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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hansen, Teis; Keaney, Monica; Bulkeley, Harriet A.; Cooper, Mark; +10 Authors

    This database includes more than 100 decarbonisation innovations in Paper, Plastic, Steel and Meat & Dairy sectors, across their value chains, as well as in Finance. For each innovation there is a description, information about its contribution to decarbonisation, actors and collaborators involved, sources of funding, drivers, (co)benefits and disadvantages. More information on the method for selecting innovations for the database is available here. The database was created as part of REINVENT – a Horizon 2020 research project funded by the European Commission (grant agreement 730053). REINVENT involves five research institutions from four countries: Lund University (Sweden), Durham University (United Kingdom), Wuppertal Institute (Germany), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (the Netherlands) and Utrecht University (the Netherlands). More information can be found on our website: www.reinvent-project.eu.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Robroek, Bjorn J.M.; Jassey, Vincent E.J.; Payne, Richard J.; Martí, Magalí; +10 Authors

    Environmental dataBioclimatic data and environmental data for all 56 European peatland site (geo referenced by longitude [long], latitude [lat] and altitude [ALT]. MAT = Mean annual temperature (°C), TS = Seasonality in temperature, MAP = Mean annual precipitation (mm), PS = Seasonality in precipitation, tot_sox = Total sulphur deposition SOx (mg m-2 yr-1), tot_noy = Total oxidized nitrogen deposition (mg m-2 yr-1), tot_nhx = Total reduced nitrogen deposition (mg m-2), PT warm = Lang’s moisture index. The four bioclimatic variables (MAT, TS, MAP, PS) were extracted from the WorldClim database (Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005)), and averaged over the 2000-2009 period. Atmospheric deposition data were produced using the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme)-based IDEM (Integrated Deposition Model) model (Pieterse, G., Bleeker, A., Vermeulen, A. T., Wu, Y. & Erisman, J. W. High resolution modelling of atmosphere‐canopy exchange of acidifying and eutrophying components and carbon dioxide for European forests. Tellus B 59, 412–424 (2007)) and consisted of grid cell averages of total reduced (NHx) and oxidised (NOy) nitrogen and sulphur (SOx) deposition. The moisture index (PTwarm) was calculated as the ratio between mean precipitation and mean temperature in the warmest quarter (Thornwaite, C. W. & Holzman, B. Measurement of evaporation from land and water surfaces. USDA Technical Bulletin 817, 1–143 (1942))Data 1_environmental data.txtplant community dataAbundance data (% cover) for all vascular plant and bryophyte species from five randomly chosen hummocks and lawns (0.25 m2 quadrats; ten in total) across 56 European Sphagnum-dominated peatlands were collected in two consecutive summers (2010 and 2011). Vascular plants and Sphagnum mosses were identified to the species level. Non-Sphagnum bryophytes were identified to the family level. Lichens were recorded as one group.Data 2_plant community data.txttraits vascular plantsPlant functional traits used to calculate functional indices for the vascular plant communities. Traits were extracted from LEDA (Kleyer, M. et al. The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life‐history traits of the Northwest European flora. J. Ecol. 96, 1266–1274 (2008)). Only trait data available for all species our data-set were extracted.ncomms_Data 3_traits vascular plants.txttraits SphagnumTrait values (means) for Sphagnum spp. C = tissue carbon content (mg g-1), N = tissue nitrogen content (mg g-1), P = tissue phosphorus content (mg g-1), Productivity ( St.w = stem width (mm), l.h.c. = length hyaline cells (µm), w.h.c. = width hyaline cells (µm), l.s.l. = length stem leaves (mm), w.s.l. = width stem leaves. These measured traits were complemented with traits extracted from the literature. These latter traits included plant length (Hill, M. O., Preston, C. D., Bosanquet, S. & Roy, D. B. BRYOATT: attributes of British and Irish mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Huntingdon, UK (2007)), spore diameter and capsule diameter (Sundberg, S., Hansson, J. & Rydin, H. Colonization of Sphagnum on land uplift islands in the Baltic Sea: time, area, distance and life history. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1479–1491 (2006)), productivity (Gunnarsson, U. Global patterns of Sphagnum productivity. J. Bryol. 27, 269–279 (2005))ncomms_Data 4_traits Sphagnum.txt In peatland ecosystems, plant communities mediate a globally significant carbon store. The effects of global environmental change on plant assemblages are expected to be a factor in determining how ecosystem functions such as carbon uptake will respond. Using vegetation data from 56 Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs across Europe, we show that in these ecosystems plant species aggregate into two major clusters that are each defined by shared response to environmental conditions. Across environmental gradients, we find significant taxonomic turnover in both clusters. However, functional identity and functional redundancy of the community as a whole remain unchanged. This strongly suggests that in peat bogs, species turnover across environmental gradients is restricted to functionally similar species. Our results demonstrate that plant taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled, which may allow these peat bogs to maintain ecosystem functioning when subject to future environmental change.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: B2FIND
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: Research@WUR
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EASY
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: EASY
    DRYAD
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2017
      Data sources: B2FIND
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR
      Dataset . 2017
      Data sources: Research@WUR
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EASY
      Dataset . 2017
      Data sources: EASY
      DRYAD
      Dataset . 2018
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Supplementary material for peer review Model Input Model Results (LEAP/NEMO)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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  • Authors: Heidi Kreibich; Anne F. Van Loon; Kai Schröter; Philip J. Ward; +87 Authors

    La gestion des risques a réduit la vulnérabilité aux inondations et aux sécheresses dans le monde1,2, mais leurs impacts continuent d'augmenter3. Une meilleure compréhension des causes de l'évolution des impacts est donc nécessaire, mais a été entravée par un manque de données empiriques4,5. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données mondiales de 45 paires d'événements qui se sont produits dans la même zone, nous montrons que la gestion des risques réduit généralement les impacts des inondations et des sécheresses, mais fait face à des difficultés pour réduire les impacts d'événements sans précédent d'une ampleur jamais connue auparavant. Si le deuxième événement était beaucoup plus dangereux que le premier, son impact était presque toujours plus élevé. En effet, la gestion n'a pas été conçue pour faire face à de tels événements extrêmes : par exemple, ils ont dépassé les niveaux de conception des digues et des réservoirs. Dans deux cas de réussite, l'impact du deuxième événement, plus dangereux, a été plus faible, en raison de l'amélioration de la gouvernance de la gestion des risques et des investissements élevés dans la gestion intégrée. La difficulté observée à gérer des événements sans précédent est alarmante, étant donné que des événements hydrologiques plus extrêmes sont projetés en raison du changement climatique3. La gestión de riesgos ha reducido la vulnerabilidad a las inundaciones y sequías a nivel mundial1,2, pero sus impactos siguen aumentando3. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mejor comprensión de las causas de los impactos cambiantes, pero se ha visto obstaculizada por la falta de datos empíricos4,5. Sobre la base de un conjunto de datos global de 45 pares de eventos que ocurrieron dentro de la misma área, mostramos que la gestión de riesgos generalmente reduce los impactos de inundaciones y sequías, pero enfrenta dificultades para reducir los impactos de eventos sin precedentes de una magnitud no experimentada anteriormente. Si el segundo evento era mucho más peligroso que el primero, su impacto era casi siempre mayor. Esto se debe a que la gestión no fue diseñada para hacer frente a tales eventos extremos: por ejemplo, superaron los niveles de diseño de diques y embalses. En dos casos de éxito, el impacto del segundo evento, más peligroso, fue menor, como resultado de una mejor gobernanza de la gestión de riesgos y una alta inversión en la gestión integrada. La dificultad observada para gestionar eventos sin precedentes es alarmante, dado que se proyectan eventos hidrológicos más extremos debido al cambio climático3. Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally1,2, yet their impacts are still increasing3. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data4,5. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change3. أدت إدارة المخاطر إلى تقليل التعرض للفيضانات والجفاف على مستوى العالم1,2، ومع ذلك لا تزال آثارها تتزايد3. لذلك هناك حاجة إلى فهم أفضل لأسباب تغير التأثيرات، ولكن أعيق ذلك بسبب نقص البيانات التجريبية4، 5. على أساس مجموعة بيانات عالمية مكونة من 45 زوجًا من الأحداث التي وقعت داخل نفس المنطقة، نظهر أن إدارة المخاطر تقلل عمومًا من آثار الفيضانات والجفاف ولكنها تواجه صعوبات في الحد من آثار الأحداث غير المسبوقة ذات الحجم الذي لم تشهده من قبل. إذا كان الحدث الثاني أكثر خطورة من الأول، فإن تأثيره كان دائمًا أعلى. وذلك لأن الإدارة لم تكن مصممة للتعامل مع مثل هذه الأحداث المتطرفة: على سبيل المثال، تجاوزت مستويات تصميم السدود والخزانات. في قصتي نجاح، كان تأثير الحدث الثاني، الأكثر خطورة، أقل، نتيجة لتحسين حوكمة إدارة المخاطر والاستثمار العالي في الإدارة المتكاملة. إن الصعوبة الملحوظة في إدارة الأحداث غير المسبوقة تنذر بالخطر، بالنظر إلى أنه من المتوقع حدوث المزيد من الأحداث الهيدرولوجية المتطرفة بسبب تغير المناخ3.

