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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dittus, Holger; Kugler, Ulrike; Schmitt, Michael; Özdemir, Enver Doruk;

    Policy makers see electrified vehicles (EV) as one instrument to reduce local air pollution and also towards a mitigation of climate change. It is known that the “real driving” energy demand of conventional vehicles is significantly higher than the norm consumption. However, there is limited knowledge for the real-world energy demand and charging patterns of EV fleets. Furthermore, first user experiences are important for the uptake of the electrified vehicles. There are not many studies in this field either. Last but not least, the environmental effects of electrified vehicles should be compared with the conventional vehicles in order to assure the positive effect. There are several studies, which compared the well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions from conventional and electrified vehicles. However, most of these studies took the yearly electricity mix as basis for the calculations. Therefore, this paper aims to close this knowledge gap by measuring the energy consumption of the electrified vehicle fleets with vehicle data loggers. Furthermore, information on user experiences are gathered by questionnaires. The intentions and expectations are compared and contrasted with the real world driving behaviour of the users. Within the government funded project InitiativE-BW, which started in summer 2014, more than 44 battery electric vehicles (BEV) have been equipped with data loggers in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The project consortium consists of leasing companies, a research institute and a public relations manager to promote the project in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The data loggers are intended to run until the end of 2016. The EVs are mostly used by commercial fleets e.g. in social services, car sharing, IT-services and municipalities. The data logged includes hours of operation, state of charge (SoC), mileages driven, speed statistics and GPS information. First results show that varying ambient temperatures have a significant influence on the BEV energy consumption. Average energy consumption is up to 45% higher during winter months. The influence of the charging behaviour of the users is analysed to evaluate the CO2 emissions of the vehicles based on hourly electricity consumption and specific emission profiles of the available power sources, which might significantly deviate from the yearly electricity mix of the country. Among all participants of InitiativE-BW, expectations and experiences with leased EVs are repeatedly evaluated through questionnaires. The questionnaires aim on user costs, electricity tariffs, expected mileages and predicted needs for electric ranges. So far, survey results indicate that EV technical benefits such as their pronounced acceleration are not commonly known. The paper / presentation will present the project itself and the results of measurements and questionnaires analysis until mid of 2016.

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    Other literature type . 2016
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • Authors: Saade, Max;

    Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Akzeptanz von Lautstärke-Begrenzungen seitens der Besucher*innen von Musik-Veranstaltungen unter Anwendung eines C-bewerteten Schalldruckpegel-Grenzwertes. Im Gegensatz zu einem A-Bewertungsfilter kann ein CBewertungsfilter unterstützen, das gehörschädigende Potenzial hoher tieffrequenter Schalldruckpegel elektronischer Musik-Genre, wie zum Beispiel Techno, abzuschätzen. Dazu wurden, basierend auf einer französischen Verordnung zum Schutz des Publikums von Veranstaltungen vor hohen Schalldrücken (Décret no 2017-1244) sowie der deutschen Norm DIN15905-5, bei sieben Veranstaltungen, bei denen die Musik-Genre EDM, Techno, Tech-House, Psy-Trance und Dubstep geboten wurden, C- und A-bewertete Schalldruckpegel-Grenzwerte festgelegt. Die Besucher*innen der Veranstaltungen, die sich bereit erklärten an der Studie teilzunehmen, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Zufriedenheit gegenüber der Musik-Lautstärke sowie ihrem Besuchsverhalten von Veranstaltungen mit gleichen Musik-Lautstärken befragt. Die 163 Teilnehmer*innen der Umfrage äußerten sich überwiegend positiv zu vorherrschenden Schalldruckpegeln. Mehr als 80% der Teilnehmer*innen würden Musik-Veranstaltungen, die auf Lautstärken von bis zu 118 dB LCeq,15min und 99 dB LAeq,30min begrenzt sind, regelmäßig besuchen. Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Besuchsverhalten und Schalldruckpegel-Schwankungen unterhalb der definierten Grenzwerte um bis zu 9 dB(A,C) konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Bei Veranstaltungen der in dieser Studie überprüften Musik-Genre werden Schalldruckpegel-Begrenzungen auf 118 dB LCeq,15min und 99 dB LAeq,30min vom Publikum akzeptiert und können von Veranstalter*innen zum Schutz des Gehörs der Besucher*innen ohne Einfluss auf das Besuchsverhalten und damit einhergehende wirtschaftliche Aspekte einer Veranstaltung angewandt werden. ; This study examines how visitors of music events accept sound level limits using a Cweighted sound level limit. Unlike A-weighted filters C-weighted filters can assist in assessing the ...

