Thus, the approaches used in the districts differ: (1) In The Liberties, home of a new-build technology cluster, the focus is on an economically sustainable development. (2) In Temple Bar, Dublin's cultural quarter, the emphasis is on a socially sustainable approach. (3) In the Docklands, the area of the old inner-city harbor, an attempt is made to combine all three dimensions of sustainability by creating new buildings (ecological sustainability) for both 'old' and 'new'1 inhabitants (social sustainability) and work space for growing industries like the knowledge-intensive industries (economic sustainability). The urban revitalization strategies have one thing in common: The inner-city districts dispose of a number of protected buildings which have to be integrated in the re-structuring of the quarters. Therefore, these buildings are renovated and combined with new buildings to form an architectural and spatial image of Dublin as a city with a future that is rooted in the city's industrial past. In this sense, the urban regeneration approach even has a notion of architectural and historical sustainability. San Francisco

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    Authors: Müller, Anna-Lisa;

    This paper argues that the sustainability paradigm is currently used to transform industrial port cities into creative sustainable cities (Müller, 2013). Based on empirical data from the city of Dublin, I show that the sustainability paradigm is combined with the creative city paradigm to revitalize inner-city quarters. This urban planning strategy includes a focus on the creative class (Florida, 2004) and aims at integrating the old in the new, both in architectural and social terms. With this, it tries to be an integrative urban revitalization strategy. In the course of the 20th century, the Irish society developed from an industrial to a postindustrial, knowledge-based society (Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1993). New occupations emerged, making new forms of working spaces and modes of transport necessary, and a growing population now asks for a new kind of living spaces. Additionally, inner-city quarters have become increasingly popular with people working in knowledge-intensive industries. Consequently, city planners have initiated a revitalization process in these quarters, and they used two urban planning paradigms â creative cities (Florida, 2005) and sustainability â as guidelines for urban regeneration. This strategy aims to transform the whole city, but the single districts have to be the object of investigation when empirically approaching the changes of the built environment. Here we see that a threefold understanding of sustainability is used to integrate the demands of the new social groups in those of existing communities. Thus, the approaches used in the districts differ: (1) In The Liberties, home of a new-build technology cluster, the focus is on an economically sustainable development. (2) In Temple Bar, Dublin's cultural quarter, the emphasis is on a socially sustainable approach. (3) In the Docklands, the area of the old inner-city harbor, an attempt is made to combine all three dimensions of sustainability by creating new buildings (ecological sustainability) for both 'old' and 'new'1 inhabitants (social sustainability) and work space for growing industries like the knowledge-intensive industries (economic sustainability). The urban revitalization strategies have one thing in common: The inner-city districts dispose of a number of protected buildings which have to be integrated in the re-structuring of the quarters. Therefore, these buildings are renovated and combined with new buildings to form an architectural and spatial image of Dublin as a city with a future that is rooted in the city's industrial past. In this sense, the urban regeneration approach even has a notion of architectural and historical sustainability. San Francisco

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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    Master thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    Authors: Schröder, P.;