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  • Authors: Malte Meinshausen; Carl‐Friedrich Schleussner; Kathleen Beyer; G. E. Bodeker; +37 Authors

    Résumé. Dans chaque cycle d'évaluation du GIEC, une multitude de scénarios sont évalués, avec une portée et une importance différentes dans les différents groupes de travail et rapports spéciaux et leurs chapitres respectifs. Dans les rapports, l'ambition est d'intégrer les connaissances sur les futurs climatiques possibles dans les groupes de travail et les domaines de recherche scientifique sur la base d'un petit ensemble de « voies de cadrage », telles que les voies dites RCP du cinquième rapport d'évaluation du GIEC (AR5) et les scénarios SSP-RCP dans le sixième rapport d'évaluation (AR6). Cette perspective, initiée par les discussions lors de l'atelier du GIEC à Bangkok en avril 2023 sur « l'utilisation des scénarios dans le RE6 et les évaluations ultérieures », est destinée à servir d'une des contributions de la communauté pour mettre en évidence les besoins pour la prochaine génération de voies de cadrage qui est avancée sous l'égide du CMIP pour une utilisation dans le RE7 du GIEC. Ici, nous suggérons un certain nombre d'objectifs de recherche politique qu'un tel ensemble de voies d'encadrement devrait idéalement remplir, y compris les besoins d'atténuation pour atteindre les objectifs de l'Accord de Paris, les risques associés aux stratégies d'élimination du carbone, les conséquences du retard dans la mise en œuvre de cette atténuation, des conseils pour les besoins d'adaptation, les pertes et les dommages, et pour la réalisation de l'atténuation dans le contexte plus large des objectifs de développement sociétal. Sur la base de ce contexte, nous suggérons que la prochaine génération de scénarios climatiques pour les modèles du système terrestre évolue vers des « voies d'émission représentatives » (REP) et suggérons des catégories clés pour ces voies. Ces « voies d'encadrement » devraient répondre aux besoins les plus critiques en matière de politique d'atténuation et d'adaptation au cours des 5 à 10 prochaines années. À notre avis, les catégories les plus importantes sont celles qui sont pertinentes dans le contexte de l'objectif à long terme de l'Accord de Paris, en particulier une action immédiate (dépassement faible) de 1,5 °C et une action retardée (dépassement élevé) de 1,5 °C. Deux autres catégories clés sont une catégorie de trajectoire approximativement conforme aux objectifs politiques actuels (tels qu'exprimés d'ici 2023) à court et à long terme, et une catégorie d'émissions plus élevées qui est approximativement conforme aux « politiques actuelles » (telles qu'exprimées d'ici 2023). Nous plaidons également en faveur de la pertinence scientifique et politique de l'exploration de deux « mondes qui auraient pu l'être ». L'une de ces catégories a des trajectoires d'émissions élevées bien au-dessus de ce que les politiques actuelles impliquent, et l'autre a des trajectoires d'émissions très faibles qui supposent que les mesures d'atténuation mondiales visant à limiter le réchauffement à 1,5 °C sans dépassement ont commencé en 2015. Enfin, nous notons que la fourniture en temps opportun de nouvelles informations scientifiques sur les voies est essentielle pour éclairer l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la politique climatique. Pour le deuxième bilan mondial dans le cadre de l'Accord de Paris en 2028, et pour éclairer le développement ultérieur des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) jusqu'en 2040, des contributions scientifiques sont nécessaires bien avant 2028. Ces besoins doivent être soigneusement pris en compte dans le calendrier d'élaboration des activités de modélisation communautaire, y compris celles menées dans le cadre du CMIP7. Resumen. En cada ciclo de Evaluación del IPCC, se evalúan una multitud de escenarios, con diferentes alcances y énfasis a lo largo de los diversos Grupos de Trabajo e Informes Especiales y sus respectivos capítulos. Dentro de los informes, la ambición es integrar el conocimiento sobre posibles futuros climáticos en los Grupos de Trabajo y los dominios de investigación científica basados en un pequeño conjunto de "vías de encuadre", como las llamadas vías RCP del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR5) y los escenarios SSP-RCP en el Sexto Informe de Evaluación (AR6). Esta perspectiva, iniciada por las discusiones en el taller del IPCC en Bangkok en abril de 2023 sobre el "Uso de escenarios en el IE6 y evaluaciones posteriores", pretende servir como una de las contribuciones de la comunidad para resaltar las necesidades de la próxima generación de vías de encuadre que se está avanzando bajo el paraguas del CMIP para su uso en el IE7 del IPCC. Aquí sugerimos una serie de objetivos de investigación de políticas que ese conjunto de vías de encuadre debería cumplir idealmente, incluidas las necesidades de mitigación para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París, los riesgos asociados con las estrategias de eliminación de carbono, las consecuencias del retraso en la promulgación de esa mitigación, la orientación para las necesidades de adaptación, las pérdidas y los daños, y para lograr la mitigación en el contexto más amplio de los objetivos de desarrollo social. Con base en este contexto, sugerimos que la próxima generación de escenarios climáticos para los Modelos del Sistema Terrestre evolucione hacia 'Vías de Emisión Representativas' (REP) y sugerimos categorías clave para tales vías. Estas "vías de encuadre" deberían abordar las políticas de mitigación y las necesidades de adaptación más críticas en los próximos 5–10 años. En nuestra opinión, las categorías más importantes son las relevantes en el contexto del objetivo a largo plazo del Acuerdo de París, específicamente una vía de acción inmediata (sobrepaso bajo) de 1,5 °C y una vía de acción retardada (sobrepaso alto) de 1,5 °C. Otras dos categorías clave son una categoría de vía aproximadamente en línea con los objetivos políticos actuales (expresados para 2023) a corto y largo plazo, y una categoría de emisiones más altas que está aproximadamente en línea con las "políticas actuales" (expresadas para 2023). También defendemos la relevancia científica y política de explorar dos "mundos que podrían haber sido". Una de estas categorías tiene trayectorias de altas emisiones muy por encima de lo que implican las políticas actuales, y la otra tiene trayectorias de muy bajas emisiones que asumen que la acción de mitigación global en línea con la limitación del calentamiento a 1.5 ° C sin sobrepasar había comenzado en 2015. Finalmente, observamos que el suministro oportuno de nueva información científica sobre las vías es fundamental para informar el desarrollo y la implementación de la política climática. Para el segundo Balance Global bajo el Acuerdo de París en 2028, y para informar el desarrollo posterior de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (NDC) hasta 2040, se requieren insumos científicos mucho antes de 2028. Estas necesidades deben considerarse cuidadosamente en el cronograma de desarrollo de las actividades de modelado comunitario, incluidas las del CMIP7. Abstract. In every IPCC Assessment cycle, a multitude of scenarios are assessed, with different scope and emphasis throughout the various Working Group and Special Reports and their respective chapters. Within the reports, the ambition is to integrate knowledge on possible climate futures across the Working Groups and scientific research domains based on a small set of ‘framing pathways’, such as the so-called RCP pathways from the Fifth IPCC Assessment report (AR5) and the SSP-RCP scenarios in the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). This perspective, initiated by discussions at the IPCC Bangkok workshop in April 2023 on the “Use of Scenarios in AR6 and Subsequent Assessments”, is intended to serve as one of the community contributions to highlight needs for the next generation of framing pathways that is being advanced under the CMIP umbrella for use in the IPCC AR7. Here we suggest a number of policy research objectives that such a set of framing pathways should ideally fulfil, including mitigation needs for meeting the Paris Agreement objectives, the risks associated with carbon removal strategies, the consequences of delay in enacting that mitigation, guidance for adaptation needs, loss and damage, and for achieving mitigation in the wider context of Societal Development goals. Based on this context we suggest that the next generation of climate scenarios for Earth System Models should evolve towards ‘Representative Emission Pathways’ (REPs) and suggest key categories for such pathways. These ‘framing pathways’ should address the most critical mitigation policy and adaptation needs over the next 5–10 years. In our view the most important categories are those relevant in the context of the Paris Agreement long-term goal, specifically an immediate action (low overshoot) 1.5 °C pathway, and a delayed action (high overshoot) 1.5 °C pathway. Two other key categories are a pathway category approximately in line with current (as expressed by 2023) near- and long-term policy objectives, and a higher emissions category that is approximately in line with “current policies” (as expressed by 2023). We also argue for the scientific and policy relevance in exploring two ‘worlds that could have been’. One of these categories has high emission trajectories well above what is implied by current policies, and the other has very low emission trajectories that assume that global mitigation action in line with limiting warming to 1.5 °C without overshoot had begun in 2015. Finally, we note that timely provision of new scientific information on pathways is critical to inform the development and implementation of climate policy. For the second Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2028, and to inform subsequent development of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) up to 2040, scientific inputs are required well before 2028. These needs should be carefully considered in the development timeline of community modelling activities including those under CMIP7. الملخص. في كل دورة تقييم للهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ، يتم تقييم العديد من السيناريوهات، مع نطاق وتركيز مختلفين في مختلف مجموعات العمل والتقارير الخاصة وفصولها. ضمن التقارير، يتمثل الطموح في دمج المعرفة حول المستقبل المناخي المحتمل عبر مجموعات العمل ومجالات البحث العلمي بناءً على مجموعة صغيرة من "مسارات التأطير"، مثل ما يسمى مسارات RCP من تقرير التقييم الخامس للهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ (AR5) وسيناريوهات SSP - RCP في تقرير التقييم السادس (AR6). يهدف هذا المنظور، الذي بدأته المناقشات في ورشة عمل الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ في بانكوك في أبريل 2023 حول "استخدام السيناريوهات في التقرير التقييمي السادس والتقييمات اللاحقة"، إلى أن يكون أحد مساهمات المجتمع لتسليط الضوء على احتياجات الجيل القادم من مسارات التأطير التي يتم تطويرها تحت مظلة الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ لاستخدامها في التقرير التقييمي السابع للفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ. نقترح هنا عددًا من أهداف أبحاث السياسات التي يجب أن تلبيها مجموعة مسارات التأطير هذه بشكل مثالي، بما في ذلك احتياجات التخفيف لتحقيق أهداف اتفاق باريس، والمخاطر المرتبطة باستراتيجيات إزالة الكربون، وعواقب التأخير في سن هذا التخفيف، وتوجيه احتياجات التكيف، والخسائر والأضرار، ولتحقيق التخفيف في السياق الأوسع لأهداف التنمية المجتمعية. بناءً على هذا السياق، نقترح أن يتطور الجيل التالي من سيناريوهات المناخ لنماذج النظام الأرضي نحو "مسارات الانبعاثات التمثيلية" (REPs) واقتراح الفئات الرئيسية لمثل هذه المسارات. يجب أن تتناول "مسارات التأطير" هذه أهم سياسات التخفيف واحتياجات التكيف على مدى السنوات الخمس إلى العشر القادمة. من وجهة نظرنا، فإن أهم الفئات هي تلك ذات الصلة في سياق الهدف طويل الأجل لاتفاق باريس، وتحديداً مسار الإجراء الفوري (التجاوز المنخفض) 1.5 درجة مئوية، ومسار الإجراء المتأخر (التجاوز العالي) 1.5 درجة مئوية. هناك فئتان رئيسيتان أخريان هما فئة المسار التي تتماشى تقريبًا مع أهداف السياسة الحالية (كما هو معبر عنه بحلول عام 2023) على المدى القريب والطويل، وفئة الانبعاثات الأعلى التي تتماشى تقريبًا مع "السياسات الحالية" (كما هو معبر عنه بحلول عام 2023). كما ندعو إلى الأهمية العلمية والسياسية لاستكشاف "عالمين كان من الممكن أن يكونا". واحدة من هذه الفئات لديها مسارات انبعاثات عالية أعلى بكثير مما تنطوي عليه السياسات الحالية، والأخرى لديها مسارات انبعاثات منخفضة للغاية تفترض أن إجراءات التخفيف العالمية بما يتماشى مع الحد من الاحترار إلى 1.5 درجة مئوية دون تجاوز قد بدأت في عام 2015. أخيرًا، نلاحظ أن توفير المعلومات العلمية الجديدة في الوقت المناسب حول المسارات أمر بالغ الأهمية لإثراء تطوير وتنفيذ سياسة المناخ. بالنسبة للتقييم العالمي الثاني بموجب اتفاقية باريس في عام 2028، وللإبلاغ عن التطوير اللاحق للمساهمات المحددة وطنيًا (NDCs) حتى عام 2040، هناك حاجة إلى مدخلات علمية قبل عام 2028 بوقت طويل. يجب النظر في هذه الاحتياجات بعناية في الجدول الزمني لتطوير أنشطة النمذجة المجتمعية بما في ذلك تلك الموجودة في إطار CMIP7.