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Scholz, Yvonne;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    DLR publication server
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Other literature type . 2013
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kugler, Florian; Hajnsek, Irena; Papathanassiou, Kostas; Krieger, Gerhard; +1 Authors

    Forest biomass plays a crucial role in the quantification of the terrestrial carbon budget. Today, forest biomass is poorly quantified across most parts of the Earth surface due to the great difficulties in measuring biomass on the ground and consistently aggregating measurements across scales. SAR satellites can provide the required information globally and frequent in order to quantify current biomass state and the changes. Tandem-L is a German mission proposal for an innovative interferometric L-band radar mission that enables the systematic monitoring of dynamic Earth processes using advanced techniques and technologies. The mission is science driven aiming to provide a unique data set for climate and environmental research, geodynamics, hydrology and oceanography. Important application examples are global forest height and structure and the derivation of forest biomass. The Tandem-L mission concept consists of two cooperating satellites flying in close formation. The 3 D structure mode provides a unique data source to observe and quantify changes in forest biomass. This paper provides an overview of the potential of using multi-parametric SAR for forest structure estimation with the derivation of forest biomass and suggests a mission for a global acquisition.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2010
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Walter Leitner; Marcel A. Liauw; Lukas Theodor Vömel;

    The Brønsted acid catalyzed Piancatelli rearrangement of the substrate furfuryl alcohol (FA) to 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (4HCP) with polymeric by products was experimentally investigated in three different reactor types (stirred-tank batch, tubular reactor and continuously stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)). Initially, the influences of the pressure p, proton concentration c(H+), volume fraction toluene ϕ(toluene) and cosolvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone c(NMP) on the selectivity in the tubular reactor were excluded. Subsequently, the reaction parameters temperature T, residence time τ and concentration of the substrate c$_{0}$(FA) were empirically optimized in a self-optimizing tubular reactor. High selectivities were achieved at high temperatures and low initial substrate concentrations. High temperatures and residence times lead to higher conversions. The optimal reaction parameters of the tubular reactor are thus low initial substrate concentrations at high temperatures and a corresponding residence time. In order to generate a kinetic model for the reaction, concentration-time curves (c t) of the reaction from FA to 4HCP were recorded in the three reactors at 180 ≤ T/°C ≤ 240 and 15 ≤ p/bar ≤ 70. The c-t curves were investigated in the tubular reactor with eight models and combined with a convection model, in the batch reactor with four different kinetic models. The models of both reactors were combined to 16 complete models and validated on the c-t curves of the CSTR. It was shown that the concentration curves in both the tubular reactor and the CSTR are best described by the same kinetic model. This confirms the validity and robustness of this kinetic model. The other kinetic models could be excluded by the Akaike information criterion. Three components were considered in the best model: FA, 4HCP and the polymeric by-product. The model shows that the activation energy of the chain growth of the polymers is significantly smaller than that of the product formation to 4HCP. This leads to increased product selectivity at high temperatures. However, since the activation energy of the nucleation of the polymers is higher than that of the product formation to 4HCP, the selectivity reaches a plateau at very high temperatures. In addition, the speed constant of the chain growth of the polymers is smaller than that of the nucleation of the polymers. This relationship leads to higher yields in the tubular reactor than in the CSTR. Therefore, based on the data available in this thesis, a Plug-flow reactor (PFR) is best suited for the Piancatelli rearrangement of furfuryl alcohol due to its low back-mixing. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 167 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2019). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019 Published by Aachen

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationsserver d...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rudolf Schmitt;

