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  • 7. Clean energy
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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Der Erfolg der Photovoltaik in Deutschland und der Welt basiert derzeit auf der indirekten Subventionierung durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) und vergleichbare Instrumente in anderen Regionen. Auch unter der Prämisse, dass der derzeitige Gestehungspreis für konventionell erzeugte Elektrizität die realen Kosten, bedingt durch mögliche zukünftige Umweltschäden und Ressourcenknappheit, nur unzureichend widerspiegelt, sind weitere Kostensenkungen in der Produktion unabdingbar. Durch den hohen Kostenanteil der Wafer am Modul liegt in der Waferfertigung das größte Kostensenkungspotential. Die Vereinzelung feuchter Siliziumwafer ist aus Durchsatz- und Qualitätsaspekten ein wichtiger Schritt in der Fertigung. Durch die hohe Bruchgefahr bei der Handhabung von Wafern kann die Vereinzelung auch wesentlich zur Kostenreduktion beitragen. Die in Literatur und Patenten beschriebenen Verfahren sind derzeit noch nicht in einem ausgereiften Zustand, um die Vereinzelung von Wafern sicher und zuverlässig durchzuführen. Daher sind weitere Anstrengungen in Forschung und Entwicklung nötig, um die derzeitigen und zukünftigen Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Gleichzeitig muss das Verständnis über die Vorgänge bei der Vereinzelung sowie die Einflüsse auf den Wafer weiter vertieft werden. Insbesondere das Schädigungspotential der Vereinzelung auf den Wafer bestimmt die Auslegung eines solchen Systems in besonderem Maße. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert zunächst die Ausgangssituation in der derzeitigen Waferproduktion. Die Umgebung in der Waferproduktion ist geprägt durch eine Vielzahl von Einflüssen, besonders durch flüssige Betriebsstoffe wie der Slurry oder auch den Reinigungsmedien. Die zu vereinzelnden Wafer sind fragile und spröde Substrate welche in dieser Umgebung verarbeitet werden müssen. Entsprechend vielseitig ist der derzeitige Stand der Technik zur Vereinzelung, welcher größtenteils in Patentschriften beschrieben ist. Zur weiteren Entwicklung eines Vereinzelungsverfahrens wird die Aufgabe weiter analysiert. Durch Versuche in einer realen Fertigungsumgebung erscheint die Vereinzelung vom Stapel als vielversprechender Ansatz. Die Fragilität des Substrats führt zu der Überlegung, Flüssigkeitsstrahlen zur Vereinzelung der Wafer einzusetzen. Damit soll eine schonende Handhabung der Wafer erzielt werden. Das Prinzip dieser Vereinzelung vom Stapel wird dann zunächst in einem Modell beschrieben und entsprechend berechnet. Zur Überprüfung und Validierung des Modells wird zunächst ein Versuchsstand entwickelt an welchem die Einflüsse der Flüssigkeitsstrahlen auf den Wafer detailliert untersucht werden k¨onnen. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Betrieb des Versuchsstandes fließen in die Konstruktion eines Prototypen ein. Gleichzeitig können die Einstellungen des Prototypen anhand der Ergebnisse aus den Versuchsreihen initial eingestellt werden. Die Tests mit dem Prototypen zeigen eine prinzipielle Machbarkeit des Verfahrens. Weiterer Bedarf in Forschung und Entwicklung liegt in der Optimierung von Verfahren im industriellen Umfeld. Eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit bei der Vereinzelung bei gleichzeitig störungsunempfindlichem Betrieb sind dabei wichtige Indikatoren für den Erfolg von Vereinzelungsverfahren. Technologisch kommen weitere Anforderungen auf die Waferbehandlung zu. Der Trend zu dünneren Wafern (kleiner als 180- 210 µm) ist derzeit durch die gesunkenen Kosten f¨ur das reine Silizium nicht mehr der zentrale Fokus der Entwicklung. Sobald jedoch weitere Kostensenkungspotentiale an anderer Stelle realisiert werden können, wird die Dicke der Wafer vermutlich wieder an Bedeutung zunehmen. Möglicherweise werden auch größere Waferformate (gröoßer 200mm Kantenlänge) in Zukunft in die Massenfertigung eingeführt werden. Die Verfahren und Anlagen müssen dann entsprechend angepasst werden. Eine weitere einflussreiche Entwicklung kann die Umstellung Slurry-basierter Trennverfahren auf alternative Technologien darstellen. Insbesondere das Sägen mit Diamantdraht (mit Industriediamanten besetzter Schneidedraht) wird die Vereinzelung vor neue Herausforderungen stellen, da sich die Oberflächeneigenschaften damit ändern. The separation of crystalline photovoltaic wafer after sawing is an important but difficult automation challenge. In wafer manufacturing, wafers are cut out of an ingot with a wire saw. A slurry mainly based on glycol and silicon carbide is typically used as the abrasive medium. The ingots are glued to a plate. After the wafers are cut out, they are still glued to the plate. In many factories the wafers are separated manually. However due to reasons of costs, quality and the dimensions of the wafers, an automation solution is highly desirable. This thesis presents experiments to define pre-conditions and requirements for an automated separation process. Based on this requirements a model is developed which leads to a possible solution for the implementation. The thesis concludes with the description of a prototype equipment and the conducted tests.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
    Other literature type . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
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    Der Erfolg der Photovoltaik in Deutschland und der Welt basiert derzeit auf der indirekten Subventionierung durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) und vergleichbare Instrumente in anderen Regionen. Auch unter der Prämisse, dass der derzeitige Gestehungspreis für konventionell erzeugte Elektrizität die realen Kosten, bedingt durch mögliche zukünftige Umweltschäden und Ressourcenknappheit, nur unzureichend widerspiegelt, sind weitere Kostensenkungen in der Produktion unabdingbar. Durch den hohen Kostenanteil der Wafer am Modul liegt in der Waferfertigung das größte Kostensenkungspotential. Die Vereinzelung feuchter Siliziumwafer ist aus Durchsatz- und Qualitätsaspekten ein wichtiger Schritt in der Fertigung. Durch die hohe Bruchgefahr bei der Handhabung von Wafern kann die Vereinzelung auch wesentlich zur Kostenreduktion beitragen. Die in Literatur und Patenten beschriebenen Verfahren sind derzeit noch nicht in einem ausgereiften Zustand, um die Vereinzelung von Wafern sicher und zuverlässig durchzuführen. Daher sind weitere Anstrengungen in Forschung und Entwicklung nötig, um die derzeitigen und zukünftigen Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Gleichzeitig muss das Verständnis über die Vorgänge bei der Vereinzelung sowie die Einflüsse auf den Wafer weiter vertieft werden. Insbesondere das Schädigungspotential der Vereinzelung auf den Wafer bestimmt die Auslegung eines solchen Systems in besonderem Maße. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert zunächst die Ausgangssituation in der derzeitigen Waferproduktion. Die Umgebung in der Waferproduktion ist geprägt durch eine Vielzahl von Einflüssen, besonders durch flüssige Betriebsstoffe wie der Slurry oder auch den Reinigungsmedien. Die zu vereinzelnden Wafer sind fragile und spröde Substrate welche in dieser Umgebung verarbeitet werden müssen. Entsprechend vielseitig ist der derzeitige Stand der Technik zur Vereinzelung, welcher größtenteils in Patentschriften beschrieben ist. Zur weiteren Entwicklung eines Vereinzelungsverfahrens wird die Aufgabe weiter analysiert. Durch Versuche in einer realen Fertigungsumgebung erscheint die Vereinzelung vom Stapel als vielversprechender Ansatz. Die Fragilität des Substrats führt zu der Überlegung, Flüssigkeitsstrahlen zur Vereinzelung der Wafer einzusetzen. Damit soll eine schonende Handhabung der Wafer erzielt werden. Das Prinzip dieser Vereinzelung vom Stapel wird dann zunächst in einem Modell beschrieben und entsprechend berechnet. Zur Überprüfung und Validierung des Modells wird zunächst ein Versuchsstand entwickelt an welchem die Einflüsse der Flüssigkeitsstrahlen auf den Wafer detailliert untersucht werden k¨onnen. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Betrieb des Versuchsstandes fließen in die Konstruktion eines Prototypen ein. Gleichzeitig können die Einstellungen des Prototypen anhand der Ergebnisse aus den Versuchsreihen initial eingestellt werden. Die Tests mit dem Prototypen zeigen eine prinzipielle Machbarkeit des Verfahrens. Weiterer Bedarf in Forschung und Entwicklung liegt in der Optimierung von Verfahren im industriellen Umfeld. Eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit bei der Vereinzelung bei gleichzeitig störungsunempfindlichem Betrieb sind dabei wichtige Indikatoren für den Erfolg von Vereinzelungsverfahren. Technologisch kommen weitere Anforderungen auf die Waferbehandlung zu. Der Trend zu dünneren Wafern (kleiner als 180- 210 µm) ist derzeit durch die gesunkenen Kosten f¨ur das reine Silizium nicht mehr der zentrale Fokus der Entwicklung. Sobald jedoch weitere Kostensenkungspotentiale an anderer Stelle realisiert werden können, wird die Dicke der Wafer vermutlich wieder an Bedeutung zunehmen. Möglicherweise werden auch größere Waferformate (gröoßer 200mm Kantenlänge) in Zukunft in die Massenfertigung eingeführt werden. Die Verfahren und Anlagen müssen dann entsprechend angepasst werden. Eine weitere einflussreiche Entwicklung kann die Umstellung Slurry-basierter Trennverfahren auf alternative Technologien darstellen. Insbesondere das Sägen mit Diamantdraht (mit Industriediamanten besetzter Schneidedraht) wird die Vereinzelung vor neue Herausforderungen stellen, da sich die Oberflächeneigenschaften damit ändern. The separation of crystalline photovoltaic wafer after sawing is an important but difficult automation challenge. In wafer manufacturing, wafers are cut out of an ingot with a wire saw. A slurry mainly based on glycol and silicon carbide is typically used as the abrasive medium. The ingots are glued to a plate. After the wafers are cut out, they are still glued to the plate. In many factories the wafers are separated manually. However due to reasons of costs, quality and the dimensions of the wafers, an automation solution is highly desirable. This thesis presents experiments to define pre-conditions and requirements for an automated separation process. Based on this requirements a model is developed which leads to a possible solution for the implementation. The thesis concludes with the description of a prototype equipment and the conducted tests.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
    Other literature type . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
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    Authors: Köpke, Michael;