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    Authors: Fuss, S; Jones, C D; Kraxner, F; Peters, G P; +10 Authors

    Carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere (CDR) - also known as 'negative emissions' - features prominently in most 2 °C scenarios and has been under increased scrutiny by scientists, citizens, and policymakers. Critics argue that 'negative emission technologies' (NETs) are insufficiently mature to rely on them for climate stabilization. Some even argue that 2 °C is no longer feasible or might have unacceptable social and environmental costs. Nonetheless, the Paris Agreement endorsed an aspirational goal of limiting global warming to even lower levels, arguing that climate impacts - especially for vulnerable nations such as small island states - will be unacceptably severe in a 2 °C world. While there are few pathways to 2 °C that do not rely on negative emissions, 1.5 °C scenarios are barely conceivable without them. Building on previous assessments of NETs, we identify some urgent research needs to provide a more complete picture for reaching ambitious climate targets, and the role that NETs can play in reaching them.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Müller, Viktor Paul; Besler, Malte;

    Supplementary material for peer review Modelling Data (input & results) Literature Review

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  • Authors: Amy E. Zanne; Habacuc Flores‐Moreno; Jeff R. Powell; William K. Cornwell; +96 Authors

    Résumé Les animaux, tels que les termites, ont été largement négligés en tant que moteurs à l'échelle mondiale des cycles biogéochimiques 1,2 , malgré les résultats spécifiques au site 3,4 . Le renouvellement du bois mort, une composante importante du cycle du carbone, est entraîné par de multiples agents de désintégration. Des études se sont concentrées sur les systèmes tempérés 5,6 , où les microbes dominent la désintégration 7 . La désintégration microbienne est sensible à la température, doublant généralement pour une augmentation de 10 °C (désintégration efficace Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Les termites sont des désintégrateurs importants dans les systèmes tropicaux 3,11–13 et diffèrent des microbes par leur dynamique de population, leur dispersion et leur découverte de substrat 14–16 , ce qui signifie que leurs sensibilités climatiques diffèrent également. En utilisant un réseau de 133 sites couvrant 6 continents, nous rapportons la première quantification mondiale sur le terrain des sensibilités à la température et aux précipitations pour les termites et les microbes, fournissant de nouvelles compréhensions de leur réponse aux changements climatiques. La sensibilité à la température de la désintégration microbienne se situait dans les estimations précédentes. La découverte et la consommation de termites étaient toutes deux beaucoup plus sensibles à la température (désintégration effective Q 10 = 6,53), ce qui entraînait des différences frappantes dans le taux de renouvellement du bois mort dans les zones avec et sans termites. Les impacts de termites ont été les plus importants dans les forêts tropicales saisonnières, les savanes et les déserts subtropicaux. Avec la tropicalisation 17 (c.-à-d., le réchauffement se déplace vers un climat tropical), la contribution des termites à la décomposition mondiale du bois augmentera à mesure qu'une plus grande partie de la surface de la terre deviendra accessible aux termites. Resumen Los animales, como las termitas, se han pasado por alto en gran medida como impulsores a escala mundial de los ciclos biogeoquímicos 1,2 , a pesar de los hallazgos específicos del sitio 3,4 . La rotación de la madera muerta, un componente importante del ciclo del carbono, es impulsada por múltiples agentes de descomposición. Los estudios se han centrado en los sistemas templados 5,6 , donde los microbios dominan la descomposición 7 . La descomposición microbiana es sensible a la temperatura, por lo general se duplica por cada aumento de 10 ° C (Q efectiva de descomposición 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Las termitas son desintegradores importantes en los sistemas tropicales 3,11–13 y difieren de los microbios en su dinámica de población, dispersión y descubrimiento de sustratos 14–16 , lo que significa que sus sensibilidades climáticas también difieren. Utilizando una red de 133 sitios que abarcan 6 continentes, informamos la primera cuantificación global basada en el campo de las sensibilidades a la temperatura y la precipitación para termitas y microbios, proporcionando una comprensión novedosa de su respuesta a los climas cambiantes. La sensibilidad a la temperatura de la descomposición microbiana estaba dentro de las estimaciones anteriores. El descubrimiento y el consumo de termitas fueron mucho más sensibles a la temperatura (descomposición efectiva Q 10 = 6.53), lo que llevó a diferencias sorprendentes en la rotación de madera muerta en áreas con y sin termitas. Los impactos de termitas fueron mayores en los bosques tropicales estacionales, las sabanas y los desiertos subtropicales. Con la tropicalización 17 (es decir, el calentamiento cambia a un clima tropical), la contribución de las termitas a la descomposición global de la madera aumentará a medida que más de la superficie de la tierra se vuelva accesible para las termitas. Abstract Animals, such as termites, have largely been overlooked as global-scale drivers of biogeochemical cycles 1,2 , despite site-specific findings 3,4 . Deadwood turnover, an important component of the carbon cycle, is driven by multiple decay agents. Studies have focused on temperate systems 5,6 , where microbes dominate decay 7 . Microbial decay is sensitive to temperature, typically doubling per 10°C increase (decay effective Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Termites are important decayers in tropical systems 3,11–13 and differ from microbes in their population dynamics, dispersal, and substrate discovery 14–16 , meaning their climate sensitivities also differ. Using a network of 133 sites spanning 6 continents, we report the first global field-based quantification of temperature and precipitation sensitivities for termites and microbes, providing novel understandings of their response to changing climates. Temperature sensitivity of microbial decay was within previous estimates. Termite discovery and consumption were both much more sensitive to temperature (decay effective Q 10 = 6.53), leading to striking differences in deadwood turnover in areas with and without termites. Termite impacts were greatest in tropical seasonal forests and savannas and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization 17 (i.e., warming shifts to a tropical climate), the termite contribution to global wood decay will increase as more of the earth's surface becomes accessible to termites. تم التغاضي إلى حد كبير عن الحيوانات، مثل النمل الأبيض، كمحركات عالمية النطاق للدورات الكيميائية الجيولوجية الحيوية 1،2 ، على الرغم من النتائج الخاصة بالموقع 3،4 . دوران الخشب الميت، وهو عنصر مهم في دورة الكربون، مدفوع بعوامل اضمحلال متعددة. وقد ركزت الدراسات على النظم المعتدلة 5،6 ، حيث تهيمن الميكروبات على الاضمحلال 7 . يكون الاضمحلال الميكروبي حساسًا لدرجة الحرارة، وعادة ما يتضاعف لكل زيادة 10 درجات مئوية (الاضمحلال الفعال Q 10 =~2) 8–10 . النمل الأبيض من المتحللين المهمين في الأنظمة الاستوائية 3،11-13 ويختلف عن الميكروبات في ديناميكياتها السكانية وانتشارها واكتشاف الركائز 14–16 ، مما يعني أن حساسياتها المناخية تختلف أيضًا. باستخدام شبكة من 133 موقعًا تمتد عبر 6 قارات، نبلغ عن أول قياس كمي ميداني عالمي لدرجات الحرارة وحساسيات هطول الأمطار للنمل الأبيض والميكروبات، مما يوفر فهمًا جديدًا لاستجابتها للمناخ المتغير. كانت حساسية درجة حرارة الاضمحلال الميكروبي ضمن التقديرات السابقة. كان اكتشاف النمل الأبيض واستهلاكه أكثر حساسية لدرجة الحرارة (التحلل الفعال Q 10 = 6.53)، مما أدى إلى اختلافات صارخة في دوران الأخشاب الميتة في المناطق التي تحتوي على النمل الأبيض أو لا تحتوي عليه. كانت آثار النمل الأبيض أكبر في الغابات الموسمية الاستوائية والسافانا والصحاري شبه الاستوائية. مع الاستوائية 17 (أي، يتحول الاحترار إلى مناخ استوائي)، ستزداد مساهمة النمل الأبيض في تحلل الخشب العالمي مع وصول المزيد من سطح الأرض إلى النمل الأبيض.

