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Input files for the ForClim model (version 4.0.1) used in the associated paper. They can be used to to reproduce results of the simulation study. The ForClim model, including the source code, executable and documentation, is freely available under an Open Access license from the website of the original developers at https://ites-fe.ethz.ch/openaccess/. The original climatic dataset used to generate the ForClim input climate files at each site in South Tyrol is freely available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.924502 while the CHELSA climate data for future scenarios are available at https://www.chelsa-climate.org. If interested in using this dataset for a research study or a project, please contact Marco Mina ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Hillebrand L, Marzini S, Crespi A, Hiltner U & Mina M (2023) Contrasting impacts of climate change on protection forests of the Italian Alps. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1240235 ABSTRACT. Protection forests play a key role in protecting settlements, people, and infrastructures from gravitational hazards such as rockfalls and avalanches in mountain areas. Rapid climate change is challenging the role of protection forests by altering their dynamics, structure, and composition. Information on local- and regional-scale impacts of climate change on protection forests is critical for planning adaptations in forest management. We used a model of forest dynamics (ForClim) to assess the succession of mountain forests in the Eastern Alps and their protective effects under future climate change scenarios. We investigated eleven representative forest sites along an elevational gradient across multiple locations within an administrative region, covering wide differences in tree species structure, composition, altitude, and exposition. We evaluated protective performance against rockfall and avalanches using numerical indices (i.e., linker functions) quantifying the degree of protection from metrics of simulated forest structure and composition. Our findings reveal that climate warming has a contrasting impact on protective effects in mountain forests of the Eastern Alps. Climate change is likely to not affect negatively all protection forest stands but its impact depends on site and stand conditions. Impacts were highly contingent to the magnitude of climate warming, with increasing criticality under the most severe climate projections. Forests in lower-montane elevations and those located in dry continental valleys showed drastic changes in forest structure and composition due to drought-induced mortality while subalpine forests mostly profited from rising temperatures and a longer vegetation period. Overall, avalanche protection will likely be negatively affected by climate change, while the ability of forests to maintain rockfall protection depends on the severity of expected climate change and their vulnerability due to elevation and topography, with most subalpine forests less prone to loosing protective effects. Proactive measures in management should be taken in the near future to avoid losses of protective effects in the case of severe climate change in the Alps. Given the heterogeneous impact of climate warming, such adaptations can be aided by model-based projections and high local resolution studies to identify forest stand types that might require management priority for maintaining protective effects in the future.

Complete replication data and code for article "A Meta-Analysis of Country Level Studies on Environmental Change and Migration". The rdata file contains both the meta and country level data. The data is also saved separately as xlsx files.

A total of 256 surveys were analyzed for Caquetá and 227 surveys forYurimaguas. These surveys belong to the project "Sustainable Amazonian Landcapes" ( see below Related Datasets). All the households that participated in the survey did it freely and under prior informed consent. Households were asked about their farms’ agrobiodiversity (crops, cattle ranching, and pastoral diversity), farming activities, agroecological management practices and livelihood assets. These surveys provided the information required for defining the household typologies based on farming livelihood diversification and to obtain indicators of vulnerability to climate change. People surveyed usually were household heads or their spouses. The supervisors were the direct link with CIAT. The data was collected through Android Devices using the software CsPro 6.2 and 6.3. (Reporte Interno)

Tree cores were sampled using increment borers. At each site three trees were chosen for coring, with two or three cores taken per tree. Cores were sanded and ring widths measured based on high-resolution images of the sanded cores. Cores were cross-dated and summary statistics used to compare cross-dating accuracy. The dataset contains the resulting dated ring width series. This dataset includes tree ring width data, derived from tree cores, that were sampled from sites across the Rhön Biosphere Reserve (Germany). At each chosen site three trees were cored, with two or three cores taken per cored tree. Data was collected in August 2021.

Shapefile data set estimating trends of mean annual terrestrial surface air temperature (°C) and mean annual total precipitation (mm) for urban land, characterised by clusters of local spatial autocorrelation in regard to the age of urban area and the coefficient of variation of urban area extent over time.

A lack of adequate high resolution climate proxy records for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has prevented the extrapolation of climate–solar linkages on centennial time scales prior of the Holocene. Therefore, it is still unknown whether centennial climate variations of the last ten thousand years convey a universal climate change or merely represent a characteristic of the Holocene. Recently published high resolution climate proxy records for the LGM allowed us to extrapolate climate–solar linkages on centennial time scales ahead of the Holocene. Here we present the analysis of a high resolution pollen concentration record from Lake Kotokel in southern Siberia, Russia, during the LGM. The record reflects the dynamics of vegetation zones and temperature change with a resolution of ~ 40 years in the continental climate of north-eastern Asia. We demonstrate that our pollen concentration record, the oxygen isotope δ18O record from the Greenland ice core project NGRIP (NorthGRIP), the dust-fall contributions in Lake Qinghai, China, grain size in the Gulang and Jingyuan loess deposits, China, and the composite oxygen isotope δ18O record from the Alpine cave system 7H reveal cooler to warmer climate fluctuations between ~ 20.6 and 26 ka. Such fluctuations correspond to the ~ 1000-yr, 500-600-yr and 210-250-yr cycles possibly linked to the solar activity variations and recognized in high resolution Holocene proxies all over the world. We further show that climate fluctuations in the LGM and Holocene are spectrally similar suggesting that linkages between climate proxies and solar activity at the centennial time scale in the Holocene can be extended to the LGM. {"references": ["Vadim A. Kravchinsky, Rui Zhang, Ryan Borowiecki, Pavel E. Tarasov, Mirko van der Baan, Taslima Anwar, Avto Goguitchaichvili, Stefanie M\u00fcller, 2021. Centennial scale climate oscillations from southern Siberia in the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press."]}