    Clostridium ljungdahlii was metabolically engineered for the production of bulk chemical and next generation biofuel 1-butanol from synthesis gas by transformation with a plasmid harbouring the butanol synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Synthesis gas (a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2) can be easily produced by gasification of biomass or municipal waste. Thus, this process presents an alternative to conventional butanol fermentation (which uses corn or sugar as substrate and therefore competes with the food industry) and also chemical butanol production (which starts from propen obtained from non-renewable sources). To optimize the process, metagenomic libraries from environmental sources were screened for novel butanol dehydrogenases. Four respective enzymes could be identified and characterized in detail. Further studies on the metabolism of C. ljungdahlii revealed a new type of energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria. There are indications that Clostridium difficile might also belong to this group, as respective genes were found in the genome sequence and weak autotrophic growth occurred on a mixture of CO2 and H2.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Köpke, Michael;

    Clostridium ljungdahlii was metabolically engineered for the production of bulk chemical and next generation biofuel 1-butanol from synthesis gas by transformation with a plasmid harbouring the butanol synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Synthesis gas (a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2) can be easily produced by gasification of biomass or municipal waste. Thus, this process presents an alternative to conventional butanol fermentation (which uses corn or sugar as substrate and therefore competes with the food industry) and also chemical butanol production (which starts from propen obtained from non-renewable sources). To optimize the process, metagenomic libraries from environmental sources were screened for novel butanol dehydrogenases. Four respective enzymes could be identified and characterized in detail. Further studies on the metabolism of C. ljungdahlii revealed a new type of energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria. There are indications that Clostridium difficile might also belong to this group, as respective genes were found in the genome sequence and weak autotrophic growth occurred on a mixture of CO2 and H2.

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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Höltl, Arne; Schießl, Caroline; Fricke, Nicola; Hoek, Roederick; +2 Authors

    The Validation and Evaluation sub-project of the eCoMove project groups a number of complementary activities including the core tasks to validate the functionality of the eCoMove system and applications, and to evaluate if the aimed reduction of 20% overall energy consumption can be achieved. Besides technical requirements a validation process also has to consider non-technical requirements of potential users of the eCoMove system which were in the focus of research for this deliverable.

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    Authors: Höltl, Arne; Schießl, Caroline; Fricke, Nicola; Hoek, Roederick; +2 Authors

    The Validation and Evaluation sub-project of the eCoMove project groups a number of complementary activities including the core tasks to validate the functionality of the eCoMove system and applications, and to evaluate if the aimed reduction of 20% overall energy consumption can be achieved. Besides technical requirements a validation process also has to consider non-technical requirements of potential users of the eCoMove system which were in the focus of research for this deliverable.