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  • Authors: Vojtěch Abrahám; Sheila Hicks; Hélèna Svobodova; Elissaveta Bozilova; +29 Authors

    Résumé. La collecte de données modernes sur le pollen spatialement étendues est importante pour l'interprétation des diagrammes de pollen fossile. De tels ensembles de données sont facilement disponibles pour les données en pourcentage, mais manquent pour les taux d'accumulation de pollen (par). Combler cette lacune a été la motivation du réseau de surveillance du pollen, dont les contributeurs ont surveillé le dépôt de pollen dans les pièges de Tauber modifiés pendant plusieurs années ou décennies à travers les latitudes européennes. Nous présentons ici cet ensemble de données de surveillance composé de 351 emplacements de pièges avec un total de 2742 échantillons annuels couvrant la période de 1981 à 2017. Cet ensemble de données montre que les paramètres climatiques en corrélation avec la latitude déterminent la productivité du pollen. Un signal de couvert forestier régional peut être détecté dans les données, tandis que le couvert forestier local semble plus important. Les pièges à pollen situés au-delà de 200 km de la distribution de l'arbre parent collectent encore occasionnellement des grains de pollen de l'arbre en question. Les PAR allant jusqu'à 30 grains cm−2 ans−1 dans le diagramme fossile doivent donc être interprétés comme un transport sur de longues distances. Les comparaisons avec les données fossiles des mêmes zones montrent des valeurs comparables. Les comparaisons démontrent souvent que des valeurs élevées similaires pour les taxons tempérés dans les sites fossiles se trouvent plus au sud ou en descente. Bien que des situations modernes comparables à des PARITÉS élevées de certains taxons (par exemple Corylus) puissent être difficiles à trouver, la fertilisation par le CO2 et l'utilisation des terres peuvent être des PAR modernes élevés qui ne sont pas documentés dans les archives fossiles. Les données modernes sont maintenant accessibles au public dans la base de données de paléoécologie de Neotoma et, espérons-le, servent à améliorer les interprétations des données sur les PAR fossiles. Resumen. La recopilación de datos polínicos modernos espacialmente extensos es importante para la interpretación de los diagramas polínicos fósiles. Dichos conjuntos de datos están fácilmente disponibles para los datos porcentuales, pero carecen de tasas de acumulación de polen (par). Llenar este vacío ha sido la motivación de la red de monitoreo de polen, cuyos contribuyentes monitorearon la deposición de polen en trampas Tauber modificadas durante varios años o décadas en las latitudes europeas. Aquí presentamos este conjunto de datos de monitoreo que consta de 351 ubicaciones de trampas con un total de 2742 muestras anuales que cubren el período de 1981 a 2017. Este conjunto de datos muestra que los parámetros climáticos que se correlacionan con la latitud determinan la productividad del polen. En los datos se puede detectar una señal de cobertura forestal regional, mientras que la cobertura arbórea local parece más importante. Las trampas de polen situadas más allá de 200 km de la distribución del árbol parental todavía están recolectando granos de polen ocasionales del árbol en cuestión. POR lo tanto, los pares de hasta 30 granos cm−2 años−1 en el diagrama fósil deben interpretarse como transporte de larga distancia. Las comparaciones con los datos fósiles de las mismas áreas muestran valores comparables. Las comparaciones a menudo demuestran que valores altos similares para taxones templados en sitios de fósiles se encuentran más al sur o cuesta abajo. Si bien las situaciones modernas comparables a los altos valores PAR de algunos taxones (por ejemplo, Corylus) pueden ser difíciles de encontrar, la fertilización con CO2 y el uso de la tierra pueden presentar altos valores PAR modernos que no están documentados en el registro fósil. Los datos modernos ahora están disponibles públicamente en la Base de Datos de Paleoecología de Neotoma y se espera que sirvan para mejorar las interpretaciones de los datos PAR fósiles. Abstract. The collection of modern spatially extensive pollen data are important for the interpretation of fossil pollen diagrams. Such datasets are readily available for percentage data but lacking for pollen accumulation rates (PAR). Filling this gap has been the motivation of the pollen monitoring network, whose contributors monitored pollen deposition in modified Tauber-traps for several years or decades across European latitudes. Here we present this monitoring dataset consisting of 351 trap locations with a total of 2742 annual samples covering the period from 1981 to 2017. This dataset shows that climate parameters correlating with latitude determine pollen productivity. A signal of regional forest cover can be detected in the data, while local tree cover seems more important. Pollen traps situated beyond 200 km of the distribution of the parent tree are still collecting occasional pollen grains of the tree in question. PAR's of up to 30 grains cm−2yr−1 in fossil diagram should therefore be interpreted as long distance transport. Comparisons to fossil data from the same areas show comparable values. Comparisons often demonstrate that similar high values for temperate taxa in fossils sites are found further south or downhill. While modern situations comparable to high PAR values of some taxa (e.g. Corylus) may be hard to find, CO2 fertilization and land use may case high modern PAR's that are not documented in the fossil record. The modern data is now publically available in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database and hopefully serves improving interpretations of fossil PAR data. الملخص. يعد جمع بيانات حبوب اللقاح الحديثة واسعة النطاق مكانيًا أمرًا مهمًا لتفسير مخططات حبوب اللقاح الأحفورية. مجموعات البيانات هذه متاحة بسهولة لبيانات النسبة المئوية ولكنها تفتقر إلى معدلات تراكم حبوب اللقاح (PAR). كان سد هذه الفجوة هو الدافع وراء شبكة مراقبة حبوب اللقاح، التي راقب المساهمون فيها ترسب حبوب اللقاح في مصائد تاوبر المعدلة لعدة سنوات أو عقود عبر خطوط العرض الأوروبية. نقدم هنا مجموعة بيانات المراقبة هذه التي تتكون من 351 موقع فخ بإجمالي 2742 عينة سنوية تغطي الفترة من 1981 إلى 2017. توضح مجموعة البيانات هذه أن المعلمات المناخية المرتبطة بخط العرض تحدد إنتاجية حبوب اللقاح. يمكن اكتشاف إشارة إلى الغطاء الحرجي الإقليمي في البيانات، في حين يبدو الغطاء الشجري المحلي أكثر أهمية. لا تزال مصائد حبوب اللقاح الواقعة على بعد 200 كم من توزيع الشجرة الأم تجمع حبوب اللقاح العرضية للشجرة المعنية. لذلك يجب تفسير الأجزاء التي تصل إلى 30 حبة سم− 2 سنة −1 في الرسم البياني الأحفوري على أنها نقل لمسافات طويلة. تُظهر المقارنات بالبيانات الأحفورية من نفس المناطق قيمًا قابلة للمقارنة. غالبًا ما تُظهر المقارنات أن القيم العالية المماثلة للأصناف المعتدلة في مواقع الحفريات توجد في الجنوب أو في المنحدرات. في حين أنه قد يكون من الصعب العثور على حالات حديثة مماثلة للقيم الاسمية العالية لبعض الأصناف (مثل كوريلوس)، فإن تسميد ثاني أكسيد الكربون واستخدام الأراضي قد يؤديان إلى ارتفاع القيم الاسمية الحديثة التي لم يتم توثيقها في السجل الأحفوري. البيانات الحديثة متاحة الآن للجمهور في قاعدة بيانات Neotoma Paleoecology ونأمل أن تخدم تحسين تفسيرات بيانات PAR الأحفورية.

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  • Authors: Björn Müller; Christian Reise; N.H. Reich; K. Kiefer; +2 Authors

    In this study, we investigate the Performance Ratio (PR) of about 100 German PV system installations. Annual PRSi for the ~100 systems are found to be ~70%...~90% for year 2010, with a median of ~84%. Monitored PR are found to be systematically lower by ~2%…4% when calculated with irradiation data obtained by pyranometers (henceforth PRPyr) as compared with irradiation amounts measured by reference cells (denoted PRSi). Simulations were performed to determine loss mechanisms of the top ten performing systems, revealing a number of these loss mechanisms may still allow for some optimization. Despite the fact that we do not see such values from our monitoring data base up to now, we believe PRSi values above 90% are realistic even today, using todays commercially available components, and should be expected more frequently in the future for systems in which temperature and irradiation conditions are similar to those prevailing in Germany. This contribution may help in deepening our knowledge on both energy loss mechanisms and efficiency limits on the system level and standardization processes of system aspects. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3922-3929

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    Authors: Hansen, Teis; Keaney, Monica; Bulkeley, Harriet A.; Cooper, Mark; +10 Authors

    This database includes more than 100 decarbonisation innovations in Paper, Plastic, Steel and Meat & Dairy sectors, across their value chains, as well as in Finance. For each innovation there is a description, information about its contribution to decarbonisation, actors and collaborators involved, sources of funding, drivers, (co)benefits and disadvantages. More information on the method for selecting innovations for the database is available here. The database was created as part of REINVENT – a Horizon 2020 research project funded by the European Commission (grant agreement 730053). REINVENT involves five research institutions from four countries: Lund University (Sweden), Durham University (United Kingdom), Wuppertal Institute (Germany), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (the Netherlands) and Utrecht University (the Netherlands). More information can be found on our website: www.reinvent-project.eu.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    Data sources: ZENODO
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
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      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Robroek, Bjorn J.M.; Jassey, Vincent E.J.; Payne, Richard J.; Martí, Magalí; +10 Authors

    Environmental dataBioclimatic data and environmental data for all 56 European peatland site (geo referenced by longitude [long], latitude [lat] and altitude [ALT]. MAT = Mean annual temperature (°C), TS = Seasonality in temperature, MAP = Mean annual precipitation (mm), PS = Seasonality in precipitation, tot_sox = Total sulphur deposition SOx (mg m-2 yr-1), tot_noy = Total oxidized nitrogen deposition (mg m-2 yr-1), tot_nhx = Total reduced nitrogen deposition (mg m-2), PT warm = Lang’s moisture index. The four bioclimatic variables (MAT, TS, MAP, PS) were extracted from the WorldClim database (Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005)), and averaged over the 2000-2009 period. Atmospheric deposition data were produced using the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme)-based IDEM (Integrated Deposition Model) model (Pieterse, G., Bleeker, A., Vermeulen, A. T., Wu, Y. & Erisman, J. W. High resolution modelling of atmosphere‐canopy exchange of acidifying and eutrophying components and carbon dioxide for European forests. Tellus B 59, 412–424 (2007)) and consisted of grid cell averages of total reduced (NHx) and oxidised (NOy) nitrogen and sulphur (SOx) deposition. The moisture index (PTwarm) was calculated as the ratio between mean precipitation and mean temperature in the warmest quarter (Thornwaite, C. W. & Holzman, B. Measurement of evaporation from land and water surfaces. USDA Technical Bulletin 817, 1–143 (1942))Data 1_environmental data.txtplant community dataAbundance data (% cover) for all vascular plant and bryophyte species from five randomly chosen hummocks and lawns (0.25 m2 quadrats; ten in total) across 56 European Sphagnum-dominated peatlands were collected in two consecutive summers (2010 and 2011). Vascular plants and Sphagnum mosses were identified to the species level. Non-Sphagnum bryophytes were identified to the family level. Lichens were recorded as one group.Data 2_plant community data.txttraits vascular plantsPlant functional traits used to calculate functional indices for the vascular plant communities. Traits were extracted from LEDA (Kleyer, M. et al. The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life‐history traits of the Northwest European flora. J. Ecol. 96, 1266–1274 (2008)). Only trait data available for all species our data-set were extracted.ncomms_Data 3_traits vascular plants.txttraits SphagnumTrait values (means) for Sphagnum spp. C = tissue carbon content (mg g-1), N = tissue nitrogen content (mg g-1), P = tissue phosphorus content (mg g-1), Productivity ( St.w = stem width (mm), l.h.c. = length hyaline cells (µm), w.h.c. = width hyaline cells (µm), l.s.l. = length stem leaves (mm), w.s.l. = width stem leaves. These measured traits were complemented with traits extracted from the literature. These latter traits included plant length (Hill, M. O., Preston, C. D., Bosanquet, S. & Roy, D. B. BRYOATT: attributes of British and Irish mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Huntingdon, UK (2007)), spore diameter and capsule diameter (Sundberg, S., Hansson, J. & Rydin, H. Colonization of Sphagnum on land uplift islands in the Baltic Sea: time, area, distance and life history. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1479–1491 (2006)), productivity (Gunnarsson, U. Global patterns of Sphagnum productivity. J. Bryol. 27, 269–279 (2005))ncomms_Data 4_traits Sphagnum.txt In peatland ecosystems, plant communities mediate a globally significant carbon store. The effects of global environmental change on plant assemblages are expected to be a factor in determining how ecosystem functions such as carbon uptake will respond. Using vegetation data from 56 Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs across Europe, we show that in these ecosystems plant species aggregate into two major clusters that are each defined by shared response to environmental conditions. Across environmental gradients, we find significant taxonomic turnover in both clusters. However, functional identity and functional redundancy of the community as a whole remain unchanged. This strongly suggests that in peat bogs, species turnover across environmental gradients is restricted to functionally similar species. Our results demonstrate that plant taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled, which may allow these peat bogs to maintain ecosystem functioning when subject to future environmental change.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC 0
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    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: B2FIND
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    Research@WUR
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: Research@WUR
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    EASY
    Dataset . 2017
    Data sources: EASY
    DRYAD
    Dataset . 2018
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2018
      License: CC 0
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      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2017
      Data sources: B2FIND
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      Research@WUR
      Dataset . 2017
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      EASY
      Dataset . 2017
      Data sources: EASY
      DRYAD
      Dataset . 2018
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    Supplementary material for peer review Model Input Model Results (LEAP/NEMO)

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
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      Dataset . 2024
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2023
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      Dataset . 2023
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  • Authors: Heidi Kreibich; Anne F. Van Loon; Kai Schröter; Philip J. Ward; +87 Authors

    La gestion des risques a réduit la vulnérabilité aux inondations et aux sécheresses dans le monde1,2, mais leurs impacts continuent d'augmenter3. Une meilleure compréhension des causes de l'évolution des impacts est donc nécessaire, mais a été entravée par un manque de données empiriques4,5. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données mondiales de 45 paires d'événements qui se sont produits dans la même zone, nous montrons que la gestion des risques réduit généralement les impacts des inondations et des sécheresses, mais fait face à des difficultés pour réduire les impacts d'événements sans précédent d'une ampleur jamais connue auparavant. Si le deuxième événement était beaucoup plus dangereux que le premier, son impact était presque toujours plus élevé. En effet, la gestion n'a pas été conçue pour faire face à de tels événements extrêmes : par exemple, ils ont dépassé les niveaux de conception des digues et des réservoirs. Dans deux cas de réussite, l'impact du deuxième événement, plus dangereux, a été plus faible, en raison de l'amélioration de la gouvernance de la gestion des risques et des investissements élevés dans la gestion intégrée. La difficulté observée à gérer des événements sans précédent est alarmante, étant donné que des événements hydrologiques plus extrêmes sont projetés en raison du changement climatique3. La gestión de riesgos ha reducido la vulnerabilidad a las inundaciones y sequías a nivel mundial1,2, pero sus impactos siguen aumentando3. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mejor comprensión de las causas de los impactos cambiantes, pero se ha visto obstaculizada por la falta de datos empíricos4,5. Sobre la base de un conjunto de datos global de 45 pares de eventos que ocurrieron dentro de la misma área, mostramos que la gestión de riesgos generalmente reduce los impactos de inundaciones y sequías, pero enfrenta dificultades para reducir los impactos de eventos sin precedentes de una magnitud no experimentada anteriormente. Si el segundo evento era mucho más peligroso que el primero, su impacto era casi siempre mayor. Esto se debe a que la gestión no fue diseñada para hacer frente a tales eventos extremos: por ejemplo, superaron los niveles de diseño de diques y embalses. En dos casos de éxito, el impacto del segundo evento, más peligroso, fue menor, como resultado de una mejor gobernanza de la gestión de riesgos y una alta inversión en la gestión integrada. La dificultad observada para gestionar eventos sin precedentes es alarmante, dado que se proyectan eventos hidrológicos más extremos debido al cambio climático3. Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally1,2, yet their impacts are still increasing3. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data4,5. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change3. أدت إدارة المخاطر إلى تقليل التعرض للفيضانات والجفاف على مستوى العالم1,2، ومع ذلك لا تزال آثارها تتزايد3. لذلك هناك حاجة إلى فهم أفضل لأسباب تغير التأثيرات، ولكن أعيق ذلك بسبب نقص البيانات التجريبية4، 5. على أساس مجموعة بيانات عالمية مكونة من 45 زوجًا من الأحداث التي وقعت داخل نفس المنطقة، نظهر أن إدارة المخاطر تقلل عمومًا من آثار الفيضانات والجفاف ولكنها تواجه صعوبات في الحد من آثار الأحداث غير المسبوقة ذات الحجم الذي لم تشهده من قبل. إذا كان الحدث الثاني أكثر خطورة من الأول، فإن تأثيره كان دائمًا أعلى. وذلك لأن الإدارة لم تكن مصممة للتعامل مع مثل هذه الأحداث المتطرفة: على سبيل المثال، تجاوزت مستويات تصميم السدود والخزانات. في قصتي نجاح، كان تأثير الحدث الثاني، الأكثر خطورة، أقل، نتيجة لتحسين حوكمة إدارة المخاطر والاستثمار العالي في الإدارة المتكاملة. إن الصعوبة الملحوظة في إدارة الأحداث غير المسبوقة تنذر بالخطر، بالنظر إلى أنه من المتوقع حدوث المزيد من الأحداث الهيدرولوجية المتطرفة بسبب تغير المناخ3.