    Die deutschsprachige Erziehungswissenschaft hat eine lange Tradition, die denk­leitende Funktion von Metaphern zu reflektieren, bisher jedoch keinen Zugang zur modernen kog­nitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie gefunden. Damit mag zusammenhängen, dass kaum qualita­tive Forschung in der Pädagogik existiert, die Metaphern als alltägliche Deutungsmuster eruiert. Drei Dissertationen aus dem Kontext der Lehrer/innenbildung haben sich dieses Rückstands angenommen: Peter GANSEN elaboriert in dichten Beschreibungen die Rolle der Metapher im kindlichen Denken, um eine "pädagogische Metaphorologie" zu begründen. Sabine MARSCH skizziert die bildlich verfassten subjek­tiven Theorien von Biologie-Lehrenden in Hinblick darauf, welche Metaphern ein aktives Lernen der Schü­ler­/innen ermöglicht. Kai NIEBERT rekonstruiert am Thema des Klimawandels die meta­pho­rische Vorstrukturierung sowohl des zu vermittelnden Wissens als auch des Vorwissens der Lernenden, um aus dem Abgleich der Denkmuster Folgerungen für eine gelingende Didaktik abzuleiten. In ihrer metho­dischen und thematischen Verschiedenheit eröffnen diese drei Arbeiten ein Feld metaphern­analytischer Forschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft, dem viele Folgearbeiten zu wünschen sind.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195 La reflexión sobre la fuerza orientadora de las metáforas es una tradición de larga data en las ciencias de la educación en Alemania. Sin embargo, no se ha hecho conexión con la teoría de la metáfora, que se deriva de la lingüística cognitiva moderna. Esto puede deberse en parte a la falta de estudios cualitativos en ciencias de la educación sobre razonamiento cotidiano. Estos tres estudios doctorales pretenden llenar este vacío, con Peter GANSEN que produce descripciones detalladas de la manera en que los niños utilizan las metáforas y, desarrolla a la vez, una teoría para una "metaforología educativa". Sabine MARSCH, por otro lado, muestra cómo las metáforas dan forma a las teorías subjetivas de la enseñanza y pueden abrir o cerrar el aprendizaje activo. El trabajo de Kai NIEBERT se centra en el análisis y la comparación de las metáforas utilizadas tanto por los teóricos del cambio climático como por los observadores en la cotidianeidad, mientras construye también puentes didácticos. Aunque los tres estudios difieren en cuanto a la metodología y el foco temático, abren un campo de análisis de la metáfora en ciencias de la educación, que esperamos proporcione un estímulo para seguir trabajando en esta área.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195 Reflecting on the guiding force of metaphors is a long-standing tradition in the German-speaking educational sciences. However, no connection is made to the theory of metaphor, which is derived from modern cognitive linguistics. This may in part be due to a lack of qualitative studies in the educational sciences on the subject of everyday reasoning. These three doctoral studies seek to fill the void, with Peter GANSEN producing detailed descriptions of how children use metaphors, whilst also developing a theory for an "educational metaphorology." Sabine MARSCH, on the other hand, shows how metaphors shape subjective theories of teaching and can open or close active learning. Kai NIEBERT's work focuses on an analysis and comparison of metaphors used by both climate change theorists and everyday observers, whilst also building didactical bridges. Although the three studies differ in terms of methodology and thematic focus, they open up the field of metaphor analysis in the educational sciences, hopefully providing stimulus for further work in this area.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fq...
    Article . 2011
    License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fq...
      Article . 2011
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Bruchof, David;

    Vor dem Hintergrund allgemeiner energie- und klimapolitischer Ziele wie der Verringerung der Ölabhängigkeit oder der Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen werden hohe Erwartungen an den Einsatz alternativer Kraftstoffe und Antriebe im Verkehr geknüpft. Unsicherheiten bestehen jedoch in der Frage, welche Kraftstoff-Antriebskombinationen sowohl in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht die besten Voraussetzungen mitbringen, um den gestellten Zielsetzungen gerecht zu werden. Die Beantwortung dieser Frage kann nicht durch eine isolierte Betrachtung des Verkehrssektors erfolgen, sondern erfordert zusätzlich die Berücksichtigung von Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Verkehrssektor und anderen Bereichen des Energiesystems. So müssen beispielsweise die während der Bereitstellung alternativer Kraftstoffe (Well-to-Tank) entstehenden Treibhausgasemissionen oder alternative Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für zur Kraftstoffbereitstellung eingesetzte Energieträger, wie z. B. Biomasse, in die Bewertung einfließen. Gerade im Hinblick auf ihren möglichen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz stehen verkehrspolitische Maßnahmen zur Senkung des Treibhausgasausstoßes zudem nicht nur untereinander sondern auch mit Vermeidungsoptionen in anderen Sektoren des Energiesystems im Wettbewerb. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht daher darin, die mögliche Rolle alternativer Kraftstoffe und Antriebe als Teil einer energiewirtschaftlichen Verkehrsstrategie zu analysieren, welche darauf ausgerichtet ist, im Einklang mit allgemeinen energie- und klimapolitischen Zielen eine umweltverträgliche, bezahlbare und versorgungssichere Mobilitätsbereitstellung in Deutschland und der EU-27 zu gewährleisten. Dazu werden zunächst im Rahmen einer Technologiecharakterisierung unterschiedliche alternative Kraftstoffpfade und Antriebskonzepte bezüglich ihrer derzeitigen und zukünftigen technischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Eigenschaften bis zum Jahr 2050 analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Technologiecharakterisierung werden anschließend zusammengeführt, indem ausgewählte ...