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    Authors: Rautmann, Christof;

    This thesis deals with the acoustic simulation of wind turbine noise. Turbulent boundary layer trailing-edge interaction noise is the main noise source for modern wind turbines. A hybrid approach was used to simulate this phenomenon on a two-demensional airfoil level. In a first step a numerical flow simulation (CFD) is conducted. It yields aerodynamic coefficients as well as the flow field around the airfoil and turbulence statistics from the used turbulence model. In a second step these turbulence statistics are used to reconstruct a time and space resolved turbulence field by utilizing the stochastic reconstruction method FRPM. Together with the underlying mean flow, the turbulent sound sources are used in a subsequent computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulation. The result is the sound pressure field around the airfoil. The method was validated using experimental results from wind tunnel tests. It shows better accuracy than semi-emperical approaches and is much faster than scale resolving methods. Throughout geometry variations it was shown that airfoils with the same aerodynamic performance could have totally different overall sound emissions in a range of up to 4dB. Relations between parameters from the suction side boundary layer and the noise spectrum were shown. Guidelines for the design of low-noise airfoils were derived. To evaluate the noise levels for a whole wind turbine, a strategy was developed to simulate the overall noise by a summation of independent airfoil sections. Time and space resolved noise maps were calculated for arbitrary observer positions around the wind turbine. Noise reductions up to 2 dB were possible without drawbacks on turbine performance or loads. The presented method can be used in the early stages of future wind turbine design.

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    Authors: Rautmann, Christof;

    This thesis deals with the acoustic simulation of wind turbine noise. Turbulent boundary layer trailing-edge interaction noise is the main noise source for modern wind turbines. A hybrid approach was used to simulate this phenomenon on a two-demensional airfoil level. In a first step a numerical flow simulation (CFD) is conducted. It yields aerodynamic coefficients as well as the flow field around the airfoil and turbulence statistics from the used turbulence model. In a second step these turbulence statistics are used to reconstruct a time and space resolved turbulence field by utilizing the stochastic reconstruction method FRPM. Together with the underlying mean flow, the turbulent sound sources are used in a subsequent computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulation. The result is the sound pressure field around the airfoil. The method was validated using experimental results from wind tunnel tests. It shows better accuracy than semi-emperical approaches and is much faster than scale resolving methods. Throughout geometry variations it was shown that airfoils with the same aerodynamic performance could have totally different overall sound emissions in a range of up to 4dB. Relations between parameters from the suction side boundary layer and the noise spectrum were shown. Guidelines for the design of low-noise airfoils were derived. To evaluate the noise levels for a whole wind turbine, a strategy was developed to simulate the overall noise by a summation of independent airfoil sections. Time and space resolved noise maps were calculated for arbitrary observer positions around the wind turbine. Noise reductions up to 2 dB were possible without drawbacks on turbine performance or loads. The presented method can be used in the early stages of future wind turbine design.

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    Authors: Kihm, Alexander; Trommer, Stefan; Hebes, Paul; Mehlin, Markus;

    The paper investigates an economic market potential for Plug-in Hybrid- and Battery Electric vehicles considering different categories of customers in Germany from 2015 to 2030. A multi-step methodology using constraints on the current vehicle registrations and inventory is developed to derive a general framework potential and a concrete economic potential for the different vehicles and ownership models under adjustable technical and legislative aspects.

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    Authors: Kihm, Alexander; Trommer, Stefan; Hebes, Paul; Mehlin, Markus;

    The paper investigates an economic market potential for Plug-in Hybrid- and Battery Electric vehicles considering different categories of customers in Germany from 2015 to 2030. A multi-step methodology using constraints on the current vehicle registrations and inventory is developed to derive a general framework potential and a concrete economic potential for the different vehicles and ownership models under adjustable technical and legislative aspects.

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    Authors: Bastian, Daniel;

    This work contains investigations on the effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the effluent quality and operational safety of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), as well as its effects on sewage sludge quality. The tests to detect these effects were carried out in one of the four large-scale MBRs operated in parallel at an 80.000 p.e. WWTP sewage treatment plant in Kaarst. Comparative investigations without PACs were carried out in two other MBRs. The focus was on different dosing strategies in which the PAC was dosed into the activated sludge tank in proportion to the volume flow, continuously over time and in daily pulse dosings. The cleaning performance of the PAC-MBR was improved compared to the reference. The elimination of carbon compounds and especially the adsorption of trace organic substances was significantly increased at the low PAC dosing rates of 7±5 to 10±7 gPAC/m³ influent. The mean and maximum values for nitrogen compounds in the effluent were also lower in the PAC-MBR than in the MBR without PAC, while no significant change was observed for phosphorus.At similar PAC doses, only a slight difference between the dosing strategies was discernible. Overall, the continuous dosing showed the best organic carbon and trace organic substances elimination. Daily pulse dosing showed the highest system availability for PAC dosing due to the simple dosing technology.A better filterability of the activated sludge with PAC addition could be determined and was linked to a lower content of fouling-promoting substances. In addition, a reduction in the air requirement for nitrification aeration of the PAC-MBR was observed.An improvement in the thickening of the excess sludge via sieve belt thickener was observed. The improved dewaterability of the digested sludge could be demonstrated in the laboratory in semi-technical and in the large-scale tests. During a time of PAC dosing in all four MBRs of the WWTP, a clear improvement for the dewatering efficiency in the large-scale centrifuge was achieved at the tested PAC concentrations. The cost of PAC dosing into the biological stage is not determined by the investment costs, but largely by the operating costs from PAC dosing. Considering possible savings for the wastewater levy, aeration energy and sludge disposal costs, the additional costs for PAC dosing are reduced by approx. 50 to 80 %, depending on the scenario. The investigations carried out show a high technological potential. Membrane bioreactor technology has already been state of the art for 20 years and it is complemented and completed to a considerable extent by the dosing of PAC. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen , 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
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    Authors: Bastian, Daniel;