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  • Authors: Malte Meinshausen; Carl‐Friedrich Schleussner; Kathleen Beyer; G. E. Bodeker; +37 Authors

    Résumé. Dans chaque cycle d'évaluation du GIEC, une multitude de scénarios sont évalués, avec une portée et une importance différentes dans les différents groupes de travail et rapports spéciaux et leurs chapitres respectifs. Dans les rapports, l'ambition est d'intégrer les connaissances sur les futurs climatiques possibles dans les groupes de travail et les domaines de recherche scientifique sur la base d'un petit ensemble de « voies de cadrage », telles que les voies dites RCP du cinquième rapport d'évaluation du GIEC (AR5) et les scénarios SSP-RCP dans le sixième rapport d'évaluation (AR6). Cette perspective, initiée par les discussions lors de l'atelier du GIEC à Bangkok en avril 2023 sur « l'utilisation des scénarios dans le RE6 et les évaluations ultérieures », est destinée à servir d'une des contributions de la communauté pour mettre en évidence les besoins pour la prochaine génération de voies de cadrage qui est avancée sous l'égide du CMIP pour une utilisation dans le RE7 du GIEC. Ici, nous suggérons un certain nombre d'objectifs de recherche politique qu'un tel ensemble de voies d'encadrement devrait idéalement remplir, y compris les besoins d'atténuation pour atteindre les objectifs de l'Accord de Paris, les risques associés aux stratégies d'élimination du carbone, les conséquences du retard dans la mise en œuvre de cette atténuation, des conseils pour les besoins d'adaptation, les pertes et les dommages, et pour la réalisation de l'atténuation dans le contexte plus large des objectifs de développement sociétal. Sur la base de ce contexte, nous suggérons que la prochaine génération de scénarios climatiques pour les modèles du système terrestre évolue vers des « voies d'émission représentatives » (REP) et suggérons des catégories clés pour ces voies. Ces « voies d'encadrement » devraient répondre aux besoins les plus critiques en matière de politique d'atténuation et d'adaptation au cours des 5 à 10 prochaines années. À notre avis, les catégories les plus importantes sont celles qui sont pertinentes dans le contexte de l'objectif à long terme de l'Accord de Paris, en particulier une action immédiate (dépassement faible) de 1,5 °C et une action retardée (dépassement élevé) de 1,5 °C. Deux autres catégories clés sont une catégorie de trajectoire approximativement conforme aux objectifs politiques actuels (tels qu'exprimés d'ici 2023) à court et à long terme, et une catégorie d'émissions plus élevées qui est approximativement conforme aux « politiques actuelles » (telles qu'exprimées d'ici 2023). Nous plaidons également en faveur de la pertinence scientifique et politique de l'exploration de deux « mondes qui auraient pu l'être ». L'une de ces catégories a des trajectoires d'émissions élevées bien au-dessus de ce que les politiques actuelles impliquent, et l'autre a des trajectoires d'émissions très faibles qui supposent que les mesures d'atténuation mondiales visant à limiter le réchauffement à 1,5 °C sans dépassement ont commencé en 2015. Enfin, nous notons que la fourniture en temps opportun de nouvelles informations scientifiques sur les voies est essentielle pour éclairer l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la politique climatique. Pour le deuxième bilan mondial dans le cadre de l'Accord de Paris en 2028, et pour éclairer le développement ultérieur des contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) jusqu'en 2040, des contributions scientifiques sont nécessaires bien avant 2028. Ces besoins doivent être soigneusement pris en compte dans le calendrier d'élaboration des activités de modélisation communautaire, y compris celles menées dans le cadre du CMIP7. Resumen. En cada ciclo de Evaluación del IPCC, se evalúan una multitud de escenarios, con diferentes alcances y énfasis a lo largo de los diversos Grupos de Trabajo e Informes Especiales y sus respectivos capítulos. Dentro de los informes, la ambición es integrar el conocimiento sobre posibles futuros climáticos en los Grupos de Trabajo y los dominios de investigación científica basados en un pequeño conjunto de "vías de encuadre", como las llamadas vías RCP del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR5) y los escenarios SSP-RCP en el Sexto Informe de Evaluación (AR6). Esta perspectiva, iniciada por las discusiones en el taller del IPCC en Bangkok en abril de 2023 sobre el "Uso de escenarios en el IE6 y evaluaciones posteriores", pretende servir como una de las contribuciones de la comunidad para resaltar las necesidades de la próxima generación de vías de encuadre que se está avanzando bajo el paraguas del CMIP para su uso en el IE7 del IPCC. Aquí sugerimos una serie de objetivos de investigación de políticas que ese conjunto de vías de encuadre debería cumplir idealmente, incluidas las necesidades de mitigación para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París, los riesgos asociados con las estrategias de eliminación de carbono, las consecuencias del retraso en la promulgación de esa mitigación, la orientación para las necesidades de adaptación, las pérdidas y los daños, y para lograr la mitigación en el contexto más amplio de los objetivos de desarrollo social. Con base en este contexto, sugerimos que la próxima generación de escenarios climáticos para los Modelos del Sistema Terrestre evolucione hacia 'Vías de Emisión Representativas' (REP) y sugerimos categorías clave para tales vías. Estas "vías de encuadre" deberían abordar las políticas de mitigación y las necesidades de adaptación más críticas en los próximos 5–10 años. En nuestra opinión, las categorías más importantes son las relevantes en el contexto del objetivo a largo plazo del Acuerdo de París, específicamente una vía de acción inmediata (sobrepaso bajo) de 1,5 °C y una vía de acción retardada (sobrepaso alto) de 1,5 °C. Otras dos categorías clave son una categoría de vía aproximadamente en línea con los objetivos políticos actuales (expresados para 2023) a corto y largo plazo, y una categoría de emisiones más altas que está aproximadamente en línea con las "políticas actuales" (expresadas para 2023). También defendemos la relevancia científica y política de explorar dos "mundos que podrían haber sido". Una de estas categorías tiene trayectorias de altas emisiones muy por encima de lo que implican las políticas actuales, y la otra tiene trayectorias de muy bajas emisiones que asumen que la acción de mitigación global en línea con la limitación del calentamiento a 1.5 ° C sin sobrepasar había comenzado en 2015. Finalmente, observamos que el suministro oportuno de nueva información científica sobre las vías es fundamental para informar el desarrollo y la implementación de la política climática. Para el segundo Balance Global bajo el Acuerdo de París en 2028, y para informar el desarrollo posterior de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (NDC) hasta 2040, se requieren insumos científicos mucho antes de 2028. Estas necesidades deben considerarse cuidadosamente en el cronograma de desarrollo de las actividades de modelado comunitario, incluidas las del CMIP7. Abstract. In every IPCC Assessment cycle, a multitude of scenarios are assessed, with different scope and emphasis throughout the various Working Group and Special Reports and their respective chapters. Within the reports, the ambition is to integrate knowledge on possible climate futures across the Working Groups and scientific research domains based on a small set of ‘framing pathways’, such as the so-called RCP pathways from the Fifth IPCC Assessment report (AR5) and the SSP-RCP scenarios in the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). This perspective, initiated by discussions at the IPCC Bangkok workshop in April 2023 on the “Use of Scenarios in AR6 and Subsequent Assessments”, is intended to serve as one of the community contributions to highlight needs for the next generation of framing pathways that is being advanced under the CMIP umbrella for use in the IPCC AR7. Here we suggest a number of policy research objectives that such a set of framing pathways should ideally fulfil, including mitigation needs for meeting the Paris Agreement objectives, the risks associated with carbon removal strategies, the consequences of delay in enacting that mitigation, guidance for adaptation needs, loss and damage, and for achieving mitigation in the wider context of Societal Development goals. Based on this context we suggest that the next generation of climate scenarios for Earth System Models should evolve towards ‘Representative Emission Pathways’ (REPs) and suggest key categories for such pathways. These ‘framing pathways’ should address the most critical mitigation policy and adaptation needs over the next 5–10 years. In our view the most important categories are those relevant in the context of the Paris Agreement long-term goal, specifically an immediate action (low overshoot) 1.5 °C pathway, and a delayed action (high overshoot) 1.5 °C pathway. Two other key categories are a pathway category approximately in line with current (as expressed by 2023) near- and long-term policy objectives, and a higher emissions category that is approximately in line with “current policies” (as expressed by 2023). We also argue for the scientific and policy relevance in exploring two ‘worlds that could have been’. One of these categories has high emission trajectories well above what is implied by current policies, and the other has very low emission trajectories that assume that global mitigation action in line with limiting warming to 1.5 °C without overshoot had begun in 2015. Finally, we note that timely provision of new scientific information on pathways is critical to inform the development and implementation of climate policy. For the second Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement in 2028, and to inform subsequent development of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) up to 2040, scientific inputs are required well before 2028. These needs should be carefully considered in the development timeline of community modelling activities including those under CMIP7. الملخص. في كل دورة تقييم للهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ، يتم تقييم العديد من السيناريوهات، مع نطاق وتركيز مختلفين في مختلف مجموعات العمل والتقارير الخاصة وفصولها. ضمن التقارير، يتمثل الطموح في دمج المعرفة حول المستقبل المناخي المحتمل عبر مجموعات العمل ومجالات البحث العلمي بناءً على مجموعة صغيرة من "مسارات التأطير"، مثل ما يسمى مسارات RCP من تقرير التقييم الخامس للهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ (AR5) وسيناريوهات SSP - RCP في تقرير التقييم السادس (AR6). يهدف هذا المنظور، الذي بدأته المناقشات في ورشة عمل الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ في بانكوك في أبريل 2023 حول "استخدام السيناريوهات في التقرير التقييمي السادس والتقييمات اللاحقة"، إلى أن يكون أحد مساهمات المجتمع لتسليط الضوء على احتياجات الجيل القادم من مسارات التأطير التي يتم تطويرها تحت مظلة الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ لاستخدامها في التقرير التقييمي السابع للفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ. نقترح هنا عددًا من أهداف أبحاث السياسات التي يجب أن تلبيها مجموعة مسارات التأطير هذه بشكل مثالي، بما في ذلك احتياجات التخفيف لتحقيق أهداف اتفاق باريس، والمخاطر المرتبطة باستراتيجيات إزالة الكربون، وعواقب التأخير في سن هذا التخفيف، وتوجيه احتياجات التكيف، والخسائر والأضرار، ولتحقيق التخفيف في السياق الأوسع لأهداف التنمية المجتمعية. بناءً على هذا السياق، نقترح أن يتطور الجيل التالي من سيناريوهات المناخ لنماذج النظام الأرضي نحو "مسارات الانبعاثات التمثيلية" (REPs) واقتراح الفئات الرئيسية لمثل هذه المسارات. يجب أن تتناول "مسارات التأطير" هذه أهم سياسات التخفيف واحتياجات التكيف على مدى السنوات الخمس إلى العشر القادمة. من وجهة نظرنا، فإن أهم الفئات هي تلك ذات الصلة في سياق الهدف طويل الأجل لاتفاق باريس، وتحديداً مسار الإجراء الفوري (التجاوز المنخفض) 1.5 درجة مئوية، ومسار الإجراء المتأخر (التجاوز العالي) 1.5 درجة مئوية. هناك فئتان رئيسيتان أخريان هما فئة المسار التي تتماشى تقريبًا مع أهداف السياسة الحالية (كما هو معبر عنه بحلول عام 2023) على المدى القريب والطويل، وفئة الانبعاثات الأعلى التي تتماشى تقريبًا مع "السياسات الحالية" (كما هو معبر عنه بحلول عام 2023). كما ندعو إلى الأهمية العلمية والسياسية لاستكشاف "عالمين كان من الممكن أن يكونا". واحدة من هذه الفئات لديها مسارات انبعاثات عالية أعلى بكثير مما تنطوي عليه السياسات الحالية، والأخرى لديها مسارات انبعاثات منخفضة للغاية تفترض أن إجراءات التخفيف العالمية بما يتماشى مع الحد من الاحترار إلى 1.5 درجة مئوية دون تجاوز قد بدأت في عام 2015. أخيرًا، نلاحظ أن توفير المعلومات العلمية الجديدة في الوقت المناسب حول المسارات أمر بالغ الأهمية لإثراء تطوير وتنفيذ سياسة المناخ. بالنسبة للتقييم العالمي الثاني بموجب اتفاقية باريس في عام 2028، وللإبلاغ عن التطوير اللاحق للمساهمات المحددة وطنيًا (NDCs) حتى عام 2040، هناك حاجة إلى مدخلات علمية قبل عام 2028 بوقت طويل. يجب النظر في هذه الاحتياجات بعناية في الجدول الزمني لتطوير أنشطة النمذجة المجتمعية بما في ذلك تلك الموجودة في إطار CMIP7.

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    Authors: Fuss, S; Jones, C D; Kraxner, F; Peters, G P; +10 Authors

    Carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere (CDR) - also known as 'negative emissions' - features prominently in most 2 °C scenarios and has been under increased scrutiny by scientists, citizens, and policymakers. Critics argue that 'negative emission technologies' (NETs) are insufficiently mature to rely on them for climate stabilization. Some even argue that 2 °C is no longer feasible or might have unacceptable social and environmental costs. Nonetheless, the Paris Agreement endorsed an aspirational goal of limiting global warming to even lower levels, arguing that climate impacts - especially for vulnerable nations such as small island states - will be unacceptably severe in a 2 °C world. While there are few pathways to 2 °C that do not rely on negative emissions, 1.5 °C scenarios are barely conceivable without them. Building on previous assessments of NETs, we identify some urgent research needs to provide a more complete picture for reaching ambitious climate targets, and the role that NETs can play in reaching them.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Müller, Viktor Paul; Besler, Malte;

    Supplementary material for peer review Modelling Data (input & results) Literature Review

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  • Authors: Amy E. Zanne; Habacuc Flores‐Moreno; Jeff R. Powell; William K. Cornwell; +96 Authors

    Résumé Les animaux, tels que les termites, ont été largement négligés en tant que moteurs à l'échelle mondiale des cycles biogéochimiques 1,2 , malgré les résultats spécifiques au site 3,4 . Le renouvellement du bois mort, une composante importante du cycle du carbone, est entraîné par de multiples agents de désintégration. Des études se sont concentrées sur les systèmes tempérés 5,6 , où les microbes dominent la désintégration 7 . La désintégration microbienne est sensible à la température, doublant généralement pour une augmentation de 10 °C (désintégration efficace Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Les termites sont des désintégrateurs importants dans les systèmes tropicaux 3,11–13 et diffèrent des microbes par leur dynamique de population, leur dispersion et leur découverte de substrat 14–16 , ce qui signifie que leurs sensibilités climatiques diffèrent également. En utilisant un réseau de 133 sites couvrant 6 continents, nous rapportons la première quantification mondiale sur le terrain des sensibilités à la température et aux précipitations pour les termites et les microbes, fournissant de nouvelles compréhensions de leur réponse aux changements climatiques. La sensibilité à la température de la désintégration microbienne se situait dans les estimations précédentes. La découverte et la consommation de termites étaient toutes deux beaucoup plus sensibles à la température (désintégration effective Q 10 = 6,53), ce qui entraînait des différences frappantes dans le taux de renouvellement du bois mort dans les zones avec et sans termites. Les impacts de termites ont été les plus importants dans les forêts tropicales saisonnières, les savanes et les déserts subtropicaux. Avec la tropicalisation 17 (c.-à-d., le réchauffement se déplace vers un climat tropical), la contribution des termites à la décomposition mondiale du bois augmentera à mesure qu'une plus grande partie de la surface de la terre deviendra accessible aux termites. Resumen Los animales, como las termitas, se han pasado por alto en gran medida como impulsores a escala mundial de los ciclos biogeoquímicos 1,2 , a pesar de los hallazgos específicos del sitio 3,4 . La rotación de la madera muerta, un componente importante del ciclo del carbono, es impulsada por múltiples agentes de descomposición. Los estudios se han centrado en los sistemas templados 5,6 , donde los microbios dominan la descomposición 7 . La descomposición microbiana es sensible a la temperatura, por lo general se duplica por cada aumento de 10 ° C (Q efectiva de descomposición 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Las termitas son desintegradores importantes en los sistemas tropicales 3,11–13 y difieren de los microbios en su dinámica de población, dispersión y descubrimiento de sustratos 14–16 , lo que significa que sus sensibilidades climáticas también difieren. Utilizando una red de 133 sitios que abarcan 6 continentes, informamos la primera cuantificación global basada en el campo de las sensibilidades a la temperatura y la precipitación para termitas y microbios, proporcionando una comprensión novedosa de su respuesta a los climas cambiantes. La sensibilidad a la temperatura de la descomposición microbiana estaba dentro de las estimaciones anteriores. El descubrimiento y el consumo de termitas fueron mucho más sensibles a la temperatura (descomposición efectiva Q 10 = 6.53), lo que llevó a diferencias sorprendentes en la rotación de madera muerta en áreas con y sin termitas. Los impactos de termitas fueron mayores en los bosques tropicales estacionales, las sabanas y los desiertos subtropicales. Con la tropicalización 17 (es decir, el calentamiento cambia a un clima tropical), la contribución de las termitas a la descomposición global de la madera aumentará a medida que más de la superficie de la tierra se vuelva accesible para las termitas. Abstract Animals, such as termites, have largely been overlooked as global-scale drivers of biogeochemical cycles 1,2 , despite site-specific findings 3,4 . Deadwood turnover, an important component of the carbon cycle, is driven by multiple decay agents. Studies have focused on temperate systems 5,6 , where microbes dominate decay 7 . Microbial decay is sensitive to temperature, typically doubling per 10°C increase (decay effective Q 10 = ~2) 8–10 . Termites are important decayers in tropical systems 3,11–13 and differ from microbes in their population dynamics, dispersal, and substrate discovery 14–16 , meaning their climate sensitivities also differ. Using a network of 133 sites spanning 6 continents, we report the first global field-based quantification of temperature and precipitation sensitivities for termites and microbes, providing novel understandings of their response to changing climates. Temperature sensitivity of microbial decay was within previous estimates. Termite discovery and consumption were both much more sensitive to temperature (decay effective Q 10 = 6.53), leading to striking differences in deadwood turnover in areas with and without termites. Termite impacts were greatest in tropical seasonal forests and savannas and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization 17 (i.e., warming shifts to a tropical climate), the termite contribution to global wood decay will increase as more of the earth's surface becomes accessible to termites. تم التغاضي إلى حد كبير عن الحيوانات، مثل النمل الأبيض، كمحركات عالمية النطاق للدورات الكيميائية الجيولوجية الحيوية 1،2 ، على الرغم من النتائج الخاصة بالموقع 3،4 . دوران الخشب الميت، وهو عنصر مهم في دورة الكربون، مدفوع بعوامل اضمحلال متعددة. وقد ركزت الدراسات على النظم المعتدلة 5،6 ، حيث تهيمن الميكروبات على الاضمحلال 7 . يكون الاضمحلال الميكروبي حساسًا لدرجة الحرارة، وعادة ما يتضاعف لكل زيادة 10 درجات مئوية (الاضمحلال الفعال Q 10 =~2) 8–10 . النمل الأبيض من المتحللين المهمين في الأنظمة الاستوائية 3،11-13 ويختلف عن الميكروبات في ديناميكياتها السكانية وانتشارها واكتشاف الركائز 14–16 ، مما يعني أن حساسياتها المناخية تختلف أيضًا. باستخدام شبكة من 133 موقعًا تمتد عبر 6 قارات، نبلغ عن أول قياس كمي ميداني عالمي لدرجات الحرارة وحساسيات هطول الأمطار للنمل الأبيض والميكروبات، مما يوفر فهمًا جديدًا لاستجابتها للمناخ المتغير. كانت حساسية درجة حرارة الاضمحلال الميكروبي ضمن التقديرات السابقة. كان اكتشاف النمل الأبيض واستهلاكه أكثر حساسية لدرجة الحرارة (التحلل الفعال Q 10 = 6.53)، مما أدى إلى اختلافات صارخة في دوران الأخشاب الميتة في المناطق التي تحتوي على النمل الأبيض أو لا تحتوي عليه. كانت آثار النمل الأبيض أكبر في الغابات الموسمية الاستوائية والسافانا والصحاري شبه الاستوائية. مع الاستوائية 17 (أي، يتحول الاحترار إلى مناخ استوائي)، ستزداد مساهمة النمل الأبيض في تحلل الخشب العالمي مع وصول المزيد من سطح الأرض إلى النمل الأبيض.