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    Authors: Schroeder, Anika;

    Extreme Wetterereignisse wie Überflutungen und Stürme nehmen an Stärke zu, während andernorts ganz leise der Regen ausbleibt. Ohne Vorräte, Ersparnisse oder Versicherungen bedeuten einzelne Ernteschäden für die Armen im Süden bereits Hunger und Not. Genug Anreiz, umzukehren und unseren Lebensstil umweltgerecht zu gestalten! Doch angesichts dieser Szenarien und Herausforderungen bleibt oft nur Resignation. Wie kann man diese Herausforderungen vermitteln und zum Handeln anregen?

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    Article . 2009
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      Article . 2009
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Besgen, Simone;

    Die fehlende bzw. vornehmlich auf Labortests beruhende Datenlage zur Biogastechnologie war Ausgangspunkt für ein Pilotprojekt und die vorliegende Arbeit, in dem über eine Messperiode von zwei Jahren hinweg praxisrelevante Kenndaten an vier landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen messtechnisch erhoben wurden. Die vier mit einer umfangreichen Messtechnik ausgestatteten Anlagen werden im mesophilen Temperaturbereich betrieben und verwerten neben Wirtschaftsdünger, nachwachsende Rohstoffe und organische Reststoffe. Die durchgeführten Messungen umfassen zum einen den Bereich der Bilanzierung, d. h. die Ermittlung von Gaserträgen, Energieausbeuten und -nutzungen und zum anderen den Bereich der Prozessanalyse. Die Prozessanalyse diente der Untersuchung von Parametern, die Aussagen über die Stabilität des Gärprozesses und der Inhaltsstoffe des Substrates zulassen. Bei den Messungen wurden der energetische In- und Output der Anlagen erfasst. In den vier Biogasanlagen mit einer installierten elektrischen Leistung von 160-200 kW (2.80 kW, 2.100 kW) werden den Fermentern täglich 20-31 t organisches Substrat zugeführt. Die Substratzufuhr erfolgt in Anlehnung an den erforderlichen Biogasbedarf um eine möglichst hohe Auslastung der BHKW zu erreichen. Die Anlagen erzeugen aus dem zugeführten Substrat zwischen 1642 m³/d (160 kW) und 1941 m³/d (200 kW) an Biogas. Im Nachgärer wird ein Anteil von bis zu 32 % der gesamten Gasproduktion erzielt. Das Resultat spricht damit aus ökonomischer sowie ökologischer Sicht für die Ausstattung des Nachgärers mit einem Foliengasspeicher. Das Biogas besteht zu 52,3-59,7 % aus Methangas und 143,2-357,8 ppm Schwefelwasserstoff. Aus dem produzierten Biogas werden täglich 3555 (160 kW el ) bis 4735 (200 kW el ) kWh an Strom sowie 2908 (160 kW el ) bis 3780 (200 kW el ) kWh an Wärme erzeugt. Damit entstehen aus einem Kubikmeter Biogas 1,7 kWhel (80 kW el -Motor) bzw. 2,1 kWhel (100 kW el -Motor) elektrische Energie. Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad der acht untersuchten BHKW beziffert sich bei den beiden 80 ...

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    Authors: Görig, Florian;

    In this paper we will show a way to a paradigm shift in building automation. Air handling units (AHU) play an increasingly important role in the air conditioning of buildings and their energy consumption. Classical approaches in building automation use PID controllers to ensure stable, comfortable and energy efficient operation of AHUs. When using a PID controller, a disturbance is not compensated until it has already caused a measurable change, e.g. in the room temperature. The time from the occurrence of the disturbance to the detection of its influence on the room climate is decisive for the speed with which the control can compensate for the disturbance. The slower the detection, the greater the effect of the disturbance and associated with it, for example, the cost as well as the discomfort of overheating a room. We will show that it is possible to detect the intensity of a disturbance based on a thermal source without waiting for its effect on the room climate. An indicator will be used to estimate the intensity of the thermal sources, based on an evaluation of a high-frequency signal component of a temperature or air velocity measurement. In order to obtain this indicator and the necessary basic understanding, we investigate the relevant properties of thermal convection, as they can occur under comfortable conditions in room air conditioning, using the example of Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC). A rectangular geometry in 2D is heated from below and cooled from above at temperature differences that approximate the heat dissipation of people indoors. The goal is to determine whether structures can be identified in the resulting flow field that can be used to estimate the intensity of the heat sources driving the convection. The convection under the investigated parameters shows a deterministic chaotic behavior. In order to be able to consider the properties of this behavior prototypically and isolated from other disturbing or too specific influences, we use the Lorenz model. The focus is on the use of ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dittus, Holger; Kugler, Ulrike; Schmitt, Michael; Özdemir, Enver Doruk;

    Policy makers see electrified vehicles (EV) as one instrument to reduce local air pollution and also towards a mitigation of climate change. It is known that the “real driving” energy demand of conventional vehicles is significantly higher than the norm consumption. However, there is limited knowledge for the real-world energy demand and charging patterns of EV fleets. Furthermore, first user experiences are important for the uptake of the electrified vehicles. There are not many studies in this field either. Last but not least, the environmental effects of electrified vehicles should be compared with the conventional vehicles in order to assure the positive effect. There are several studies, which compared the well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions from conventional and electrified vehicles. However, most of these studies took the yearly electricity mix as basis for the calculations. Therefore, this paper aims to close this knowledge gap by measuring the energy consumption of the electrified vehicle fleets with vehicle data loggers. Furthermore, information on user experiences are gathered by questionnaires. The intentions and expectations are compared and contrasted with the real world driving behaviour of the users. Within the government funded project InitiativE-BW, which started in summer 2014, more than 44 battery electric vehicles (BEV) have been equipped with data loggers in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The project consortium consists of leasing companies, a research institute and a public relations manager to promote the project in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The data loggers are intended to run until the end of 2016. The EVs are mostly used by commercial fleets e.g. in social services, car sharing, IT-services and municipalities. The data logged includes hours of operation, state of charge (SoC), mileages driven, speed statistics and GPS information. First results show that varying ambient temperatures have a significant influence on the BEV energy consumption. Average energy consumption is up to 45% higher during winter months. The influence of the charging behaviour of the users is analysed to evaluate the CO2 emissions of the vehicles based on hourly electricity consumption and specific emission profiles of the available power sources, which might significantly deviate from the yearly electricity mix of the country. Among all participants of InitiativE-BW, expectations and experiences with leased EVs are repeatedly evaluated through questionnaires. The questionnaires aim on user costs, electricity tariffs, expected mileages and predicted needs for electric ranges. So far, survey results indicate that EV technical benefits such as their pronounced acceleration are not commonly known. The paper / presentation will present the project itself and the results of measurements and questionnaires analysis until mid of 2016.

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  • Authors: Saade, Max;

    Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Akzeptanz von Lautstärke-Begrenzungen seitens der Besucher*innen von Musik-Veranstaltungen unter Anwendung eines C-bewerteten Schalldruckpegel-Grenzwertes. Im Gegensatz zu einem A-Bewertungsfilter kann ein CBewertungsfilter unterstützen, das gehörschädigende Potenzial hoher tieffrequenter Schalldruckpegel elektronischer Musik-Genre, wie zum Beispiel Techno, abzuschätzen. Dazu wurden, basierend auf einer französischen Verordnung zum Schutz des Publikums von Veranstaltungen vor hohen Schalldrücken (Décret no 2017-1244) sowie der deutschen Norm DIN15905-5, bei sieben Veranstaltungen, bei denen die Musik-Genre EDM, Techno, Tech-House, Psy-Trance und Dubstep geboten wurden, C- und A-bewertete Schalldruckpegel-Grenzwerte festgelegt. Die Besucher*innen der Veranstaltungen, die sich bereit erklärten an der Studie teilzunehmen, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Zufriedenheit gegenüber der Musik-Lautstärke sowie ihrem Besuchsverhalten von Veranstaltungen mit gleichen Musik-Lautstärken befragt. Die 163 Teilnehmer*innen der Umfrage äußerten sich überwiegend positiv zu vorherrschenden Schalldruckpegeln. Mehr als 80% der Teilnehmer*innen würden Musik-Veranstaltungen, die auf Lautstärken von bis zu 118 dB LCeq,15min und 99 dB LAeq,30min begrenzt sind, regelmäßig besuchen. Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Besuchsverhalten und Schalldruckpegel-Schwankungen unterhalb der definierten Grenzwerte um bis zu 9 dB(A,C) konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Bei Veranstaltungen der in dieser Studie überprüften Musik-Genre werden Schalldruckpegel-Begrenzungen auf 118 dB LCeq,15min und 99 dB LAeq,30min vom Publikum akzeptiert und können von Veranstalter*innen zum Schutz des Gehörs der Besucher*innen ohne Einfluss auf das Besuchsverhalten und damit einhergehende wirtschaftliche Aspekte einer Veranstaltung angewandt werden. ; This study examines how visitors of music events accept sound level limits using a Cweighted sound level limit. Unlike A-weighted filters C-weighted filters can assist in assessing the ...

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    Authors: Scholz, Yvonne;
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    Authors: Kugler, Florian; Hajnsek, Irena; Papathanassiou, Kostas; Krieger, Gerhard; +1 Authors

    Forest biomass plays a crucial role in the quantification of the terrestrial carbon budget. Today, forest biomass is poorly quantified across most parts of the Earth surface due to the great difficulties in measuring biomass on the ground and consistently aggregating measurements across scales. SAR satellites can provide the required information globally and frequent in order to quantify current biomass state and the changes. Tandem-L is a German mission proposal for an innovative interferometric L-band radar mission that enables the systematic monitoring of dynamic Earth processes using advanced techniques and technologies. The mission is science driven aiming to provide a unique data set for climate and environmental research, geodynamics, hydrology and oceanography. Important application examples are global forest height and structure and the derivation of forest biomass. The Tandem-L mission concept consists of two cooperating satellites flying in close formation. The 3 D structure mode provides a unique data source to observe and quantify changes in forest biomass. This paper provides an overview of the potential of using multi-parametric SAR for forest structure estimation with the derivation of forest biomass and suggests a mission for a global acquisition.

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    Authors: Walter Leitner; Marcel A. Liauw; Lukas Theodor Vömel;

    The Brønsted acid catalyzed Piancatelli rearrangement of the substrate furfuryl alcohol (FA) to 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (4HCP) with polymeric by products was experimentally investigated in three different reactor types (stirred-tank batch, tubular reactor and continuously stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)). Initially, the influences of the pressure p, proton concentration c(H+), volume fraction toluene ϕ(toluene) and cosolvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone c(NMP) on the selectivity in the tubular reactor were excluded. Subsequently, the reaction parameters temperature T, residence time τ and concentration of the substrate c$_{0}$(FA) were empirically optimized in a self-optimizing tubular reactor. High selectivities were achieved at high temperatures and low initial substrate concentrations. High temperatures and residence times lead to higher conversions. The optimal reaction parameters of the tubular reactor are thus low initial substrate concentrations at high temperatures and a corresponding residence time. In order to generate a kinetic model for the reaction, concentration-time curves (c t) of the reaction from FA to 4HCP were recorded in the three reactors at 180 ≤ T/°C ≤ 240 and 15 ≤ p/bar ≤ 70. The c-t curves were investigated in the tubular reactor with eight models and combined with a convection model, in the batch reactor with four different kinetic models. The models of both reactors were combined to 16 complete models and validated on the c-t curves of the CSTR. It was shown that the concentration curves in both the tubular reactor and the CSTR are best described by the same kinetic model. This confirms the validity and robustness of this kinetic model. The other kinetic models could be excluded by the Akaike information criterion. Three components were considered in the best model: FA, 4HCP and the polymeric by-product. The model shows that the activation energy of the chain growth of the polymers is significantly smaller than that of the product formation to 4HCP. This leads to increased product selectivity at high temperatures. However, since the activation energy of the nucleation of the polymers is higher than that of the product formation to 4HCP, the selectivity reaches a plateau at very high temperatures. In addition, the speed constant of the chain growth of the polymers is smaller than that of the nucleation of the polymers. This relationship leads to higher yields in the tubular reactor than in the CSTR. Therefore, based on the data available in this thesis, a Plug-flow reactor (PFR) is best suited for the Piancatelli rearrangement of furfuryl alcohol due to its low back-mixing. Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 167 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2019). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019 Published by Aachen

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18154/rw...
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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      Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Rudolf Schmitt;

    Die deutschsprachige Erziehungswissenschaft hat eine lange Tradition, die denk­leitende Funktion von Metaphern zu reflektieren, bisher jedoch keinen Zugang zur modernen kog­nitiv-linguistischen Metapherntheorie gefunden. Damit mag zusammenhängen, dass kaum qualita­tive Forschung in der Pädagogik existiert, die Metaphern als alltägliche Deutungsmuster eruiert. Drei Dissertationen aus dem Kontext der Lehrer/innenbildung haben sich dieses Rückstands angenommen: Peter GANSEN elaboriert in dichten Beschreibungen die Rolle der Metapher im kindlichen Denken, um eine "pädagogische Metaphorologie" zu begründen. Sabine MARSCH skizziert die bildlich verfassten subjek­tiven Theorien von Biologie-Lehrenden in Hinblick darauf, welche Metaphern ein aktives Lernen der Schü­ler­/innen ermöglicht. Kai NIEBERT rekonstruiert am Thema des Klimawandels die meta­pho­rische Vorstrukturierung sowohl des zu vermittelnden Wissens als auch des Vorwissens der Lernenden, um aus dem Abgleich der Denkmuster Folgerungen für eine gelingende Didaktik abzuleiten. In ihrer metho­dischen und thematischen Verschiedenheit eröffnen diese drei Arbeiten ein Feld metaphern­analytischer Forschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft, dem viele Folgearbeiten zu wünschen sind.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195 La reflexión sobre la fuerza orientadora de las metáforas es una tradición de larga data en las ciencias de la educación en Alemania. Sin embargo, no se ha hecho conexión con la teoría de la metáfora, que se deriva de la lingüística cognitiva moderna. Esto puede deberse en parte a la falta de estudios cualitativos en ciencias de la educación sobre razonamiento cotidiano. Estos tres estudios doctorales pretenden llenar este vacío, con Peter GANSEN que produce descripciones detalladas de la manera en que los niños utilizan las metáforas y, desarrolla a la vez, una teoría para una "metaforología educativa". Sabine MARSCH, por otro lado, muestra cómo las metáforas dan forma a las teorías subjetivas de la enseñanza y pueden abrir o cerrar el aprendizaje activo. El trabajo de Kai NIEBERT se centra en el análisis y la comparación de las metáforas utilizadas tanto por los teóricos del cambio climático como por los observadores en la cotidianeidad, mientras construye también puentes didácticos. Aunque los tres estudios difieren en cuanto a la metodología y el foco temático, abren un campo de análisis de la metáfora en ciencias de la educación, que esperamos proporcione un estímulo para seguir trabajando en esta área.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195 Reflecting on the guiding force of metaphors is a long-standing tradition in the German-speaking educational sciences. However, no connection is made to the theory of metaphor, which is derived from modern cognitive linguistics. This may in part be due to a lack of qualitative studies in the educational sciences on the subject of everyday reasoning. These three doctoral studies seek to fill the void, with Peter GANSEN producing detailed descriptions of how children use metaphors, whilst also developing a theory for an "educational metaphorology." Sabine MARSCH, on the other hand, shows how metaphors shape subjective theories of teaching and can open or close active learning. Kai NIEBERT's work focuses on an analysis and comparison of metaphors used by both climate change theorists and everyday observers, whilst also building didactical bridges. Although the three studies differ in terms of methodology and thematic focus, they open up the field of metaphor analysis in the educational sciences, hopefully providing stimulus for further work in this area.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1103195

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fq...
    Article . 2011
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fq...
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    Authors: Bruchof, David;

    Vor dem Hintergrund allgemeiner energie- und klimapolitischer Ziele wie der Verringerung der Ölabhängigkeit oder der Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen werden hohe Erwartungen an den Einsatz alternativer Kraftstoffe und Antriebe im Verkehr geknüpft. Unsicherheiten bestehen jedoch in der Frage, welche Kraftstoff-Antriebskombinationen sowohl in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht die besten Voraussetzungen mitbringen, um den gestellten Zielsetzungen gerecht zu werden. Die Beantwortung dieser Frage kann nicht durch eine isolierte Betrachtung des Verkehrssektors erfolgen, sondern erfordert zusätzlich die Berücksichtigung von Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Verkehrssektor und anderen Bereichen des Energiesystems. So müssen beispielsweise die während der Bereitstellung alternativer Kraftstoffe (Well-to-Tank) entstehenden Treibhausgasemissionen oder alternative Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für zur Kraftstoffbereitstellung eingesetzte Energieträger, wie z. B. Biomasse, in die Bewertung einfließen. Gerade im Hinblick auf ihren möglichen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz stehen verkehrspolitische Maßnahmen zur Senkung des Treibhausgasausstoßes zudem nicht nur untereinander sondern auch mit Vermeidungsoptionen in anderen Sektoren des Energiesystems im Wettbewerb. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht daher darin, die mögliche Rolle alternativer Kraftstoffe und Antriebe als Teil einer energiewirtschaftlichen Verkehrsstrategie zu analysieren, welche darauf ausgerichtet ist, im Einklang mit allgemeinen energie- und klimapolitischen Zielen eine umweltverträgliche, bezahlbare und versorgungssichere Mobilitätsbereitstellung in Deutschland und der EU-27 zu gewährleisten. Dazu werden zunächst im Rahmen einer Technologiecharakterisierung unterschiedliche alternative Kraftstoffpfade und Antriebskonzepte bezüglich ihrer derzeitigen und zukünftigen technischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Eigenschaften bis zum Jahr 2050 analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Technologiecharakterisierung werden anschließend zusammengeführt, indem ausgewählte ...

