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This repository contains the dataset linked to the following publication: Article title: Synergistic effects of warming and internal nutrient loading interfere with the long-term stability of lake restoration and induce sudden re-eutrophication Journal: Environmental Science & Technology DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07181 Abstract: Phosphorus (P) precipitation is among the most effective treatments to mitigate lake eutrophication. However, after a period of high effectiveness, studies have shown possible re-eutrophication and the return of harmful algal blooms. While such abrupt ecological changes were attributed to the internal P loading, the role of lake warming and its potential synergistic effects with internal loading, thus far, has been understudied. Here, in a eutrophic lake in central Germany, we quantified the driving mechanisms of the abrupt re-eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms in 2016 (30 years after the first P precipitation). A process-based lake ecosystem model (GOTM-WET) was established using a high-frequency monitoring dataset covering contrasting trophic states. Model analyses suggested that the internal P release accounted for 68% of the cyanobacterial biomass proliferation, while lake warming contributed to 32%, including direct effects via promoting growth (18%) and synergistic effects via intensifying internal P loading (14%). The model further showed that the synergy was attributed to prolonged lake hypolimnion warming and oxygen depletion. Our study unravels the substantial role of lake warming in promoting cyanobacterial blooms in re-eutrophicated lakes. The warming effects on cyanobacteria via promoting internal loading need more attention in lake management, particularly for urban lakes. SYNOPSIS: Warming synergistically promotes re-eutrophication with internal nutrient loading and exacerbates cyanobacterial blooms in urban lakes 30 years after phosphorus mitigation. Data description by Xiangzhen Kong (xzkong@niglas.ac.cn), 2023-02-20 ---Wet chemical analysis on water samples taken at five depths (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 m) from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) at biweekly intervals from 2018.5-2021.8. File name: BAB_BA1_TN_mgL.obs (total nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_NH4_mgL.obs (ammonium nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_NO3_mgL.obs (nitrate nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_TP_mgL.obs (total phosphorus concentration) BAB_BA1_SRP_mgL.obs (Soluble reactive phosphorus concentration) BAB_BA1_DP_mgL.obs (dissolved P concentration) BAB_BA1_DOC_mgL.obs (Dissolved organic carbon concentration) BAB_BA1_Si_mgL.obs (dissolved silicon concentration) BAB_BA1_Chla_HPLC_DIN_mgL.obs (Chl-a concentration) ---CTD probe profile data from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) from 2017.8 to 2021.8 at biweekly basis with approximately 0.1 m vertical resolution File name: t_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (water temperature) oxy_prof_file_barleber_ctm644 (Dissolved oxygen) turb_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (Turbidity) chla_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (Chl-a concentration) ---BBE probe profile data from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) from 2017.8 to 2021.8 at biweekly basis with approximately 0.1 m vertical resolution File name: totalChla_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Chl-a concentration) bluegreen_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Blue-green algae Chl-a concentration) green_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Green algae Chl-a concentration) diatom_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Diatom Chl-a concentration)

Abstract Shallow lakes can shift between stable states as a result of anthropogenic or natural drivers. Four common stable states differ in dominant groups of primary producers: submerged, floating, or emergent macrophytes or phytoplankton. Shifts in primary producer dominance affect key supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services supplied by lakes. However, links between states and services are often neglected or unknown in lake management, resulting in conflicts and additional costs. Here, we identify major shallow lake ecosystem services and their links to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), compare service provisioning among the four ecosystem states and discuss potential trade‐offs. We identified 39 ecosystem services potentially provided by shallow lakes. Submerged macrophytes facilitate most of the supporting (86%) and cultural (63%) services, emergent macrophytes facilitate most regulating services (60%), and both emergent and floating macrophytes facilitate most provisioning services (63%). Phytoplankton dominance supports fewer ecosystem services, and contributes most to provisioning services (42%). The shallow lake ecosystem services we identified could be linked to 10 different SDGs, notably zero hunger (SDG 2), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG13). We highlighted several trade‐offs (1) among ecosystem services, (2) within ecosystem services, and (3) between ecosystem services across ecosystems. These trade‐offs can have significant ecological and economic consequences that may be prevented by early identification in water quality management. In conclusion, common stable states in shallow lakes provide a different and diverse set of ecosystem services with numerous links to the majority of SDGs. Conserving and restoring ecosystem states should account for potential trade‐offs between ecosystem services and preserving the natural value of shallow lakes.