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  • Authors: Vojtěch Abrahám; Sheila Hicks; Hélèna Svobodova; Elissaveta Bozilova; +29 Authors

    Résumé. La collecte de données modernes sur le pollen spatialement étendues est importante pour l'interprétation des diagrammes de pollen fossile. De tels ensembles de données sont facilement disponibles pour les données en pourcentage, mais manquent pour les taux d'accumulation de pollen (par). Combler cette lacune a été la motivation du réseau de surveillance du pollen, dont les contributeurs ont surveillé le dépôt de pollen dans les pièges de Tauber modifiés pendant plusieurs années ou décennies à travers les latitudes européennes. Nous présentons ici cet ensemble de données de surveillance composé de 351 emplacements de pièges avec un total de 2742 échantillons annuels couvrant la période de 1981 à 2017. Cet ensemble de données montre que les paramètres climatiques en corrélation avec la latitude déterminent la productivité du pollen. Un signal de couvert forestier régional peut être détecté dans les données, tandis que le couvert forestier local semble plus important. Les pièges à pollen situés au-delà de 200 km de la distribution de l'arbre parent collectent encore occasionnellement des grains de pollen de l'arbre en question. Les PAR allant jusqu'à 30 grains cm−2 ans−1 dans le diagramme fossile doivent donc être interprétés comme un transport sur de longues distances. Les comparaisons avec les données fossiles des mêmes zones montrent des valeurs comparables. Les comparaisons démontrent souvent que des valeurs élevées similaires pour les taxons tempérés dans les sites fossiles se trouvent plus au sud ou en descente. Bien que des situations modernes comparables à des PARITÉS élevées de certains taxons (par exemple Corylus) puissent être difficiles à trouver, la fertilisation par le CO2 et l'utilisation des terres peuvent être des PAR modernes élevés qui ne sont pas documentés dans les archives fossiles. Les données modernes sont maintenant accessibles au public dans la base de données de paléoécologie de Neotoma et, espérons-le, servent à améliorer les interprétations des données sur les PAR fossiles. Resumen. La recopilación de datos polínicos modernos espacialmente extensos es importante para la interpretación de los diagramas polínicos fósiles. Dichos conjuntos de datos están fácilmente disponibles para los datos porcentuales, pero carecen de tasas de acumulación de polen (par). Llenar este vacío ha sido la motivación de la red de monitoreo de polen, cuyos contribuyentes monitorearon la deposición de polen en trampas Tauber modificadas durante varios años o décadas en las latitudes europeas. Aquí presentamos este conjunto de datos de monitoreo que consta de 351 ubicaciones de trampas con un total de 2742 muestras anuales que cubren el período de 1981 a 2017. Este conjunto de datos muestra que los parámetros climáticos que se correlacionan con la latitud determinan la productividad del polen. En los datos se puede detectar una señal de cobertura forestal regional, mientras que la cobertura arbórea local parece más importante. Las trampas de polen situadas más allá de 200 km de la distribución del árbol parental todavía están recolectando granos de polen ocasionales del árbol en cuestión. POR lo tanto, los pares de hasta 30 granos cm−2 años−1 en el diagrama fósil deben interpretarse como transporte de larga distancia. Las comparaciones con los datos fósiles de las mismas áreas muestran valores comparables. Las comparaciones a menudo demuestran que valores altos similares para taxones templados en sitios de fósiles se encuentran más al sur o cuesta abajo. Si bien las situaciones modernas comparables a los altos valores PAR de algunos taxones (por ejemplo, Corylus) pueden ser difíciles de encontrar, la fertilización con CO2 y el uso de la tierra pueden presentar altos valores PAR modernos que no están documentados en el registro fósil. Los datos modernos ahora están disponibles públicamente en la Base de Datos de Paleoecología de Neotoma y se espera que sirvan para mejorar las interpretaciones de los datos PAR fósiles. Abstract. The collection of modern spatially extensive pollen data are important for the interpretation of fossil pollen diagrams. Such datasets are readily available for percentage data but lacking for pollen accumulation rates (PAR). Filling this gap has been the motivation of the pollen monitoring network, whose contributors monitored pollen deposition in modified Tauber-traps for several years or decades across European latitudes. Here we present this monitoring dataset consisting of 351 trap locations with a total of 2742 annual samples covering the period from 1981 to 2017. This dataset shows that climate parameters correlating with latitude determine pollen productivity. A signal of regional forest cover can be detected in the data, while local tree cover seems more important. Pollen traps situated beyond 200 km of the distribution of the parent tree are still collecting occasional pollen grains of the tree in question. PAR's of up to 30 grains cm−2yr−1 in fossil diagram should therefore be interpreted as long distance transport. Comparisons to fossil data from the same areas show comparable values. Comparisons often demonstrate that similar high values for temperate taxa in fossils sites are found further south or downhill. While modern situations comparable to high PAR values of some taxa (e.g. Corylus) may be hard to find, CO2 fertilization and land use may case high modern PAR's that are not documented in the fossil record. The modern data is now publically available in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database and hopefully serves improving interpretations of fossil PAR data. الملخص. يعد جمع بيانات حبوب اللقاح الحديثة واسعة النطاق مكانيًا أمرًا مهمًا لتفسير مخططات حبوب اللقاح الأحفورية. مجموعات البيانات هذه متاحة بسهولة لبيانات النسبة المئوية ولكنها تفتقر إلى معدلات تراكم حبوب اللقاح (PAR). كان سد هذه الفجوة هو الدافع وراء شبكة مراقبة حبوب اللقاح، التي راقب المساهمون فيها ترسب حبوب اللقاح في مصائد تاوبر المعدلة لعدة سنوات أو عقود عبر خطوط العرض الأوروبية. نقدم هنا مجموعة بيانات المراقبة هذه التي تتكون من 351 موقع فخ بإجمالي 2742 عينة سنوية تغطي الفترة من 1981 إلى 2017. توضح مجموعة البيانات هذه أن المعلمات المناخية المرتبطة بخط العرض تحدد إنتاجية حبوب اللقاح. يمكن اكتشاف إشارة إلى الغطاء الحرجي الإقليمي في البيانات، في حين يبدو الغطاء الشجري المحلي أكثر أهمية. لا تزال مصائد حبوب اللقاح الواقعة على بعد 200 كم من توزيع الشجرة الأم تجمع حبوب اللقاح العرضية للشجرة المعنية. لذلك يجب تفسير الأجزاء التي تصل إلى 30 حبة سم− 2 سنة −1 في الرسم البياني الأحفوري على أنها نقل لمسافات طويلة. تُظهر المقارنات بالبيانات الأحفورية من نفس المناطق قيمًا قابلة للمقارنة. غالبًا ما تُظهر المقارنات أن القيم العالية المماثلة للأصناف المعتدلة في مواقع الحفريات توجد في الجنوب أو في المنحدرات. في حين أنه قد يكون من الصعب العثور على حالات حديثة مماثلة للقيم الاسمية العالية لبعض الأصناف (مثل كوريلوس)، فإن تسميد ثاني أكسيد الكربون واستخدام الأراضي قد يؤديان إلى ارتفاع القيم الاسمية الحديثة التي لم يتم توثيقها في السجل الأحفوري. البيانات الحديثة متاحة الآن للجمهور في قاعدة بيانات Neotoma Paleoecology ونأمل أن تخدم تحسين تفسيرات بيانات PAR الأحفورية.

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  • Authors: Björn Müller; Christian Reise; N.H. Reich; K. Kiefer; +2 Authors

    In this study, we investigate the Performance Ratio (PR) of about 100 German PV system installations. Annual PRSi for the ~100 systems are found to be ~70%...~90% for year 2010, with a median of ~84%. Monitored PR are found to be systematically lower by ~2%…4% when calculated with irradiation data obtained by pyranometers (henceforth PRPyr) as compared with irradiation amounts measured by reference cells (denoted PRSi). Simulations were performed to determine loss mechanisms of the top ten performing systems, revealing a number of these loss mechanisms may still allow for some optimization. Despite the fact that we do not see such values from our monitoring data base up to now, we believe PRSi values above 90% are realistic even today, using todays commercially available components, and should be expected more frequently in the future for systems in which temperature and irradiation conditions are similar to those prevailing in Germany. This contribution may help in deepening our knowledge on both energy loss mechanisms and efficiency limits on the system level and standardization processes of system aspects. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3922-3929

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