    This work contains investigations on the effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the effluent quality and operational safety of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), as well as its effects on sewage sludge quality. The tests to detect these effects were carried out in one of the four large-scale MBRs operated in parallel at an 80.000 p.e. WWTP sewage treatment plant in Kaarst. Comparative investigations without PACs were carried out in two other MBRs. The focus was on different dosing strategies in which the PAC was dosed into the activated sludge tank in proportion to the volume flow, continuously over time and in daily pulse dosings. The cleaning performance of the PAC-MBR was improved compared to the reference. The elimination of carbon compounds and especially the adsorption of trace organic substances was significantly increased at the low PAC dosing rates of 7±5 to 10±7 gPAC/m³ influent. The mean and maximum values for nitrogen compounds in the effluent were also lower in the PAC-MBR than in the MBR without PAC, while no significant change was observed for phosphorus.At similar PAC doses, only a slight difference between the dosing strategies was discernible. Overall, the continuous dosing showed the best organic carbon and trace organic substances elimination. Daily pulse dosing showed the highest system availability for PAC dosing due to the simple dosing technology.A better filterability of the activated sludge with PAC addition could be determined and was linked to a lower content of fouling-promoting substances. In addition, a reduction in the air requirement for nitrification aeration of the PAC-MBR was observed.An improvement in the thickening of the excess sludge via sieve belt thickener was observed. The improved dewaterability of the digested sludge could be demonstrated in the laboratory in semi-technical and in the large-scale tests. During a time of PAC dosing in all four MBRs of the WWTP, a clear improvement for the dewatering efficiency in the large-scale centrifuge was achieved at the tested PAC concentrations. The cost of PAC dosing into the biological stage is not determined by the investment costs, but largely by the operating costs from PAC dosing. Considering possible savings for the wastewater levy, aeration energy and sludge disposal costs, the additional costs for PAC dosing are reduced by approx. 50 to 80 %, depending on the scenario. The investigations carried out show a high technological potential. Membrane bioreactor technology has already been state of the art for 20 years and it is complemented and completed to a considerable extent by the dosing of PAC. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen , 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
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    DLR publication server
    Master thesis . 2015
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    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . 2015
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      DLR publication server
      Master thesis . 2015
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DLR publication server
      Other literature type . 2015
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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
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    DLR publication server
    Master thesis . 2015
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    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . 2015
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181 Research products
  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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  • Authors: Seibertz, Klodwig Suibert Oskar;

    Das Wissen um die endliche Verfügbarkeit konventioneller, fossiler Rohstoffe führte zur intensivierten Auseinandersetzung mit alternativen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen. Im Zuge dieses als Energiewende bezeichneten Prozesses hat die thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes als Speicher, aber auch als Quelle von Wärme deutlich zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung verstärkte die Forschungsbestrebungen für die Beschreibung thermischer Parameter des Untergrundes sowie der Bauwerke, die zur Wärmegewinnung genutzt werden, über Temperaturverteilungen während Installation und Betrieb. Die zugehörigen Temperaturmessungen können dafür zeitgemäß, kostengünstig und unaufwendig mit Ramanspektrum basierter, verteilter Temperaturmessung auf Glasfaserkabeln (DTS) durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde vom aktuellen, erkundungsbezogenen Stand der Technik aus, dem Thermal-Response-Test, untersucht, inwieweit eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen Erdwärmesonden eines Sondenfeldes gegeben ist und diese Ergebnisse auch nicht etablierten, tiefenaufgelösten TRT gegenübergestellt. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Erdwärmesonden zur TRT-Durchführung wurde sich entsprechend auch mit alternativen Erkundungsmöglichkeiten auseinandergesetzt. Dafür wurde sich mit der Temperaturcharakterisierung von flachem Untergrund sowie der Erdwärmesonde (EWS) beschäftigt. Temperaturmessungen während Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Untergrunds wurden mit DTS durchgeführt und alternativen Erkundungsverfahren, wie Direct-Push, gegenübergestellt. In Kombination mit den TRT-Temperaturverteilungen zeigte sich dabei, dass nicht nur geologische Schichten unterschieden werden können, sondern auch, dass der Ausbau der Erdwärmesonde einen erkennbaren Einfluss auf die Messungen hat. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Arbeiten mit Untersuchungen zur Nutzung der Hydrationswärme als Werkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements von EWS abgeschlossen. Dabei wurde auf numerische Wärmeleitungsmodellierung, Laborversuche und Feldversuche zurückgegriffen. Aus der Summe der Ergebnisse wurden unterschiedliche Erklärungsansätze abgeleitet, welche notwendig sind für die Abschätzung, inwieweit die gefundenen Beobachtungen zur Erkundung und zum Qualitätsmanagement von Erdwärmesonden beitragen können. Dabei zeigte sich, dass verteilte Temperaturmessungen im Allgemeinen gut dazu geeignet sind, das relative Wärmespeichervermögen des Untergrundes zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlstellen in der Hinterfüllung einer EWS zu detektieren. Damit kann die Temperaturmessung innerhalb einer EWS dazu genutzt werden, künftige Nutzungsarten zu definieren und die EWS vom Einbau an auf ihre Qualität zu überprüfen. Die Ankopplung dieser Versuche an herkömmliche Verfahren wie den Thermal-Response-Test hat sich bewährt, aber auch gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse, die in TRT ermittelt werden, stark von den Einbaubedingungen der EWS abhängen. Eine direkter Vergleich von unterschiedlichen TRT eines EWS-Feldes (quartäre Sedimente, Sand, Kies, Schluff) wirft dabei Fragen zur Übertragbarkeit von TRT-Ergebnissen auf Nachbarsonden auf, die nicht abschließend geklärt werden konnten. Alle Temperaturdaten aus den Experimenten können von den Archivservern des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Umweltforschung (UFZ) bezogen werden. Die Ordner-Struktur des Archivs ist in Appendix A dargestellt. Zusätzlich sind die Daten der angesprochenen Publikationen hinterlegt. Link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. Sollten Probleme beim Zugriff auftreten bitte ich darum sich direkt an das UFZ zu wenden. The knowledge about the limited availability of conventional, fossil energy resources directed the focus on alternative, renewable energy resources. In the course of this energy transition, there is an increased use of the shallow subsurface for thermal energy mining and storage. This increase in use led to deeper research in the field of characterisation of thermal properties of the (shallow) subsurface as well as investigations in related thermal energy mining systems like borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE). Hereby, temperature evolution during operation or exploration of the BHE with thermal response tests (TRT) were of special interest. Respective measurements can be done by Raman-spectre based distributed temperature sensing (DTS). In the presented work the actual standard tool for geothermal exploration, the TRT, is the basis for further investigation. Here, the comparability between TRTs of different BHE at the same test site is of special interest as well as the comparison to the not widely established enhanced (depth depending) TRT. As the TRT itself is in need of a BHE, approaches more easy to apply were also investigated. To achieve the mentioned points, temperature evolution was measured with the help of DTS within the subsurface as well as within BHE. This was done during heating and cooling phases and partially compared to alternative exploration data like various Direct-Push (DP) techniques. The analysis of the temperature distributions showed not only that different geological layers can be distinguished during exploration phase but also that the construction process and quality have a measurable impact on the results. This led to investigations of the usability of hydration heat for BHE quality management by field site temperature measurements as well as laboratory and numeric analysis. From the sum of the results multiple explanations were deduced which help to understand how the results of the exploration and the quality management approaches can help in determining the type of use of future BHE projects. Furthermore, it was shown that distributed temperature measurements are generally well suited for deduction of subsurface relative thermal storage potential as well as detection of possible failures within the grouting of a BHE. Temperature measurements in BHE can therefore be used to define the future thermal usage of the subsurface as well as help detecting failures of the BHE from installation onwards. Combining those approaches with conventional TRT was successful. However, it could be shown that the results of TRT strongly depend on BHE installation procedure. It is also shown that the direct comparison of different BHE from the same field site (quarternary sediments, sand gravel, tilt) shows varying results, leading to questions about the comparability of TRT of adjacent BHE which could not finally be resolved. The data of all experiments is stored at the science-server of the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ). The folder structure of the server can be found in appendix A. The data of the publications can be found there too. The data can be accessed as raw as well as processed data from the following link: https://www.ufz.de/record/dmp/archive/6446/de/. If you have trouble accessing the data, please directly contact someone at the UFZ to help you.

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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Weck-Ponten, Sebastian;

    In future, heat pumps and shallow geothermal energy will play a central role in the decarbonization of the building and energy sector. The potentials of shallow geothermal energy have not been exploited so far, in particular due to the high complexity of planning and approval processes. In addition, the various stakeholders involved in the planning process create interfaces, which can lead to transfer gaps and barriers for an optimized system design. In order to raise the potentials and optimize the system design, a holistic planning process and the combination of different planning tools are necessary, which enable, among other things, geothermal site evaluations, the representation of the mutual thermal influence of geothermal borehole heat exchangers and their effects on neighboring properties, as well as the evaluation of geothermal systems under consideration of economic and ecological decision parameters. In this context, a simulation-based multi-level planning methodology is presented, which enables the holistic planning of geothermal heat pump systems with borehole heat exchangers on the scales of single buildings up to district level in the early planning phases. By integrating calculation tools for mapping the upper ground and subsurface into a closed simulation chain, existing transfer gaps between different trades can be closed. Using a prototypically implemented system configurator, geothermal heat pump systems can be designed in detail, compared with conventional systems, and evaluated on the basis of technical, energetic, economic, and ecological criteria. The combination of configuration, immediate result plotting and automatically triggered simulations running in the background enables an iterative and practical design process. In this context, a heat pump system model is presented which is adapted to the functionalities of the system configurator and specialized for the early planning process. This model includes thermal storage balances and control algorithms, is applicable on city district level and can be coupled bidirectionally to subsurface models. The tool chain's connection to an existing web- and GIS-based geoportal including databases enables a central data aggregation and geothermal site evaluations. This can provide tool-based support for the application and approval process of shallow geothermal systems and holistic planning approaches such as municipal heat planning. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Authors: Büngeler, Johannes;

    The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has been identified as a way to achieve widely-accepted international climate protection goals. Especially in the material handling sector, vehicles with electric drives have gained increasing market acceptance over the past decades. However, the electrification of counterbalanced forklift trucks with high tonnages requires batteries with extended energy capacity. Higher energy capacity usually correlates with higher volume-to-surface ratios resulting in decreased heat dissipation and, therefore, increased average operating temperatures of the commonly used lead acid batteries. As a consequence, battery lifetime is greatly reduced. Without design changes, one possibility for avoiding high operating temperatures is an adapted battery management strategy. This thesis reports on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries, demonstrating that, with management strategies which include operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies can be increased from about 0.7 to about 0.85 with minimal impact on lifetime.