    For an enhancement in the time-space-yield of one-stage agricultural biogas plants, experiments for developing early warning indicators (EWI) for process failures and countermeasures for process stabilization and for adapting the substrate composition were conducted. A new EWI was developed, the A/elCon, the proportion of the concentration of organic acids to the electrical conductivity, which warned most effectively in lab- and full-scale experiments. As a countermeasure against process failures, the addition of different additives was tested. In general, the addition of additives counteracted over-acidifications at high organic loading rates (OLR). In contrast to increased OLRs without countermeasures, the microbial communities adapted to high OLRs, if additives were added, by an increase in the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic and acid tolerant mixotrophic methanogens. The combination of trace elements and NaOH was most beneficial for stabilizing agricultural biogas processes and was successfully used in combination with the A/elCon to maintain a long-term high-performance digestion (up to OLR = 7.5 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d). A further increase in the time-space-yield was achieved by co-digesting energy-rich lipid-containing substrates. As known from the digestion of biological waste, the high-performance co-digestions were stabilized by CaO additions leading to an aggregate formation. The stabilization was based on the precipitation of toxic long-chain fatty acids with calcium and thus the formation of surfaces for biofilms. Even a long-term high-performance co-digestion (up to OLR = 9 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) was established by adding CaO. In this connection the formation of highly effective fatty acid degrading microbial consortia was detected consisting of syntrophic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic archaea that contributed to the process stability. Analyzing the microbial communities the results of the metagenome analysis and of the classical genetic fingerprinting via DGGE were compared. Both methods showed an increase in acidogenic bacteria and thereby especially in lactic acid producing bacteria with increasing loading rates. The results of the metagenome analysis were much more detailed. Zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute in einstufigen, landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen wurden Versuche zur Entwicklung von Frühwarnindikatoren (FWI) für Prozessstörungen und von Maßnahmen zur Prozessstabilisierung, sowie zur Substratzusammensetzung durchgeführt. Ein neuer FWI wurde entwickelt, der A/elCon, das Verhältnis aus der Konzentration organischer Säuren (engl.: org. acids) zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit (engl.: electr. conductivity), der im Labor und in der Großtechnik am effektivsten vor drohenden Prozessstörungen warnte. Als Maßnahme zur Prozessstabilisierung wurde die Zugabe von Additiven untersucht. Grundsätzlich wurde durch die Additivzugabe eine Übersäuerung bei hohen Raumbelastungen vermieden. Im Unterschied zur Leistungssteigerung ohne Additivzugabe, passte sich die mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft durch Zunahme der relativen Abundanz hydrogenotropher und säuretoleranter mixotropher Methanogener an hohe Raumbelastungen (BR) an. Eine Kombination aus Spurenelementen und NaOH eignete sich am besten zur Prozessstabilisierung und wurde zusammen mit dem A/elCon erfolgreich zur Etablierung einer Langzeit-Hochlast-Vergärung (bis BR = 7,5 kg oTS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) von NawaRo eingesetzt. Eine weitere Leistungssteigerung wurde durch Co-Vergärung energiereicher lipidhaltiger Substrate erzielt. Wie aus Anlagen der Abfallwirtschaft bekannt, wurden die Hochlast-Co-Vergärungen bei CaO-Zugabe durch eine Aggregatbildung stabilisiert. Die Aggregate binden toxische, langkettige Fettsäuren und bilden Oberflächen für Biofilme. Es wurde auch eine Langzeit-Hochlast-Co-Vergärung (t > 100 d) durch Zugabe von CaO etabliert. Dabei wurde die Ausbildung einer hocheffektiven fettsäureabbauenden mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaft, bestehend aus syntrophen Bacteria und hydrogenotrophen Archaea detektiert, die entscheidend zur Prozessstabilität beitrug. Bei der Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Biozönosen wurden die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse und des klassischen genetischen Fingerprintings mittels DGGE verglichen. Beide Methoden zeigten eine Zunahme acidogener Bacteria und dabei speziell von Milchsäurebakterien mit zunehmender Raumbelastung. Die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse waren deutlich detaillierter.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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      Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Schröder, P.;