Literature search and screening We searched for relevant literature with publication month and years Jan 2000- Nov 2022 in two databases: Web of Science (https://www.webofscience.com/; The Core Collection) and Scopus (https://www.scopus.com). We used the same nested Boolean (i.e., AND between different groups of search terms, OR within groups of similar search terms and NOT for excluding search terms) search string in the title, abstract and keywords fields for both Web of Science (TS) and Scopus (TITLE-ABS-KEY) (complete search strings in the supplementary material, Appendix S1). We targeted the relevant deer species for the boreal and temperate forests (i.e., Alces alces, Capreolus capreolus, Cervus spp., Dama dama, Odocoileus spp., Rangifer tarandus; for distribution maps, see Fig. S2), by using a combination of Latin and common names that we combined with geographical constraints based on names of biogeographical regions, countries, and states. We combined this search string with climate related variables (temperature, precipitation etc., Appendix S2). From here on, we refer to Cervus elaphus as red deer, and C. canadensis as wapiti. We refer to R. tarandus living in Europe and Asia as reindeer but as caribou when living in North America. We restrained the search by language (English) and document type (peer-reviewed papers). Our aim was to be as least exclusive as possible, but this led to some unexpected irrelevant documents. We therefore added exclusion terms to filter out non-targeted biogeographical regions and scientific fields. We did not exclude any topical part of our search because it would be impossible to make a coherent pre-emptive list of terms to exclude. The search hits from Web of Science and Scopus were merged and cleaned of duplicates, resulting in 8154 unique papers. Screening of papers was conducted using Rayyan (Ouzzani et al. 2016), a free web application for reviewing articles. Decisions on exclusion or inclusion were first made by reading the title and abstract of each article and determining their conformity to the criteria targeted by the search terms: right topic (i.e., in context of climate change), species (Cervidae excluding semi-domestic reindeer), geography (boreal and temperate zones), language (English) and type of study (new, or new synthesis of, empirical temporal data on deer response to climate). We included papers of migratory caribou residing in forest for larger parts of the year. Note that papers did not have to specify a climate change context to be included. It was sufficient that it contained temporal data on deer and weather variations. Given the controversies surrounding definitions of climate change, rather few papers proclaim having documented climate change and a stricter criterion would have excluded almost all papers. The robustness of the exclusion criteria and the individual screener divergence of the first screening were tested before the actual screening was done. Fifty randomly drawn papers were reviewed by all authors individually without conferring. The papers were randomly distributed among authors. The discrepancies were rather few (13 out of 49 papers (27%) had at least 1 person with a different opinion than the others). After discussing each of these cases in detail, the basis for coherent decision making was improved. To verify the improvement, another control procedure was applied for the remaining screening: 289 papers were each read by two to four authors. The result of this control screening showed 18 (6%) conflicting decisions. Screening of the remaining 7815 papers was done by the authors one by one and assigned equally among readers according to alphabetic order by the first author of the papers. The first screening finally generated 556 papers possibly relevant for the review. All papers with conflicting decisions in the test and control screenings were included among the 556. The possibly relevant papers were then equally divided between the authors. These papers were read completely and again scrutinized for conformation to criteria, resulting in a final list of 218 papers relevant for review. Data from these papers were then tabulated and systemized per demographics (species, location, season, etc.), deer responses and climate factor. Further details on this data collection are specified in Appendix S3. The table here in Dryad includes the detailed tabulations used to produce Table 1, Figure 1, Figure in the main article, and Table S3 in the Appendix.  Climate change causes far-reaching disruption in nature, where tolerance thresholds already have been exceeded for some plants and animals. In the short-term, deer may respond to climate through individual physiological and behavioral responses. Over time, individual responses can aggregate to the population level and ultimately lead to evolutionary adaptations. We systematically reviewed literature (published 2000-2022) to summarize the effect of temperature, rainfall, snow, combined measures (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation) and extreme events, on deer species inhabiting boreal and temperate forests in terms of their physiology, spatial use and population dynamics. We targeted deer species which inhabit relevant biomes in North America, Europe and Asia: moose, roe deer, elk, red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, white-tailed deer, mule deer, caribou and reindeer. Our review (218 papers) shows that many deer populations will likely benefit in-part from warmer winters, but hotter and drier summers may exceed their physiological tolerances. We found support for deer expressing both morphological, physiological, and behavioral plasticity in response to climate variability. For example, some deer species can limit the effects of harsh weather conditions by modifying habitat use and daily activity patterns, while the physiological responses of female deer can lead to long-lasting effects on population dynamics. We identified 20 patterns, among which some illustrate antagonistic pathways, suggesting that detrimental effects will cancel out some of the benefits of climate change. Our findings highlight the influence of local variables (eg. population density and predation) for how deer will respond to climatic conditions. We identified several knowledge gaps, such as studies regarding the potential impact on these animals of extreme weather events, snow type and wetter autumns. The patterns we have identified in this literature review should help managers understand how populations of deer may be affected by regionally projected futures regarding temperature, rainfall and snow. # Literature review protocol: Climate change and deer in boreal and temperate regions [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vtmd](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vtmd) ## Description of the data and file structure We systematically reviewed literature (published 2000-2022) to summarize the effect of temperature, rainfall, snow, combined measures (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation) and extreme events, on deer species inhabiting boreal and temperate forests in terms of their physiology, spatial use and population dynamics. We targeted deer species which inhabit relevant biomes in North America, Europe and Asia: moose, roe deer, elk, red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, white-tailed deer, mule deer, caribou and reindeer. After screening, 218 articles remained. The data made available here pertains to these articles. ### Files and variables #### File: Felton\_et\_al\_2024\_GCB\_Protocol\_literature\_review\_Dryad 30 aug no hidden columns.xlsx **Description:** protocol for tabulating relevant information from published literature. ##### Variables * Column B-G: Climatic variables that the studies assessed (temperature, rainfall, snow, combined measures, extreme climatic events) * Column H: animal species * Column I: extreme events * Column K-AF: registration whether information is presented that relate to the three larger topics of the review (Physiology, Spatial use, Population dynamics) and to any of the 20 Patterns Found, which are summarised in Table 2 in the main article. Abbreviations refer to details of such patterns, which are explained in the heading of Table 2 in the main article. * Blank cells = no relevant information exist. Data was derived from the following sources: * We searched for relevant literature with publication month and years Jan 2000- Nov 2022 in two databases: Web of Science ([https://www.webofscience.com/](https://www.webofscience.com/); The Core Collection) and Scopus ([https://www.scopus.com](https://www.scopus.com/)).