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    Der Erfolg der Photovoltaik in Deutschland und der Welt basiert derzeit auf der indirekten Subventionierung durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) und vergleichbare Instrumente in anderen Regionen. Auch unter der Prämisse, dass der derzeitige Gestehungspreis für konventionell erzeugte Elektrizität die realen Kosten, bedingt durch mögliche zukünftige Umweltschäden und Ressourcenknappheit, nur unzureichend widerspiegelt, sind weitere Kostensenkungen in der Produktion unabdingbar. Durch den hohen Kostenanteil der Wafer am Modul liegt in der Waferfertigung das größte Kostensenkungspotential. Die Vereinzelung feuchter Siliziumwafer ist aus Durchsatz- und Qualitätsaspekten ein wichtiger Schritt in der Fertigung. Durch die hohe Bruchgefahr bei der Handhabung von Wafern kann die Vereinzelung auch wesentlich zur Kostenreduktion beitragen. Die in Literatur und Patenten beschriebenen Verfahren sind derzeit noch nicht in einem ausgereiften Zustand, um die Vereinzelung von Wafern sicher und zuverlässig durchzuführen. Daher sind weitere Anstrengungen in Forschung und Entwicklung nötig, um die derzeitigen und zukünftigen Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Gleichzeitig muss das Verständnis über die Vorgänge bei der Vereinzelung sowie die Einflüsse auf den Wafer weiter vertieft werden. Insbesondere das Schädigungspotential der Vereinzelung auf den Wafer bestimmt die Auslegung eines solchen Systems in besonderem Maße. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert zunächst die Ausgangssituation in der derzeitigen Waferproduktion. Die Umgebung in der Waferproduktion ist geprägt durch eine Vielzahl von Einflüssen, besonders durch flüssige Betriebsstoffe wie der Slurry oder auch den Reinigungsmedien. Die zu vereinzelnden Wafer sind fragile und spröde Substrate welche in dieser Umgebung verarbeitet werden müssen. Entsprechend vielseitig ist der derzeitige Stand der Technik zur Vereinzelung, welcher größtenteils in Patentschriften beschrieben ist. Zur weiteren Entwicklung eines Vereinzelungsverfahrens wird die Aufgabe weiter analysiert. Durch Versuche in einer realen Fertigungsumgebung erscheint die Vereinzelung vom Stapel als vielversprechender Ansatz. Die Fragilität des Substrats führt zu der Überlegung, Flüssigkeitsstrahlen zur Vereinzelung der Wafer einzusetzen. Damit soll eine schonende Handhabung der Wafer erzielt werden. Das Prinzip dieser Vereinzelung vom Stapel wird dann zunächst in einem Modell beschrieben und entsprechend berechnet. Zur Überprüfung und Validierung des Modells wird zunächst ein Versuchsstand entwickelt an welchem die Einflüsse der Flüssigkeitsstrahlen auf den Wafer detailliert untersucht werden k¨onnen. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Betrieb des Versuchsstandes fließen in die Konstruktion eines Prototypen ein. Gleichzeitig können die Einstellungen des Prototypen anhand der Ergebnisse aus den Versuchsreihen initial eingestellt werden. Die Tests mit dem Prototypen zeigen eine prinzipielle Machbarkeit des Verfahrens. Weiterer Bedarf in Forschung und Entwicklung liegt in der Optimierung von Verfahren im industriellen Umfeld. Eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit bei der Vereinzelung bei gleichzeitig störungsunempfindlichem Betrieb sind dabei wichtige Indikatoren für den Erfolg von Vereinzelungsverfahren. Technologisch kommen weitere Anforderungen auf die Waferbehandlung zu. Der Trend zu dünneren Wafern (kleiner als 180- 210 µm) ist derzeit durch die gesunkenen Kosten f¨ur das reine Silizium nicht mehr der zentrale Fokus der Entwicklung. Sobald jedoch weitere Kostensenkungspotentiale an anderer Stelle realisiert werden können, wird die Dicke der Wafer vermutlich wieder an Bedeutung zunehmen. Möglicherweise werden auch größere Waferformate (gröoßer 200mm Kantenlänge) in Zukunft in die Massenfertigung eingeführt werden. Die Verfahren und Anlagen müssen dann entsprechend angepasst werden. Eine weitere einflussreiche Entwicklung kann die Umstellung Slurry-basierter Trennverfahren auf alternative Technologien darstellen. Insbesondere das Sägen mit Diamantdraht (mit Industriediamanten besetzter Schneidedraht) wird die Vereinzelung vor neue Herausforderungen stellen, da sich die Oberflächeneigenschaften damit ändern. The separation of crystalline photovoltaic wafer after sawing is an important but difficult automation challenge. In wafer manufacturing, wafers are cut out of an ingot with a wire saw. A slurry mainly based on glycol and silicon carbide is typically used as the abrasive medium. The ingots are glued to a plate. After the wafers are cut out, they are still glued to the plate. In many factories the wafers are separated manually. However due to reasons of costs, quality and the dimensions of the wafers, an automation solution is highly desirable. This thesis presents experiments to define pre-conditions and requirements for an automated separation process. Based on this requirements a model is developed which leads to a possible solution for the implementation. The thesis concludes with the description of a prototype equipment and the conducted tests.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
    Other literature type . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
      Other literature type . 2012
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    Der Erfolg der Photovoltaik in Deutschland und der Welt basiert derzeit auf der indirekten Subventionierung durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) und vergleichbare Instrumente in anderen Regionen. Auch unter der Prämisse, dass der derzeitige Gestehungspreis für konventionell erzeugte Elektrizität die realen Kosten, bedingt durch mögliche zukünftige Umweltschäden und Ressourcenknappheit, nur unzureichend widerspiegelt, sind weitere Kostensenkungen in der Produktion unabdingbar. Durch den hohen Kostenanteil der Wafer am Modul liegt in der Waferfertigung das größte Kostensenkungspotential. Die Vereinzelung feuchter Siliziumwafer ist aus Durchsatz- und Qualitätsaspekten ein wichtiger Schritt in der Fertigung. Durch die hohe Bruchgefahr bei der Handhabung von Wafern kann die Vereinzelung auch wesentlich zur Kostenreduktion beitragen. Die in Literatur und Patenten beschriebenen Verfahren sind derzeit noch nicht in einem ausgereiften Zustand, um die Vereinzelung von Wafern sicher und zuverlässig durchzuführen. Daher sind weitere Anstrengungen in Forschung und Entwicklung nötig, um die derzeitigen und zukünftigen Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Gleichzeitig muss das Verständnis über die Vorgänge bei der Vereinzelung sowie die Einflüsse auf den Wafer weiter vertieft werden. Insbesondere das Schädigungspotential der Vereinzelung auf den Wafer bestimmt die Auslegung eines solchen Systems in besonderem Maße. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert zunächst die Ausgangssituation in der derzeitigen Waferproduktion. Die Umgebung in der Waferproduktion ist geprägt durch eine Vielzahl von Einflüssen, besonders durch flüssige Betriebsstoffe wie der Slurry oder auch den Reinigungsmedien. Die zu vereinzelnden Wafer sind fragile und spröde Substrate welche in dieser Umgebung verarbeitet werden müssen. Entsprechend vielseitig ist der derzeitige Stand der Technik zur Vereinzelung, welcher größtenteils in Patentschriften beschrieben ist. Zur weiteren Entwicklung eines Vereinzelungsverfahrens wird die Aufgabe weiter analysiert. Durch Versuche in einer realen Fertigungsumgebung erscheint die Vereinzelung vom Stapel als vielversprechender Ansatz. Die Fragilität des Substrats führt zu der Überlegung, Flüssigkeitsstrahlen zur Vereinzelung der Wafer einzusetzen. Damit soll eine schonende Handhabung der Wafer erzielt werden. Das Prinzip dieser Vereinzelung vom Stapel wird dann zunächst in einem Modell beschrieben und entsprechend berechnet. Zur Überprüfung und Validierung des Modells wird zunächst ein Versuchsstand entwickelt an welchem die Einflüsse der Flüssigkeitsstrahlen auf den Wafer detailliert untersucht werden k¨onnen. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Betrieb des Versuchsstandes fließen in die Konstruktion eines Prototypen ein. Gleichzeitig können die Einstellungen des Prototypen anhand der Ergebnisse aus den Versuchsreihen initial eingestellt werden. Die Tests mit dem Prototypen zeigen eine prinzipielle Machbarkeit des Verfahrens. Weiterer Bedarf in Forschung und Entwicklung liegt in der Optimierung von Verfahren im industriellen Umfeld. Eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit bei der Vereinzelung bei gleichzeitig störungsunempfindlichem Betrieb sind dabei wichtige Indikatoren für den Erfolg von Vereinzelungsverfahren. Technologisch kommen weitere Anforderungen auf die Waferbehandlung zu. Der Trend zu dünneren Wafern (kleiner als 180- 210 µm) ist derzeit durch die gesunkenen Kosten f¨ur das reine Silizium nicht mehr der zentrale Fokus der Entwicklung. Sobald jedoch weitere Kostensenkungspotentiale an anderer Stelle realisiert werden können, wird die Dicke der Wafer vermutlich wieder an Bedeutung zunehmen. Möglicherweise werden auch größere Waferformate (gröoßer 200mm Kantenlänge) in Zukunft in die Massenfertigung eingeführt werden. Die Verfahren und Anlagen müssen dann entsprechend angepasst werden. Eine weitere einflussreiche Entwicklung kann die Umstellung Slurry-basierter Trennverfahren auf alternative Technologien darstellen. Insbesondere das Sägen mit Diamantdraht (mit Industriediamanten besetzter Schneidedraht) wird die Vereinzelung vor neue Herausforderungen stellen, da sich die Oberflächeneigenschaften damit ändern. The separation of crystalline photovoltaic wafer after sawing is an important but difficult automation challenge. In wafer manufacturing, wafers are cut out of an ingot with a wire saw. A slurry mainly based on glycol and silicon carbide is typically used as the abrasive medium. The ingots are glued to a plate. After the wafers are cut out, they are still glued to the plate. In many factories the wafers are separated manually. However due to reasons of costs, quality and the dimensions of the wafers, an automation solution is highly desirable. This thesis presents experiments to define pre-conditions and requirements for an automated separation process. Based on this requirements a model is developed which leads to a possible solution for the implementation. The thesis concludes with the description of a prototype equipment and the conducted tests.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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    Other literature type . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
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    Authors: Köpke, Michael;

    Clostridium ljungdahlii was metabolically engineered for the production of bulk chemical and next generation biofuel 1-butanol from synthesis gas by transformation with a plasmid harbouring the butanol synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Synthesis gas (a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2) can be easily produced by gasification of biomass or municipal waste. Thus, this process presents an alternative to conventional butanol fermentation (which uses corn or sugar as substrate and therefore competes with the food industry) and also chemical butanol production (which starts from propen obtained from non-renewable sources). To optimize the process, metagenomic libraries from environmental sources were screened for novel butanol dehydrogenases. Four respective enzymes could be identified and characterized in detail. Further studies on the metabolism of C. ljungdahlii revealed a new type of energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria. There are indications that Clostridium difficile might also belong to this group, as respective genes were found in the genome sequence and weak autotrophic growth occurred on a mixture of CO2 and H2.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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      Doctoral thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Köpke, Michael;

    Clostridium ljungdahlii was metabolically engineered for the production of bulk chemical and next generation biofuel 1-butanol from synthesis gas by transformation with a plasmid harbouring the butanol synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Synthesis gas (a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2) can be easily produced by gasification of biomass or municipal waste. Thus, this process presents an alternative to conventional butanol fermentation (which uses corn or sugar as substrate and therefore competes with the food industry) and also chemical butanol production (which starts from propen obtained from non-renewable sources). To optimize the process, metagenomic libraries from environmental sources were screened for novel butanol dehydrogenases. Four respective enzymes could be identified and characterized in detail. Further studies on the metabolism of C. ljungdahlii revealed a new type of energy conservation in acetogenic bacteria. There are indications that Clostridium difficile might also belong to this group, as respective genes were found in the genome sequence and weak autotrophic growth occurred on a mixture of CO2 and H2.

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    Authors: Höltl, Arne; Schießl, Caroline; Fricke, Nicola; Hoek, Roederick; +2 Authors

    The Validation and Evaluation sub-project of the eCoMove project groups a number of complementary activities including the core tasks to validate the functionality of the eCoMove system and applications, and to evaluate if the aimed reduction of 20% overall energy consumption can be achieved. Besides technical requirements a validation process also has to consider non-technical requirements of potential users of the eCoMove system which were in the focus of research for this deliverable.

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    Authors: Höltl, Arne; Schießl, Caroline; Fricke, Nicola; Hoek, Roederick; +2 Authors

    The Validation and Evaluation sub-project of the eCoMove project groups a number of complementary activities including the core tasks to validate the functionality of the eCoMove system and applications, and to evaluate if the aimed reduction of 20% overall energy consumption can be achieved. Besides technical requirements a validation process also has to consider non-technical requirements of potential users of the eCoMove system which were in the focus of research for this deliverable.

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    Authors: Rautmann, Christof;

    This thesis deals with the acoustic simulation of wind turbine noise. Turbulent boundary layer trailing-edge interaction noise is the main noise source for modern wind turbines. A hybrid approach was used to simulate this phenomenon on a two-demensional airfoil level. In a first step a numerical flow simulation (CFD) is conducted. It yields aerodynamic coefficients as well as the flow field around the airfoil and turbulence statistics from the used turbulence model. In a second step these turbulence statistics are used to reconstruct a time and space resolved turbulence field by utilizing the stochastic reconstruction method FRPM. Together with the underlying mean flow, the turbulent sound sources are used in a subsequent computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulation. The result is the sound pressure field around the airfoil. The method was validated using experimental results from wind tunnel tests. It shows better accuracy than semi-emperical approaches and is much faster than scale resolving methods. Throughout geometry variations it was shown that airfoils with the same aerodynamic performance could have totally different overall sound emissions in a range of up to 4dB. Relations between parameters from the suction side boundary layer and the noise spectrum were shown. Guidelines for the design of low-noise airfoils were derived. To evaluate the noise levels for a whole wind turbine, a strategy was developed to simulate the overall noise by a summation of independent airfoil sections. Time and space resolved noise maps were calculated for arbitrary observer positions around the wind turbine. Noise reductions up to 2 dB were possible without drawbacks on turbine performance or loads. The presented method can be used in the early stages of future wind turbine design.

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    Authors: Rautmann, Christof;

    This thesis deals with the acoustic simulation of wind turbine noise. Turbulent boundary layer trailing-edge interaction noise is the main noise source for modern wind turbines. A hybrid approach was used to simulate this phenomenon on a two-demensional airfoil level. In a first step a numerical flow simulation (CFD) is conducted. It yields aerodynamic coefficients as well as the flow field around the airfoil and turbulence statistics from the used turbulence model. In a second step these turbulence statistics are used to reconstruct a time and space resolved turbulence field by utilizing the stochastic reconstruction method FRPM. Together with the underlying mean flow, the turbulent sound sources are used in a subsequent computational aeroacoustic (CAA) simulation. The result is the sound pressure field around the airfoil. The method was validated using experimental results from wind tunnel tests. It shows better accuracy than semi-emperical approaches and is much faster than scale resolving methods. Throughout geometry variations it was shown that airfoils with the same aerodynamic performance could have totally different overall sound emissions in a range of up to 4dB. Relations between parameters from the suction side boundary layer and the noise spectrum were shown. Guidelines for the design of low-noise airfoils were derived. To evaluate the noise levels for a whole wind turbine, a strategy was developed to simulate the overall noise by a summation of independent airfoil sections. Time and space resolved noise maps were calculated for arbitrary observer positions around the wind turbine. Noise reductions up to 2 dB were possible without drawbacks on turbine performance or loads. The presented method can be used in the early stages of future wind turbine design.

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    Authors: Kihm, Alexander; Trommer, Stefan; Hebes, Paul; Mehlin, Markus;

    The paper investigates an economic market potential for Plug-in Hybrid- and Battery Electric vehicles considering different categories of customers in Germany from 2015 to 2030. A multi-step methodology using constraints on the current vehicle registrations and inventory is developed to derive a general framework potential and a concrete economic potential for the different vehicles and ownership models under adjustable technical and legislative aspects.

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    Authors: Kihm, Alexander; Trommer, Stefan; Hebes, Paul; Mehlin, Markus;

    The paper investigates an economic market potential for Plug-in Hybrid- and Battery Electric vehicles considering different categories of customers in Germany from 2015 to 2030. A multi-step methodology using constraints on the current vehicle registrations and inventory is developed to derive a general framework potential and a concrete economic potential for the different vehicles and ownership models under adjustable technical and legislative aspects.

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    Authors: Bastian, Daniel;

    This work contains investigations on the effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the effluent quality and operational safety of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), as well as its effects on sewage sludge quality. The tests to detect these effects were carried out in one of the four large-scale MBRs operated in parallel at an 80.000 p.e. WWTP sewage treatment plant in Kaarst. Comparative investigations without PACs were carried out in two other MBRs. The focus was on different dosing strategies in which the PAC was dosed into the activated sludge tank in proportion to the volume flow, continuously over time and in daily pulse dosings. The cleaning performance of the PAC-MBR was improved compared to the reference. The elimination of carbon compounds and especially the adsorption of trace organic substances was significantly increased at the low PAC dosing rates of 7±5 to 10±7 gPAC/m³ influent. The mean and maximum values for nitrogen compounds in the effluent were also lower in the PAC-MBR than in the MBR without PAC, while no significant change was observed for phosphorus.At similar PAC doses, only a slight difference between the dosing strategies was discernible. Overall, the continuous dosing showed the best organic carbon and trace organic substances elimination. Daily pulse dosing showed the highest system availability for PAC dosing due to the simple dosing technology.A better filterability of the activated sludge with PAC addition could be determined and was linked to a lower content of fouling-promoting substances. In addition, a reduction in the air requirement for nitrification aeration of the PAC-MBR was observed.An improvement in the thickening of the excess sludge via sieve belt thickener was observed. The improved dewaterability of the digested sludge could be demonstrated in the laboratory in semi-technical and in the large-scale tests. During a time of PAC dosing in all four MBRs of the WWTP, a clear improvement for the dewatering efficiency in the large-scale centrifuge was achieved at the tested PAC concentrations. The cost of PAC dosing into the biological stage is not determined by the investment costs, but largely by the operating costs from PAC dosing. Considering possible savings for the wastewater levy, aeration energy and sludge disposal costs, the additional costs for PAC dosing are reduced by approx. 50 to 80 %, depending on the scenario. The investigations carried out show a high technological potential. Membrane bioreactor technology has already been state of the art for 20 years and it is complemented and completed to a considerable extent by the dosing of PAC. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen , 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Bastian, Daniel;

    This work contains investigations on the effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the effluent quality and operational safety of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), as well as its effects on sewage sludge quality. The tests to detect these effects were carried out in one of the four large-scale MBRs operated in parallel at an 80.000 p.e. WWTP sewage treatment plant in Kaarst. Comparative investigations without PACs were carried out in two other MBRs. The focus was on different dosing strategies in which the PAC was dosed into the activated sludge tank in proportion to the volume flow, continuously over time and in daily pulse dosings. The cleaning performance of the PAC-MBR was improved compared to the reference. The elimination of carbon compounds and especially the adsorption of trace organic substances was significantly increased at the low PAC dosing rates of 7±5 to 10±7 gPAC/m³ influent. The mean and maximum values for nitrogen compounds in the effluent were also lower in the PAC-MBR than in the MBR without PAC, while no significant change was observed for phosphorus.At similar PAC doses, only a slight difference between the dosing strategies was discernible. Overall, the continuous dosing showed the best organic carbon and trace organic substances elimination. Daily pulse dosing showed the highest system availability for PAC dosing due to the simple dosing technology.A better filterability of the activated sludge with PAC addition could be determined and was linked to a lower content of fouling-promoting substances. In addition, a reduction in the air requirement for nitrification aeration of the PAC-MBR was observed.An improvement in the thickening of the excess sludge via sieve belt thickener was observed. The improved dewaterability of the digested sludge could be demonstrated in the laboratory in semi-technical and in the large-scale tests. During a time of PAC dosing in all four MBRs of the WWTP, a clear improvement for the dewatering efficiency in the large-scale centrifuge was achieved at the tested PAC concentrations. The cost of PAC dosing into the biological stage is not determined by the investment costs, but largely by the operating costs from PAC dosing. Considering possible savings for the wastewater levy, aeration energy and sludge disposal costs, the additional costs for PAC dosing are reduced by approx. 50 to 80 %, depending on the scenario. The investigations carried out show a high technological potential. Membrane bioreactor technology has already been state of the art for 20 years and it is complemented and completed to a considerable extent by the dosing of PAC. Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen , 2023; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2023). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2023 Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen

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    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    Authors: Bernabeu Peña, Marc;

    This thesis aims to study the European research opportunity of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) Facility of Laboratories for Sustainable Habitation (FLaSH) project. FLaSH’s main goal is to research, develop and test Life Support Systems (LSS) technologies for materially closedloop environments, for space and terrestrial application. The core element of the FLaSH is the Habitation Module Complex (HMC), which integrates 12 interconnected modules, each one of them addressing a LSS’s domain in order to achieve a self-reliant habitat: Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse, Food, Animal, Living, Sickbay, In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), Workshop and Energy. As a first step, the literature on LSS and the most relevant infrastructures dedicated to LSS development were reviewed. Successively, FLaSH’s preliminary study conducted in 2012 at the DLR’s Concurrent Engineering Facility (CEF) was analysed. The review on the LSS and FLaSH allowed for the identification of 110 candidate technologies. Finally, a survey was carried out on 172 European entities, identified as potential participants, in order to generate primary data for the FLaSH’s research opportunity study. The survey collected a total of 36 valid responses. Survey respondents revealed that 27 entities, from 15 European countries manifested a potential interest in participation and cooperation with FLaSH. The Air, Water, Waste, Greenhouse modules were identified as the most interesting. Participants’ preferred methods of collaboration comprised technology testing and development as well as advisory services. The majority of the participants, 26, backboned FLaSH’s dual approach of developing closed technologies for space and terrestrial applications.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DLR publication server
    Master thesis . 2015
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DLR publication server
    Other literature type . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DLR publication server
      Master thesis . 2015
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DLR publication server
      Other literature type . 2015
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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