    For an enhancement in the time-space-yield of one-stage agricultural biogas plants, experiments for developing early warning indicators (EWI) for process failures and countermeasures for process stabilization and for adapting the substrate composition were conducted. A new EWI was developed, the A/elCon, the proportion of the concentration of organic acids to the electrical conductivity, which warned most effectively in lab- and full-scale experiments. As a countermeasure against process failures, the addition of different additives was tested. In general, the addition of additives counteracted over-acidifications at high organic loading rates (OLR). In contrast to increased OLRs without countermeasures, the microbial communities adapted to high OLRs, if additives were added, by an increase in the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic and acid tolerant mixotrophic methanogens. The combination of trace elements and NaOH was most beneficial for stabilizing agricultural biogas processes and was successfully used in combination with the A/elCon to maintain a long-term high-performance digestion (up to OLR = 7.5 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d). A further increase in the time-space-yield was achieved by co-digesting energy-rich lipid-containing substrates. As known from the digestion of biological waste, the high-performance co-digestions were stabilized by CaO additions leading to an aggregate formation. The stabilization was based on the precipitation of toxic long-chain fatty acids with calcium and thus the formation of surfaces for biofilms. Even a long-term high-performance co-digestion (up to OLR = 9 kg VS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) was established by adding CaO. In this connection the formation of highly effective fatty acid degrading microbial consortia was detected consisting of syntrophic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic archaea that contributed to the process stability. Analyzing the microbial communities the results of the metagenome analysis and of the classical genetic fingerprinting via DGGE were compared. Both methods showed an increase in acidogenic bacteria and thereby especially in lactic acid producing bacteria with increasing loading rates. The results of the metagenome analysis were much more detailed. Zur Steigerung der Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute in einstufigen, landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen wurden Versuche zur Entwicklung von Frühwarnindikatoren (FWI) für Prozessstörungen und von Maßnahmen zur Prozessstabilisierung, sowie zur Substratzusammensetzung durchgeführt. Ein neuer FWI wurde entwickelt, der A/elCon, das Verhältnis aus der Konzentration organischer Säuren (engl.: org. acids) zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit (engl.: electr. conductivity), der im Labor und in der Großtechnik am effektivsten vor drohenden Prozessstörungen warnte. Als Maßnahme zur Prozessstabilisierung wurde die Zugabe von Additiven untersucht. Grundsätzlich wurde durch die Additivzugabe eine Übersäuerung bei hohen Raumbelastungen vermieden. Im Unterschied zur Leistungssteigerung ohne Additivzugabe, passte sich die mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaft durch Zunahme der relativen Abundanz hydrogenotropher und säuretoleranter mixotropher Methanogener an hohe Raumbelastungen (BR) an. Eine Kombination aus Spurenelementen und NaOH eignete sich am besten zur Prozessstabilisierung und wurde zusammen mit dem A/elCon erfolgreich zur Etablierung einer Langzeit-Hochlast-Vergärung (bis BR = 7,5 kg oTS m 3 d 1, t > 100 d) von NawaRo eingesetzt. Eine weitere Leistungssteigerung wurde durch Co-Vergärung energiereicher lipidhaltiger Substrate erzielt. Wie aus Anlagen der Abfallwirtschaft bekannt, wurden die Hochlast-Co-Vergärungen bei CaO-Zugabe durch eine Aggregatbildung stabilisiert. Die Aggregate binden toxische, langkettige Fettsäuren und bilden Oberflächen für Biofilme. Es wurde auch eine Langzeit-Hochlast-Co-Vergärung (t > 100 d) durch Zugabe von CaO etabliert. Dabei wurde die Ausbildung einer hocheffektiven fettsäureabbauenden mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaft, bestehend aus syntrophen Bacteria und hydrogenotrophen Archaea detektiert, die entscheidend zur Prozessstabilität beitrug. Bei der Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Biozönosen wurden die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse und des klassischen genetischen Fingerprintings mittels DGGE verglichen. Beide Methoden zeigten eine Zunahme acidogener Bacteria und dabei speziell von Milchsäurebakterien mit zunehmender Raumbelastung. Die Ergebnisse der Metagenomanalyse waren deutlich detaillierter.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Jörg Blankenbach; Jan Echterhoff; Johannes Pinnekamp;

    Urban drainage infrastructure has to adapt to challenges such as climate change, but also to trends such as population and settlement development. At the same time, the opportunities offered by digitization can be used to meet these challenges. In this thesis, therefore, two geoinformation-based models are developed, which use the advancing digitization to contribute to the adaptation of urban drainage to demographic and climate change. An important aspect of municipal flood protection are nature-oriented measures for the rainwater management as part of water-sensitive urban development. According to the recognized rules of technology, the overriding goal of rainwater management is to approximate the natural water balance. The estimate of this target value is difficult to determine. The potential offered by decentralized rainwater management measures to achieve or approach this target as well. One geoinformation-based model pursues these two goals. The first goal is the estimation of the water balance deficit. The second goal is a limitation of the potential measures for the best compensation of this deficit. For this purpose, structural, geological and hydrogeological restrictions are taken into account. The model works exclusively with geo-referenced data and thus offers direct localization of the results. Furthermore, the model combines the approach of the empirically determined water balance distribution functions of the DWA-A 102 and a GIS-based calculation. The advantages of this combination are the scaling of a selectable study area and the on the fly consideration of restrictions for the measures of decentralized rainwater management. The second geoinformation-based model is an artificial neural network (ANN) for calculating flood areas caused by heavy rain. The trained ANN is suitable for known areas, works in real time and substitute a conventional hydrodynamic model. Therefore, a supervised learning multi-layer feed-forward ANN was set up and trained. After that, it was then examined and assessed for its suitability. For the substitution of a hydrodynamic numerical model for calculation of flooding risks (flood areas or surface runoff) by an ANN, the ANN must 'learn' the hydrological processes of the conventional model. For this learning process, the ANN requires input values that essentially determine the hydrological processes (e.g. precipitation, digital elevation model, type of sealing, barriers and culverts, etc.). Moreover, the AAN requires target values. For the ANN, the target values are areas with a certain height water level caused by a precipitation event (flood areas with flood level). These target values were first calculated using a hydrodynamic numerical model.The developed model shows that ANNs are more suitable than conventional hydrodynamic numerical models for certain applications due to their computing speed. Even if the generalizability of the trained ANN to other model areas could not be successfully demonstrated, the ANN however was able to predict good results for a sufficiently known range of values.The biggest advantage of the ANN is the low computing time for predicting flood areas. In contrast to hydrodynamic numerical models, the ANN predicts flood areas with sufficient accuracy in a few seconds. The application possibilities of the developed model thus specialize in cases in which these strengths are indispensable. One indispensability is the prediction of flood area caused by spontaneously and spatially limited heavy rain. This indispensability is also a demand of the municipal flood protection. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Jörg Blankenbach; Jan Echterhoff; Johannes Pinnekamp;

    Urban drainage infrastructure has to adapt to challenges such as climate change, but also to trends such as population and settlement development. At the same time, the opportunities offered by digitization can be used to meet these challenges. In this thesis, therefore, two geoinformation-based models are developed, which use the advancing digitization to contribute to the adaptation of urban drainage to demographic and climate change. An important aspect of municipal flood protection are nature-oriented measures for the rainwater management as part of water-sensitive urban development. According to the recognized rules of technology, the overriding goal of rainwater management is to approximate the natural water balance. The estimate of this target value is difficult to determine. The potential offered by decentralized rainwater management measures to achieve or approach this target as well. One geoinformation-based model pursues these two goals. The first goal is the estimation of the water balance deficit. The second goal is a limitation of the potential measures for the best compensation of this deficit. For this purpose, structural, geological and hydrogeological restrictions are taken into account. The model works exclusively with geo-referenced data and thus offers direct localization of the results. Furthermore, the model combines the approach of the empirically determined water balance distribution functions of the DWA-A 102 and a GIS-based calculation. The advantages of this combination are the scaling of a selectable study area and the on the fly consideration of restrictions for the measures of decentralized rainwater management. The second geoinformation-based model is an artificial neural network (ANN) for calculating flood areas caused by heavy rain. The trained ANN is suitable for known areas, works in real time and substitute a conventional hydrodynamic model. Therefore, a supervised learning multi-layer feed-forward ANN was set up and trained. After that, it was then examined and assessed for its suitability. For the substitution of a hydrodynamic numerical model for calculation of flooding risks (flood areas or surface runoff) by an ANN, the ANN must 'learn' the hydrological processes of the conventional model. For this learning process, the ANN requires input values that essentially determine the hydrological processes (e.g. precipitation, digital elevation model, type of sealing, barriers and culverts, etc.). Moreover, the AAN requires target values. For the ANN, the target values are areas with a certain height water level caused by a precipitation event (flood areas with flood level). These target values were first calculated using a hydrodynamic numerical model.The developed model shows that ANNs are more suitable than conventional hydrodynamic numerical models for certain applications due to their computing speed. Even if the generalizability of the trained ANN to other model areas could not be successfully demonstrated, the ANN however was able to predict good results for a sufficiently known range of values.The biggest advantage of the ANN is the low computing time for predicting flood areas. In contrast to hydrodynamic numerical models, the ANN predicts flood areas with sufficient accuracy in a few seconds. The application possibilities of the developed model thus specialize in cases in which these strengths are indispensable. One indispensability is the prediction of flood area caused by spontaneously and spatially limited heavy rain. This indispensability is also a demand of the municipal flood protection. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2021 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors

    Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.