The version 1.0 contains the supporting data for the work (still under submission) "Last century changes in annual precipitation in a Mediterranean area and their spatial variability. Insights from northern Tuscany (Italy)". The following files are here available (all file are georeferenced in EPSG: 3003): - AVG_Rainfall_1990-2019.tif -> Raster map of the mean annual precipitation for the northern Tuscany, Italy. It encompasses the portion of the Tuscany region northern of the cities of Livorno - Florence. The interpolation was validated via a leave one out cross-validation procedure. - D3-1_Area2_ApuanAlps.tif -> Raster map of the differences in mean annual precipitation between the two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019 for the Apuan Alps mountain ridge (Tuscany, Italy). - D3-2_Area2_ApuanAlps.tif -> Raster map of the differences in mean annual precipitation between the two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019 for the Apuan Alps mountain ridge (Tuscany, Italy). - DeltaSHP_Points_AVG_Annual_Rainfall.zip -> Shape file of the raingauges locations with the mean annual precipitation values of the period 1990 to 2019. - RaingaugesSHP_Points_AVG_Annual_Rainfall_1990-2019.zip -> Shape file of the raingauges locations with the following information: differences in the mean annual precipitation values between the two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019 (named D3-2); p values of the t-test for significance of the differences between the mean annual precipitation ofthe two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019; difference in the mean annual precipitation values between the two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019 (named D3-1); p values of the t-test for significance of the differences between the mean annual precipitation ofthe two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019.

Herbivory assessments were made at the plant community and species levels. We focused on three plant species with a widespread occurrence across the temperature gradient: cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis, Linnaeus), common mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum, Baumgerten), and marsh violet (Viola palustris, Linnaeus). For assessments of invertebrate herbivory at the species level, thirty individuals per species of C. pratensis, C. fontanum, and V. palustris were marked in each of ten plots, using a stratified random sampling method where individuals were randomly selected, but the full range of within-plot soil temperatures was represented. For assessments of invertebrate herbivory at the community level, five 50 × 50 cm quadrats were marked at random points in eight of the plots that best captured the full temperature gradient. The community-level herbivory assessment was conducted on 19th June. The number of damaged plants was recorded out of 100 random individuals, selected using a 10 × 10 grid within each 50 × 50 cm quadrat. For the species-level herbivory assessment, individual marked plants were surveyed for signs of invertebrate herbivory every two weeks from 30th May to 2nd July, generating three time-points per species. At each survey, all marked individuals for each species were assessed within a 48-hour period. Plants were recorded as damaged or not damaged by invertebrate herbivores at each time-point. Further details of how phenological stage of development, vegetation community composition, soil temperature, moisture, pH, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate were recorded are provided in the supporting documentation. This is a dataset of environmental data, vegetation cover, and community- and species-level invertebrate herbivory, sampled at 14 experimental soil plots in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, from May to July 2017. The plots span a temperature gradient of 5-35 °C on average over the sampling period, yet they occur within 1 km of each other and have similar soil moisture, pH, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate.