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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arun K. Bose; Jiří Doležal; Daniel Scherrer; Jan Altman; +32 Authors

    Les forêts subissent des risques croissants de mortalité des arbres induite par la sécheresse. Les schémas de remplacement des espèces après la mortalité peuvent avoir un impact significatif sur le cycle mondial du carbone. Parmi les principaux feuillus, les chênes à feuilles caduques (Quercus spp.) sont de plus en plus signalés comme remplaçant les conifères mourants dans l'hémisphère Nord. Pourtant, nos connaissances sur les réponses de croissance de ces chênes à la sécheresse sont incomplètes, en particulier en ce qui concerne les effets de l'héritage post-sécheresse. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer l'occurrence, la durée et l'ampleur des effets hérités des sécheresses extrêmes et comment cela varie selon les espèces, les sites et les caractéristiques de la sécheresse. Les effets hérités ont été quantifiés par la déviation des indices de croissance radiale observés par rapport aux indices de croissance radiale attendus au cours de la période 1940–2016. Nous avons utilisé des chronologies au niveau des peuplements provenant de 458 sites et de 21 espèces de chênes provenant principalement d'Europe, d'Amérique du Nord-Est et d'Asie orientale. Nous avons constaté que les effets hérités des sécheresses pouvaient durer de 1 à 5 ans après la sécheresse et étaient plus prolongés dans les sites secs. Les effets négatifs sur l'héritage (c.-à-d. une croissance plus faible que prévu) étaient plus fréquents après des sécheresses répétitives dans les sites secs. L'effet de la sécheresse répétitive était plus fort chez les chênes méditerranéens, en particulier chez Quercus faginea. Les analyses spécifiques aux espèces ont révélé que Q. petraea et Q. macrocarpa des sites secs étaient plus négativement affectés par les sécheresses tandis que la croissance de plusieurs espèces de chênes des sites mésiques augmentait pendant les années post-sécheresse. Les sites montrant des corrélations positives avec la température hivernale ont montré peu ou pas de dépression de croissance après la sécheresse, tandis que les sites avec une corrélation positive avec le bilan hydrique estival précédent ont montré une diminution de la croissance. Cela peut indiquer que, bien que le réchauffement hivernal favorise la croissance des arbres pendant les sécheresses, les précipitations estivales de l'année précédente peuvent prédisposer les chênes aux sécheresses extrêmes de l'année en cours. Nos résultats ont révélé un rôle massif des sécheresses répétitives dans la détermination des effets patrimoniaux et ont mis en évidence comment la sensibilité de la croissance au climat, la saisonnalité de la sécheresse et les traits spécifiques aux espèces déterminent les effets patrimoniaux chez les espèces de chênes à feuilles caduques. Los bosques corren un riesgo creciente de mortalidad arbórea inducida por la sequía. Los patrones de reemplazo de especies después de la mortalidad pueden tener un impacto significativo en el ciclo global del carbono. Entre las principales maderas duras, se informa cada vez más que los robles caducifolios (Quercus spp.) reemplazan a las coníferas moribundas en todo el hemisferio norte. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre las respuestas de crecimiento de estos robles a la sequía es incompleto, especialmente con respecto a los efectos heredados posteriores a la sequía. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la ocurrencia, duración y magnitud de los efectos heredados de las sequías extremas y cómo varían según las especies, los sitios y las características de la sequía. Los efectos heredados se cuantificaron por la desviación de los índices de crecimiento radial esperados observados en el período 1940–2016. Utilizamos cronologías a nivel de stand de 458 sitios y 21 especies de roble, principalmente de Europa, el noreste de América y el este de Asia. Descubrimos que los efectos heredados de las sequías podían durar de 1 a 5 años después de la sequía y eran más prolongados en sitios secos. Los efectos negativos heredados (es decir, un crecimiento menor de lo esperado) fueron más frecuentes después de sequías repetitivas en sitios secos. El efecto de la sequía repetitiva fue más fuerte en los robles mediterráneos, especialmente en Quercus faginea. Los análisis específicos de la especie revelaron que Q. petraea y Q. macrocarpa de sitios secos se vieron más negativamente afectados por las sequías, mientras que el crecimiento de varias especies de roble de sitios mesicos aumentó durante los años posteriores a la sequía. Los sitios que mostraron correlaciones positivas con la temperatura invernal mostraron poca o ninguna depresión del crecimiento después de la sequía, mientras que los sitios con una correlación positiva con el balance hídrico del verano anterior mostraron un crecimiento disminuido. Esto puede indicar que, aunque el calentamiento invernal favorece el crecimiento de los árboles durante las sequías, las precipitaciones de verano del año anterior pueden predisponer a los robles a las sequías extremas del año en curso. Nuestros resultados revelaron un papel masivo de las sequías repetitivas en la determinación de los efectos heredados y destacaron cómo la sensibilidad del crecimiento al clima, la estacionalidad de la sequía y los rasgos específicos de las especies impulsan los efectos heredados en las especies de roble caducifolio. Forests are undergoing increasing risks of drought-induced tree mortality. Species replacement patterns following mortality may have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. Among major hardwoods, deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.) are increasingly reported as replacing dying conifers across the Northern Hemisphere. Yet, our knowledge on the growth responses of these oaks to drought is incomplete, especially regarding post-drought legacy effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence, duration, and magnitude of legacy effects of extreme droughts and how that vary across species, sites, and drought characteristics. The legacy effects were quantified by the deviation of observed from expected radial growth indices in the period 1940–2016. We used stand-level chronologies from 458 sites and 21 oak species primarily from Europe, north-eastern America, and eastern Asia. We found that legacy effects of droughts could last from 1 to 5 years after the drought and were more prolonged in dry sites. Negative legacy effects (i.e., lower growth than expected) were more prevalent after repetitive droughts in dry sites. The effect of repetitive drought was stronger in Mediterranean oaks especially of Quercus faginea. Species-specific analyses revealed that Q. petraea and Q. macrocarpa from dry sites were more negatively affected by the droughts while growth of several oak species from mesic sites increased during post-drought years. Sites showing positive correlations to winter temperature showed little to no growth depression after drought, whereas sites with a positive correlation to previous summer water balance showed decreased growth. This may indicate that although winter warming favors tree growth during droughts, previous-year summer precipitation may predispose oak trees to current-year extreme droughts. Our results revealed a massive role of repetitive droughts in determining legacy effects and highlighted how growth sensitivity to climate, drought seasonality and species-specific traits drive the legacy effects in deciduous oak species. تتعرض الغابات لمخاطر متزايدة من نفوق الأشجار بسبب الجفاف. قد يكون لأنماط استبدال الأنواع بعد الوفاة تأثير كبير على دورة الكربون العالمية. من بين الأخشاب الصلبة الرئيسية، يتم الإبلاغ بشكل متزايد عن أن أشجار البلوط المتساقطة (Quercus spp.) تحل محل الصنوبريات الميتة في جميع أنحاء نصف الكرة الشمالي. ومع ذلك، فإن معرفتنا باستجابات النمو لهذه البلوط للجفاف غير مكتملة، خاصة فيما يتعلق بآثار إرث ما بعد الجفاف. كانت أهداف هذه الدراسة هي تحديد حدوث ومدة وحجم الآثار القديمة للجفاف الشديد وكيف يختلف ذلك عبر الأنواع والمواقع وخصائص الجفاف. تم قياس الآثار القديمة من خلال الانحراف الملحوظ عن مؤشرات النمو الشعاعي المتوقعة في الفترة 1940–2016. استخدمنا التسلسل الزمني على مستوى الوقوف من 458 موقعًا و 21 نوعًا من البلوط في المقام الأول من أوروبا وشمال شرق أمريكا وشرق آسيا. وجدنا أن الآثار القديمة للجفاف يمكن أن تستمر من 1 إلى 5 سنوات بعد الجفاف وكانت أطول في المواقع الجافة. كانت الآثار القديمة السلبية (أي نمو أقل مما كان متوقعًا) أكثر انتشارًا بعد الجفاف المتكرر في المواقع الجافة. كان تأثير الجفاف المتكرر أقوى في أشجار البلوط المتوسطية خاصةً من سعف البحر الأبيض المتوسط. كشفت التحليلات الخاصة بالأنواع أن Q. petraea و Q. macrocarpa من المواقع الجافة تأثرا سلبًا أكثر بالجفاف بينما زاد نمو العديد من أنواع البلوط من المواقع الإنسية خلال سنوات ما بعد الجفاف. أظهرت المواقع التي تظهر ارتباطات إيجابية لدرجة حرارة الشتاء انخفاضًا طفيفًا أو معدومًا في النمو بعد الجفاف، في حين أظهرت المواقع ذات الارتباط الإيجابي بتوازن المياه في الصيف السابق انخفاضًا في النمو. قد يشير هذا إلى أنه على الرغم من أن الاحترار الشتوي يفضل نمو الأشجار أثناء الجفاف، إلا أن هطول الأمطار في الصيف في العام السابق قد يهيئ أشجار البلوط للجفاف الشديد في العام الحالي. كشفت نتائجنا عن دور هائل للجفاف المتكرر في تحديد الآثار القديمة وأبرزت كيف أن حساسية النمو للمناخ وموسمية الجفاف والسمات الخاصة بالأنواع تدفع الآثار القديمة في أنواع البلوط المتساقطة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/gk...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/94...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
      License: CC BY
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/gk...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/94...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joachim Zhu; Joachim Zhu; Anne Thimonier; Sophia Etzold; +7 Authors

    Leaf morphological traits (LMTs) of forest trees have been observed to vary across space and species. However, long-term records of LMTs are scarce, due to a lack of measurements and systematic leaf archives. This leaves a large gap in our understanding of the temporal dynamics and drivers of LMT variations, which may help us understand tree acclimation strategies. In our study, we used long-term LMT measurements from foliar material collections of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), performed every second year from 1995 to 2019 on the same trees within the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Program LWF. The 11 study plots (6 beech, 4 spruce, and 1 mixed) are distributed along gradients of elevation (485–1,650 m a.s.l.), mean annual precipitation (935–2142 mm), and mean annual temperature (3.2–9.8°C). The investigated LMTs were (i) leaf or needle mass, (ii) leaf area or needle length, and (iii) leaf mass per area or needle mass per length. We combined this unique data set with plot variables and long-term data on potential temporal drivers of LMT variations, including meteorological and tree trait data. We used univariate linear regressions and linear mixed-effects models to identify the main spatial and temporal drivers of LMT variations, respectively. For beech LMTs, our temporal analysis revealed effects of mast year and crown defoliation, and legacy effects of vapor pressure deficit and temperature in summer and autumn of the preceding year, but no clear long-term trend was observed. In contrast, spruce LMTs were mainly driven by current-year spring conditions, and only needle mass per length showed a decreasing long-term trend over the study period. In temporal models, we observed that LMTs of both species were influenced by elevation and foliar nutrient concentrations, and this finding was partly confirmed by our spatial analyses. Our results demonstrate the importance of temporal analysis for determining less recognized drivers and legacy effects that influence LMTs, which are difficult to determine across space and species. The observed differences in the temporal drivers of beech and spruce LMTs suggest differences in the adaptation and acclimation potential of the two species.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Forests...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Forests...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Niu, S.; Luo, Y.; Fei, S.; Yuan, W.; +67 Authors

    • It is well established that individual organisms can acclimate and adapt to temperature to optimize their functioning. However, thermal optimization of ecosystems, as an assemblage of organisms, has not been examined at broad spatial and temporal scales. • Here, we compiled data from 169 globally distributed sites of eddy covariance and quantified the temperature response functions of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), an ecosystem-level property, to determine whether NEE shows thermal optimality and to explore the underlying mechanisms. • We found that the temperature response of NEE followed a peak curve, with the optimum temperature (corresponding to the maximum magnitude of NEE) being positively correlated with annual mean temperature over years and across sites. Shifts of the optimum temperature of NEE were mostly a result of temperature acclimation of gross primary productivity (upward shift of optimum temperature) rather than changes in the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration. • Ecosystem-level thermal optimality is a newly revealed ecosystem property, presumably reflecting associated evolutionary adaptation of organisms within ecosystems, and has the potential to significantly regulate ecosystem-climate change feedbacks. The thermal optimality of NEE has implications for understanding fundamental properties of ecosystems in changing environments and benchmarking global models.

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    New Phytologist
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: CNR ExploRA
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    New Phytologist
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      New Phytologist
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      New Phytologist
      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Sophia Etzold; Kasia Ziemińska; Brigitte Rohner; Alessandra Bottero; +6 Authors

    Climate-induced tree mortality became a global phenomenon during the last century and it is expected to increase in many regions in the future along with a further increase in the frequency of drought and heat events. However, tree mortality at the ecosystem level remains challenging to quantify since long-term, tree-individual, reliable observations are scarce. Here, we present a unique data set of monitoring records from 276 permanent plots located in 95 forest stands across Switzerland, which include five major European tree species (Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, European beech, and sessile and common oak) and cover a time span of over one century (1898–2013), with inventory periods of 5–10 years. The long-term average annual mortality rate of the investigated forest stands was 1.5%. In general, species-specific annual mortality rates did not consistently increase over the last decades, except for Scots pine forests at lower altitudes, which exhibited a clear increase of mortality since the 1960s. Temporal trends of tree mortality varied also depending on diameter at breast height (DBH), with large trees generally experiencing an increase in mortality, while mortality of small trees tended to decrease. Normalized mortality rates were remarkably similar between species and a modest, but a consistent and steady increasing trend was apparent throughout the study period. Mixed effects models revealed that gradually changing stand parameters (stand basal area and stand age) had the strongest impact on mortality rates, modulated by climate, which had increasing importance during the last decades. Hereby, recent climatic changes had highly variable effects on tree mortality rates, depending on the species in combination with abiotic and biotic stand and site conditions. This suggests that forest species composition and species ranges may change under future climate conditions. Our data set highlights the complexity of forest dynamical processes such as long-term, gradual changes of forest structure, demography and species composition, which together with climate determine mortality rates. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10 ISSN:1664-462X

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Dirk Nikolaus Karger; Elisabet Martínez-Sancho; David I. Forrester; Andreas Bolte; +25 Authors

    Des études récentes ont identifié de fortes relations entre le rétablissement retardé de la croissance des arbres après la sécheresse et la mortalité des arbres causée par les sécheresses ultérieures. Ces observations soulèvent des inquiétudes quant aux services écosystémiques forestiers et à la reprise de la croissance après la sécheresse, compte tenu de l'augmentation prévue de la fréquence et des extrêmes de sécheresse. Pour quantifier l'impact des sécheresses extrêmes sur la croissance radiale des arbres, nous avons utilisé un réseau de données sur la largeur des cernes de 1689 arbres provenant de 100 sites représentant la majeure partie de la distribution de deux espèces de chênes à feuilles caduques tolérantes à la sécheresse (Quercus petraea et Quercus robur). Nous avons d'abord examiné quels facteurs climatiques et quelles saisons contrôlent la croissance des deux espèces et s'il existe une tendance latitudinale, longitudinale ou altimétrique. Nous avons ensuite quantifié l'écart relatif par rapport à la croissance d'avant la sécheresse pendant les sécheresses et la rapidité avec laquelle les arbres ont pu récupérer le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse. Nos résultats ont montré que la croissance était plus liée aux précipitations et au bilan hydrique climatique (précipitations moins évapotranspiration potentielle) qu'à la température. Cependant, nous n'avons pas détecté de tendances latitudinales, longitudinales ou altimétriques claires, sauf une influence décroissante du bilan hydrique estival sur la croissance de Q. petraea avec latitude. Aucune des deux espèces n'a été en mesure de maintenir le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse pendant les sécheresses. Cependant, les deux espèces ont montré un rétablissement rapide ou même une compensation de la croissance après les sécheresses estivales, mais ont montré un lent rétablissement en réponse aux sécheresses printanières où aucune des deux espèces n'a été en mesure de récupérer complètement le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse au cours des trois années suivant la sécheresse. Collectivement, nos résultats indiquent que les chênes considérés comme résistants aux sécheresses extrêmes ont également montré une vulnérabilité lorsque les sécheresses se produisaient au printemps, en particulier sur les sites où la croissance à long terme n'est pas significativement corrélée avec les facteurs climatiques. Cette meilleure compréhension du rôle de la saisonnalité de la sécheresse et de la sensibilité climatique des sites est essentielle pour mieux prédire les trajectoires de reprise de la croissance post-sécheresse en réponse au climat plus sec prévu pour l'Europe. Estudios recientes han identificado fuertes relaciones entre el retraso en la recuperación del crecimiento de los árboles después de la sequía y la mortalidad de los árboles causada por las sequías posteriores. Estas observaciones plantean preocupaciones sobre los servicios de los ecosistemas forestales y la recuperación del crecimiento posterior a la sequía, dado el aumento proyectado en la frecuencia y los extremos de la sequía. Para cuantificar el impacto de las sequías extremas en el crecimiento radial de los árboles, utilizamos una red de datos de ancho de anillos de árboles de 1689 árboles de 100 sitios que representan la mayor parte de la distribución de dos especies de roble caducifolio tolerantes a la sequía (Quercus petraea y Quercus robur). Primero examinamos qué factores climáticos y estaciones controlan el crecimiento de las dos especies y si hay alguna tendencia latitudinal, longitudinal o de elevación. Luego cuantificamos la desviación relativa del crecimiento previo a la sequía durante las sequías y la rapidez con que los árboles pudieron recuperar el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el crecimiento estaba más relacionado con la precipitación y el equilibrio hídrico climático (precipitación menos evapotranspiración potencial) que con la temperatura. Sin embargo, no detectamos ninguna tendencia latitudinal, longitudinal o de elevación clara, excepto una influencia decreciente del equilibrio hídrico de verano en el crecimiento de Q. petraea con latitud. Ninguna de las especies pudo mantener el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía durante las sequías. Sin embargo, ambas especies mostraron una recuperación rápida o incluso una compensación de crecimiento después de las sequías de verano, pero mostraron una recuperación lenta en respuesta a las sequías de primavera, donde ninguna de las dos especies pudo recuperar completamente el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía durante los tres años posteriores a la sequía. En conjunto, nuestros resultados indican que los robles que se consideran resistentes a las sequías extremas también han mostrado vulnerabilidad cuando las sequías ocurrieron en primavera, especialmente en sitios donde el crecimiento a largo plazo no se correlaciona significativamente con los factores climáticos. Esta mejor comprensión del papel de la estacionalidad de la sequía y la sensibilidad climática de los sitios es clave para predecir mejor las trayectorias de la recuperación del crecimiento posterior a la sequía en respuesta al clima más seco proyectado para Europa. Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe. وقد حددت الدراسات الحديثة علاقات قوية بين الانتعاش المتأخر لنمو الأشجار بعد الجفاف ووفيات الأشجار الناجمة عن الجفاف اللاحق. تثير هذه الملاحظات مخاوف بشأن خدمات النظم الإيكولوجية للغابات والانتعاش في مرحلة ما بعد الجفاف بالنظر إلى الزيادة المتوقعة في تواتر الجفاف والظواهر المتطرفة. لقياس تأثير الجفاف الشديد على النمو الشعاعي للأشجار، استخدمنا شبكة من بيانات عرض حلقة الأشجار من 1689 شجرة من 100 موقع تمثل معظم توزيع نوعين من البلوط المتسامح مع الجفاف (Quercus petraea و Quercus robur). قمنا أولاً بفحص العوامل المناخية والمواسم التي تتحكم في نمو النوعين وما إذا كان هناك أي اتجاه عرضي أو طولي أو ارتفاعي. ثم قمنا بقياس الابتعاد النسبي عن نمو ما قبل الجفاف أثناء الجفاف، ومدى سرعة قدرة الأشجار على استعادة مستوى نمو ما قبل الجفاف. أظهرت نتائجنا أن النمو كان أكثر ارتباطًا بهطول الأمطار والتوازن المائي المناخي (هطول الأمطار ناقص التبخر والنتح المحتمل) من درجة الحرارة. ومع ذلك، لم نكتشف أي اتجاهات عرضية أو طولية أو ارتفاعية واضحة باستثناء تأثير متناقص لتوازن المياه الصيفية على نمو Q. petraea مع خط العرض. لم يتمكن أي من النوعين من الحفاظ على مستوى نمو ما قبل الجفاف أثناء الجفاف. ومع ذلك، أظهر كلا النوعين انتعاشًا سريعًا أو حتى تعويضًا عن النمو بعد الجفاف الصيفي، لكنهما أظهرا انتعاشًا بطيئًا استجابةً للجفاف الربيعي حيث لم يتمكن أي من النوعين من التعافي الكامل من مستوى النمو قبل الجفاف على مدى سنوات ما بعد الجفاف الثلاث. بشكل جماعي، تشير نتائجنا إلى أن أشجار البلوط التي تعتبر مرنة في مواجهة الجفاف الشديد أظهرت أيضًا ضعفًا عند حدوث الجفاف في الربيع خاصة في المواقع التي لا يرتبط فيها النمو طويل الأجل ارتباطًا كبيرًا بالعوامل المناخية. يعد هذا الفهم المحسن لدور موسمية الجفاف وحساسية المناخ للمواقع أمرًا أساسيًا للتنبؤ بشكل أفضل بمسارات تعافي النمو بعد الجفاف استجابة للمناخ الأكثر جفافًا المتوقع لأوروبا.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Tom Levanič; Frank Jacob; Manuel Nicolas; Maria Schmitt; +24 Authors

    Resource allocation to different plant tissues is likely to be affected by high investment into fruit production during mast years. However, there is a large knowledge gap concerning species-specific differences in resource dynamics. We investigated the influence of mast years on stem growth, leaf production, and leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, and Q. robur at continental and climate region scales using long-term data from the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) and similar datasets. We discussed the results in the light of opposing resource dynamics hypotheses: (i) resource accumulation before mast years and exhaustion after mast years (resource storage hypothesis), (ii) shifting resources from vegetative to generative compartments (resource switching hypothesis), and (iii) investing resources concurrently in both vegetative and generative compartments (resource matching hypothesis). Linear mixed-effects modelling (LMM) showed that both stem growth and leaf production were negatively influenced by weather conditions which simultaneously lead to high fruit production. Thus, the impact of generative on vegetative growth is intermixed with effects of environmental factors. Superposed epoch analyses and LMM showed that for mast behaviour in F. sylvatica, there are indicators supporting the resource storage and the resource switching hypotheses. Before mast years, resources were accumulated, while during mast years resources switched from vegetative to generative tissues with reduced stem and leaf growth. For the Quercus species, stem growth was reduced after mast years, which supports the resource storage hypothesis. LMM showed that leaf C concentrations did not change with increasing fruit production in neither species. Leaf N and P concentrations increased in F. sylvatica, but not in Quercus species. Leaf N and P contents decreased with increasing fruit production in all species, as did leaf C content in F. sylvatica. Overall, our findings suggest different resource dynamics strategies in F. sylvatica and Quercus species, which might lead to differences in their adaptive capacity to a changing climate.

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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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    Authors: Sophia Etzold; Päivi Merilä; Anne Thimonier; Sue Benham; +25 Authors

    Changing environmental conditions may substantially interact with site quality and forest stand characteristics, and impact forest growth and carbon sequestration. Understanding the impact of the various drivers of forest growth is therefore critical to predict how forest ecosystems can respond to climate change. We conducted a continental-scale analysis of recent (1995–2010) forest volume increment data (ΔVol, m3 ha−1 yr−1), obtained from ca. 100,000 coniferous and broadleaved trees in 442 even-aged, single-species stands across 23 European countries. We used multivariate statistical approaches, such as mixed effects models and structural equation modelling to investigate how European forest growth respond to changes in 11 predictors, including stand characteristics, climate conditions, air and site quality, as well as their interactions. We found that, despite the large environmental gradients encompassed by the forests examined, stand density and age were key drivers of forest growth. We further detected a positive, in some cases non-linear effect of N deposition, most pronounced for beech forests, with a tipping point at ca. 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1. With the exception of a consistent temperature signal on Norway spruce, climate-related predictors and ground-level ozone showed much less generalized relationships with ΔVol. Our results show that, together with the driving forces exerted by stand density and age, N deposition is at least as important as climate to modulate forest growth at continental scale in Europe, with a potential negative effect at sites with high N deposition.

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    Forest Ecology and Management
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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7 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Arun K. Bose; Jiří Doležal; Daniel Scherrer; Jan Altman; +32 Authors

    Les forêts subissent des risques croissants de mortalité des arbres induite par la sécheresse. Les schémas de remplacement des espèces après la mortalité peuvent avoir un impact significatif sur le cycle mondial du carbone. Parmi les principaux feuillus, les chênes à feuilles caduques (Quercus spp.) sont de plus en plus signalés comme remplaçant les conifères mourants dans l'hémisphère Nord. Pourtant, nos connaissances sur les réponses de croissance de ces chênes à la sécheresse sont incomplètes, en particulier en ce qui concerne les effets de l'héritage post-sécheresse. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer l'occurrence, la durée et l'ampleur des effets hérités des sécheresses extrêmes et comment cela varie selon les espèces, les sites et les caractéristiques de la sécheresse. Les effets hérités ont été quantifiés par la déviation des indices de croissance radiale observés par rapport aux indices de croissance radiale attendus au cours de la période 1940–2016. Nous avons utilisé des chronologies au niveau des peuplements provenant de 458 sites et de 21 espèces de chênes provenant principalement d'Europe, d'Amérique du Nord-Est et d'Asie orientale. Nous avons constaté que les effets hérités des sécheresses pouvaient durer de 1 à 5 ans après la sécheresse et étaient plus prolongés dans les sites secs. Les effets négatifs sur l'héritage (c.-à-d. une croissance plus faible que prévu) étaient plus fréquents après des sécheresses répétitives dans les sites secs. L'effet de la sécheresse répétitive était plus fort chez les chênes méditerranéens, en particulier chez Quercus faginea. Les analyses spécifiques aux espèces ont révélé que Q. petraea et Q. macrocarpa des sites secs étaient plus négativement affectés par les sécheresses tandis que la croissance de plusieurs espèces de chênes des sites mésiques augmentait pendant les années post-sécheresse. Les sites montrant des corrélations positives avec la température hivernale ont montré peu ou pas de dépression de croissance après la sécheresse, tandis que les sites avec une corrélation positive avec le bilan hydrique estival précédent ont montré une diminution de la croissance. Cela peut indiquer que, bien que le réchauffement hivernal favorise la croissance des arbres pendant les sécheresses, les précipitations estivales de l'année précédente peuvent prédisposer les chênes aux sécheresses extrêmes de l'année en cours. Nos résultats ont révélé un rôle massif des sécheresses répétitives dans la détermination des effets patrimoniaux et ont mis en évidence comment la sensibilité de la croissance au climat, la saisonnalité de la sécheresse et les traits spécifiques aux espèces déterminent les effets patrimoniaux chez les espèces de chênes à feuilles caduques. Los bosques corren un riesgo creciente de mortalidad arbórea inducida por la sequía. Los patrones de reemplazo de especies después de la mortalidad pueden tener un impacto significativo en el ciclo global del carbono. Entre las principales maderas duras, se informa cada vez más que los robles caducifolios (Quercus spp.) reemplazan a las coníferas moribundas en todo el hemisferio norte. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre las respuestas de crecimiento de estos robles a la sequía es incompleto, especialmente con respecto a los efectos heredados posteriores a la sequía. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la ocurrencia, duración y magnitud de los efectos heredados de las sequías extremas y cómo varían según las especies, los sitios y las características de la sequía. Los efectos heredados se cuantificaron por la desviación de los índices de crecimiento radial esperados observados en el período 1940–2016. Utilizamos cronologías a nivel de stand de 458 sitios y 21 especies de roble, principalmente de Europa, el noreste de América y el este de Asia. Descubrimos que los efectos heredados de las sequías podían durar de 1 a 5 años después de la sequía y eran más prolongados en sitios secos. Los efectos negativos heredados (es decir, un crecimiento menor de lo esperado) fueron más frecuentes después de sequías repetitivas en sitios secos. El efecto de la sequía repetitiva fue más fuerte en los robles mediterráneos, especialmente en Quercus faginea. Los análisis específicos de la especie revelaron que Q. petraea y Q. macrocarpa de sitios secos se vieron más negativamente afectados por las sequías, mientras que el crecimiento de varias especies de roble de sitios mesicos aumentó durante los años posteriores a la sequía. Los sitios que mostraron correlaciones positivas con la temperatura invernal mostraron poca o ninguna depresión del crecimiento después de la sequía, mientras que los sitios con una correlación positiva con el balance hídrico del verano anterior mostraron un crecimiento disminuido. Esto puede indicar que, aunque el calentamiento invernal favorece el crecimiento de los árboles durante las sequías, las precipitaciones de verano del año anterior pueden predisponer a los robles a las sequías extremas del año en curso. Nuestros resultados revelaron un papel masivo de las sequías repetitivas en la determinación de los efectos heredados y destacaron cómo la sensibilidad del crecimiento al clima, la estacionalidad de la sequía y los rasgos específicos de las especies impulsan los efectos heredados en las especies de roble caducifolio. Forests are undergoing increasing risks of drought-induced tree mortality. Species replacement patterns following mortality may have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. Among major hardwoods, deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.) are increasingly reported as replacing dying conifers across the Northern Hemisphere. Yet, our knowledge on the growth responses of these oaks to drought is incomplete, especially regarding post-drought legacy effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence, duration, and magnitude of legacy effects of extreme droughts and how that vary across species, sites, and drought characteristics. The legacy effects were quantified by the deviation of observed from expected radial growth indices in the period 1940–2016. We used stand-level chronologies from 458 sites and 21 oak species primarily from Europe, north-eastern America, and eastern Asia. We found that legacy effects of droughts could last from 1 to 5 years after the drought and were more prolonged in dry sites. Negative legacy effects (i.e., lower growth than expected) were more prevalent after repetitive droughts in dry sites. The effect of repetitive drought was stronger in Mediterranean oaks especially of Quercus faginea. Species-specific analyses revealed that Q. petraea and Q. macrocarpa from dry sites were more negatively affected by the droughts while growth of several oak species from mesic sites increased during post-drought years. Sites showing positive correlations to winter temperature showed little to no growth depression after drought, whereas sites with a positive correlation to previous summer water balance showed decreased growth. This may indicate that although winter warming favors tree growth during droughts, previous-year summer precipitation may predispose oak trees to current-year extreme droughts. Our results revealed a massive role of repetitive droughts in determining legacy effects and highlighted how growth sensitivity to climate, drought seasonality and species-specific traits drive the legacy effects in deciduous oak species. تتعرض الغابات لمخاطر متزايدة من نفوق الأشجار بسبب الجفاف. قد يكون لأنماط استبدال الأنواع بعد الوفاة تأثير كبير على دورة الكربون العالمية. من بين الأخشاب الصلبة الرئيسية، يتم الإبلاغ بشكل متزايد عن أن أشجار البلوط المتساقطة (Quercus spp.) تحل محل الصنوبريات الميتة في جميع أنحاء نصف الكرة الشمالي. ومع ذلك، فإن معرفتنا باستجابات النمو لهذه البلوط للجفاف غير مكتملة، خاصة فيما يتعلق بآثار إرث ما بعد الجفاف. كانت أهداف هذه الدراسة هي تحديد حدوث ومدة وحجم الآثار القديمة للجفاف الشديد وكيف يختلف ذلك عبر الأنواع والمواقع وخصائص الجفاف. تم قياس الآثار القديمة من خلال الانحراف الملحوظ عن مؤشرات النمو الشعاعي المتوقعة في الفترة 1940–2016. استخدمنا التسلسل الزمني على مستوى الوقوف من 458 موقعًا و 21 نوعًا من البلوط في المقام الأول من أوروبا وشمال شرق أمريكا وشرق آسيا. وجدنا أن الآثار القديمة للجفاف يمكن أن تستمر من 1 إلى 5 سنوات بعد الجفاف وكانت أطول في المواقع الجافة. كانت الآثار القديمة السلبية (أي نمو أقل مما كان متوقعًا) أكثر انتشارًا بعد الجفاف المتكرر في المواقع الجافة. كان تأثير الجفاف المتكرر أقوى في أشجار البلوط المتوسطية خاصةً من سعف البحر الأبيض المتوسط. كشفت التحليلات الخاصة بالأنواع أن Q. petraea و Q. macrocarpa من المواقع الجافة تأثرا سلبًا أكثر بالجفاف بينما زاد نمو العديد من أنواع البلوط من المواقع الإنسية خلال سنوات ما بعد الجفاف. أظهرت المواقع التي تظهر ارتباطات إيجابية لدرجة حرارة الشتاء انخفاضًا طفيفًا أو معدومًا في النمو بعد الجفاف، في حين أظهرت المواقع ذات الارتباط الإيجابي بتوازن المياه في الصيف السابق انخفاضًا في النمو. قد يشير هذا إلى أنه على الرغم من أن الاحترار الشتوي يفضل نمو الأشجار أثناء الجفاف، إلا أن هطول الأمطار في الصيف في العام السابق قد يهيئ أشجار البلوط للجفاف الشديد في العام الحالي. كشفت نتائجنا عن دور هائل للجفاف المتكرر في تحديد الآثار القديمة وأبرزت كيف أن حساسية النمو للمناخ وموسمية الجفاف والسمات الخاصة بالأنواع تدفع الآثار القديمة في أنواع البلوط المتساقطة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/gk...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    Research Collection
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/94...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
      License: CC BY
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/gk...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      Research Collection
      Article . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/94...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joachim Zhu; Joachim Zhu; Anne Thimonier; Sophia Etzold; +7 Authors