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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors

    Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain.

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    Authors: Gebauer, Matthias;

    This dissertation deals with the optimal implementation of the energy transition in Germany. The evaluation of the specified expansion path for renewable energies is intended to provide information as to whether the efforts of the federal government are sufficient to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. The evaluation tools designed for this dissertation are able to evaluate the specified additional amounts of the EEG 2021, to design storage concepts with which the producible amounts of electricity can be used in the best possible way and to compare the available energy with the necessary measures to achieve the Paris climate agreement. The result of this evaluation has shown that with the current expansion obligation, gross electricity consumption can be completely covered by renewable energies by 2050, but the excess electricity quantities that are not consumed in the electricity sector are not sufficient to cover 60 percent of the final energy requirement from renewable electricity. One of the government's targets is to reduce final energy consumption by 50 percent by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. Assuming that this project can be implemented, around 1270 terawatt hours (TWh) of energy will be required to supply all sectors of Germany. This contrasts with a maximum power generation of 620 TWh from regenerative generators. Even if this energy could be consumed without losses, only about 48 percent of the final energy consumption could be covered by renewable energies. If the expected efficiency losses are taken into account, around 950 TWh are required to be able to cover the final energy consumption as planned. In order for this energy to be generated by 2050, an improved expansion path is needed, which requires, among other things, the expansion of 125 gigawatts (GW) of onshore wind capacity, 100 GW of offshore wind capacity and 255 GW of PV system capacity. This corresponds to an increase of around 43 GW onshore, 47 GW offshore and 73 GW PV capacity, so a significant adjustment of the EEG 2021 is required that should be implemented immediately. In order for the generation plants to be set up to be used to the best possible extent, battery storage and power-to-gas technologies must also be installed in order to store energy that is not directly consumed and transfer it to other sectors. In order for the entire amount of electricity to be able to be purchased with the current expansion path, a total of around 150 GW of power-to-gas plants must be installed. A clear adjustment of the current efforts regarding the implementation of the energy transition on the part of business and politics is required. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Gebauer, Matthias;

    This dissertation deals with the optimal implementation of the energy transition in Germany. The evaluation of the specified expansion path for renewable energies is intended to provide information as to whether the efforts of the federal government are sufficient to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement. The evaluation tools designed for this dissertation are able to evaluate the specified additional amounts of the EEG 2021, to design storage concepts with which the producible amounts of electricity can be used in the best possible way and to compare the available energy with the necessary measures to achieve the Paris climate agreement. The result of this evaluation has shown that with the current expansion obligation, gross electricity consumption can be completely covered by renewable energies by 2050, but the excess electricity quantities that are not consumed in the electricity sector are not sufficient to cover 60 percent of the final energy requirement from renewable electricity. One of the government's targets is to reduce final energy consumption by 50 percent by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. Assuming that this project can be implemented, around 1270 terawatt hours (TWh) of energy will be required to supply all sectors of Germany. This contrasts with a maximum power generation of 620 TWh from regenerative generators. Even if this energy could be consumed without losses, only about 48 percent of the final energy consumption could be covered by renewable energies. If the expected efficiency losses are taken into account, around 950 TWh are required to be able to cover the final energy consumption as planned. In order for this energy to be generated by 2050, an improved expansion path is needed, which requires, among other things, the expansion of 125 gigawatts (GW) of onshore wind capacity, 100 GW of offshore wind capacity and 255 GW of PV system capacity. This corresponds to an increase of around 43 GW onshore, 47 GW offshore and 73 GW PV capacity, so a significant adjustment of the EEG 2021 is required that should be implemented immediately. In order for the generation plants to be set up to be used to the best possible extent, battery storage and power-to-gas technologies must also be installed in order to store energy that is not directly consumed and transfer it to other sectors. In order for the entire amount of electricity to be able to be purchased with the current expansion path, a total of around 150 GW of power-to-gas plants must be installed. A clear adjustment of the current efforts regarding the implementation of the energy transition on the part of business and politics is required. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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