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    Authors: Schroeder, Anika;

    Extreme Wetterereignisse wie Überflutungen und Stürme nehmen an Stärke zu, während andernorts ganz leise der Regen ausbleibt. Ohne Vorräte, Ersparnisse oder Versicherungen bedeuten einzelne Ernteschäden für die Armen im Süden bereits Hunger und Not. Genug Anreiz, umzukehren und unseren Lebensstil umweltgerecht zu gestalten! Doch angesichts dieser Szenarien und Herausforderungen bleibt oft nur Resignation. Wie kann man diese Herausforderungen vermitteln und zum Handeln anregen?

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    Article . 2009
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    Authors: Besgen, Simone;

    Die fehlende bzw. vornehmlich auf Labortests beruhende Datenlage zur Biogastechnologie war Ausgangspunkt für ein Pilotprojekt und die vorliegende Arbeit, in dem über eine Messperiode von zwei Jahren hinweg praxisrelevante Kenndaten an vier landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen messtechnisch erhoben wurden. Die vier mit einer umfangreichen Messtechnik ausgestatteten Anlagen werden im mesophilen Temperaturbereich betrieben und verwerten neben Wirtschaftsdünger, nachwachsende Rohstoffe und organische Reststoffe. Die durchgeführten Messungen umfassen zum einen den Bereich der Bilanzierung, d. h. die Ermittlung von Gaserträgen, Energieausbeuten und -nutzungen und zum anderen den Bereich der Prozessanalyse. Die Prozessanalyse diente der Untersuchung von Parametern, die Aussagen über die Stabilität des Gärprozesses und der Inhaltsstoffe des Substrates zulassen. Bei den Messungen wurden der energetische In- und Output der Anlagen erfasst. In den vier Biogasanlagen mit einer installierten elektrischen Leistung von 160-200 kW (2.80 kW, 2.100 kW) werden den Fermentern täglich 20-31 t organisches Substrat zugeführt. Die Substratzufuhr erfolgt in Anlehnung an den erforderlichen Biogasbedarf um eine möglichst hohe Auslastung der BHKW zu erreichen. Die Anlagen erzeugen aus dem zugeführten Substrat zwischen 1642 m³/d (160 kW) und 1941 m³/d (200 kW) an Biogas. Im Nachgärer wird ein Anteil von bis zu 32 % der gesamten Gasproduktion erzielt. Das Resultat spricht damit aus ökonomischer sowie ökologischer Sicht für die Ausstattung des Nachgärers mit einem Foliengasspeicher. Das Biogas besteht zu 52,3-59,7 % aus Methangas und 143,2-357,8 ppm Schwefelwasserstoff. Aus dem produzierten Biogas werden täglich 3555 (160 kW el ) bis 4735 (200 kW el ) kWh an Strom sowie 2908 (160 kW el ) bis 3780 (200 kW el ) kWh an Wärme erzeugt. Damit entstehen aus einem Kubikmeter Biogas 1,7 kWhel (80 kW el -Motor) bzw. 2,1 kWhel (100 kW el -Motor) elektrische Energie. Der elektrische Wirkungsgrad der acht untersuchten BHKW beziffert sich bei den beiden 80 ...

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    Authors: Görig, Florian;

    In this paper we will show a way to a paradigm shift in building automation. Air handling units (AHU) play an increasingly important role in the air conditioning of buildings and their energy consumption. Classical approaches in building automation use PID controllers to ensure stable, comfortable and energy efficient operation of AHUs. When using a PID controller, a disturbance is not compensated until it has already caused a measurable change, e.g. in the room temperature. The time from the occurrence of the disturbance to the detection of its influence on the room climate is decisive for the speed with which the control can compensate for the disturbance. The slower the detection, the greater the effect of the disturbance and associated with it, for example, the cost as well as the discomfort of overheating a room. We will show that it is possible to detect the intensity of a disturbance based on a thermal source without waiting for its effect on the room climate. An indicator will be used to estimate the intensity of the thermal sources, based on an evaluation of a high-frequency signal component of a temperature or air velocity measurement. In order to obtain this indicator and the necessary basic understanding, we investigate the relevant properties of thermal convection, as they can occur under comfortable conditions in room air conditioning, using the example of Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC). A rectangular geometry in 2D is heated from below and cooled from above at temperature differences that approximate the heat dissipation of people indoors. The goal is to determine whether structures can be identified in the resulting flow field that can be used to estimate the intensity of the heat sources driving the convection. The convection under the investigated parameters shows a deterministic chaotic behavior. In order to be able to consider the properties of this behavior prototypically and isolated from other disturbing or too specific influences, we use the Lorenz model. The focus is on the use of ...

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