    Leaf morphological traits (LMTs) of forest trees have been observed to vary across space and species. However, long-term records of LMTs are scarce, due to a lack of measurements and systematic leaf archives. This leaves a large gap in our understanding of the temporal dynamics and drivers of LMT variations, which may help us understand tree acclimation strategies. In our study, we used long-term LMT measurements from foliar material collections of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), performed every second year from 1995 to 2019 on the same trees within the Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research Program LWF. The 11 study plots (6 beech, 4 spruce, and 1 mixed) are distributed along gradients of elevation (485–1,650 m a.s.l.), mean annual precipitation (935–2142 mm), and mean annual temperature (3.2–9.8°C). The investigated LMTs were (i) leaf or needle mass, (ii) leaf area or needle length, and (iii) leaf mass per area or needle mass per length. We combined this unique data set with plot variables and long-term data on potential temporal drivers of LMT variations, including meteorological and tree trait data. We used univariate linear regressions and linear mixed-effects models to identify the main spatial and temporal drivers of LMT variations, respectively. For beech LMTs, our temporal analysis revealed effects of mast year and crown defoliation, and legacy effects of vapor pressure deficit and temperature in summer and autumn of the preceding year, but no clear long-term trend was observed. In contrast, spruce LMTs were mainly driven by current-year spring conditions, and only needle mass per length showed a decreasing long-term trend over the study period. In temporal models, we observed that LMTs of both species were influenced by elevation and foliar nutrient concentrations, and this finding was partly confirmed by our spatial analyses. Our results demonstrate the importance of temporal analysis for determining less recognized drivers and legacy effects that influence LMTs, which are difficult to determine across space and species. The observed differences in the temporal drivers of beech and spruce LMTs suggest differences in the adaptation and acclimation potential of the two species.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Forests...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Frontiers in Forests...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Niu, S.; Luo, Y.; Fei, S.; Yuan, W.; +67 Authors

    • It is well established that individual organisms can acclimate and adapt to temperature to optimize their functioning. However, thermal optimization of ecosystems, as an assemblage of organisms, has not been examined at broad spatial and temporal scales. • Here, we compiled data from 169 globally distributed sites of eddy covariance and quantified the temperature response functions of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), an ecosystem-level property, to determine whether NEE shows thermal optimality and to explore the underlying mechanisms. • We found that the temperature response of NEE followed a peak curve, with the optimum temperature (corresponding to the maximum magnitude of NEE) being positively correlated with annual mean temperature over years and across sites. Shifts of the optimum temperature of NEE were mostly a result of temperature acclimation of gross primary productivity (upward shift of optimum temperature) rather than changes in the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration. • Ecosystem-level thermal optimality is a newly revealed ecosystem property, presumably reflecting associated evolutionary adaptation of organisms within ecosystems, and has the potential to significantly regulate ecosystem-climate change feedbacks. The thermal optimality of NEE has implications for understanding fundamental properties of ecosystems in changing environments and benchmarking global models.

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    New Phytologist
    Article
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2012
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2012
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      New Phytologist
      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Sophia Etzold; Kasia Ziemińska; Brigitte Rohner; Alessandra Bottero; +6 Authors

    Climate-induced tree mortality became a global phenomenon during the last century and it is expected to increase in many regions in the future along with a further increase in the frequency of drought and heat events. However, tree mortality at the ecosystem level remains challenging to quantify since long-term, tree-individual, reliable observations are scarce. Here, we present a unique data set of monitoring records from 276 permanent plots located in 95 forest stands across Switzerland, which include five major European tree species (Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, European beech, and sessile and common oak) and cover a time span of over one century (1898–2013), with inventory periods of 5–10 years. The long-term average annual mortality rate of the investigated forest stands was 1.5%. In general, species-specific annual mortality rates did not consistently increase over the last decades, except for Scots pine forests at lower altitudes, which exhibited a clear increase of mortality since the 1960s. Temporal trends of tree mortality varied also depending on diameter at breast height (DBH), with large trees generally experiencing an increase in mortality, while mortality of small trees tended to decrease. Normalized mortality rates were remarkably similar between species and a modest, but a consistent and steady increasing trend was apparent throughout the study period. Mixed effects models revealed that gradually changing stand parameters (stand basal area and stand age) had the strongest impact on mortality rates, modulated by climate, which had increasing importance during the last decades. Hereby, recent climatic changes had highly variable effects on tree mortality rates, depending on the species in combination with abiotic and biotic stand and site conditions. This suggests that forest species composition and species ranges may change under future climate conditions. Our data set highlights the complexity of forest dynamical processes such as long-term, gradual changes of forest structure, demography and species composition, which together with climate determine mortality rates. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10 ISSN:1664-462X

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Article . 2019
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    Article . 2019
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2019
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    Authors: Dirk Nikolaus Karger; Elisabet Martínez-Sancho; David I. Forrester; Andreas Bolte; +25 Authors

    Des études récentes ont identifié de fortes relations entre le rétablissement retardé de la croissance des arbres après la sécheresse et la mortalité des arbres causée par les sécheresses ultérieures. Ces observations soulèvent des inquiétudes quant aux services écosystémiques forestiers et à la reprise de la croissance après la sécheresse, compte tenu de l'augmentation prévue de la fréquence et des extrêmes de sécheresse. Pour quantifier l'impact des sécheresses extrêmes sur la croissance radiale des arbres, nous avons utilisé un réseau de données sur la largeur des cernes de 1689 arbres provenant de 100 sites représentant la majeure partie de la distribution de deux espèces de chênes à feuilles caduques tolérantes à la sécheresse (Quercus petraea et Quercus robur). Nous avons d'abord examiné quels facteurs climatiques et quelles saisons contrôlent la croissance des deux espèces et s'il existe une tendance latitudinale, longitudinale ou altimétrique. Nous avons ensuite quantifié l'écart relatif par rapport à la croissance d'avant la sécheresse pendant les sécheresses et la rapidité avec laquelle les arbres ont pu récupérer le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse. Nos résultats ont montré que la croissance était plus liée aux précipitations et au bilan hydrique climatique (précipitations moins évapotranspiration potentielle) qu'à la température. Cependant, nous n'avons pas détecté de tendances latitudinales, longitudinales ou altimétriques claires, sauf une influence décroissante du bilan hydrique estival sur la croissance de Q. petraea avec latitude. Aucune des deux espèces n'a été en mesure de maintenir le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse pendant les sécheresses. Cependant, les deux espèces ont montré un rétablissement rapide ou même une compensation de la croissance après les sécheresses estivales, mais ont montré un lent rétablissement en réponse aux sécheresses printanières où aucune des deux espèces n'a été en mesure de récupérer complètement le niveau de croissance d'avant la sécheresse au cours des trois années suivant la sécheresse. Collectivement, nos résultats indiquent que les chênes considérés comme résistants aux sécheresses extrêmes ont également montré une vulnérabilité lorsque les sécheresses se produisaient au printemps, en particulier sur les sites où la croissance à long terme n'est pas significativement corrélée avec les facteurs climatiques. Cette meilleure compréhension du rôle de la saisonnalité de la sécheresse et de la sensibilité climatique des sites est essentielle pour mieux prédire les trajectoires de reprise de la croissance post-sécheresse en réponse au climat plus sec prévu pour l'Europe. Estudios recientes han identificado fuertes relaciones entre el retraso en la recuperación del crecimiento de los árboles después de la sequía y la mortalidad de los árboles causada por las sequías posteriores. Estas observaciones plantean preocupaciones sobre los servicios de los ecosistemas forestales y la recuperación del crecimiento posterior a la sequía, dado el aumento proyectado en la frecuencia y los extremos de la sequía. Para cuantificar el impacto de las sequías extremas en el crecimiento radial de los árboles, utilizamos una red de datos de ancho de anillos de árboles de 1689 árboles de 100 sitios que representan la mayor parte de la distribución de dos especies de roble caducifolio tolerantes a la sequía (Quercus petraea y Quercus robur). Primero examinamos qué factores climáticos y estaciones controlan el crecimiento de las dos especies y si hay alguna tendencia latitudinal, longitudinal o de elevación. Luego cuantificamos la desviación relativa del crecimiento previo a la sequía durante las sequías y la rapidez con que los árboles pudieron recuperar el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el crecimiento estaba más relacionado con la precipitación y el equilibrio hídrico climático (precipitación menos evapotranspiración potencial) que con la temperatura. Sin embargo, no detectamos ninguna tendencia latitudinal, longitudinal o de elevación clara, excepto una influencia decreciente del equilibrio hídrico de verano en el crecimiento de Q. petraea con latitud. Ninguna de las especies pudo mantener el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía durante las sequías. Sin embargo, ambas especies mostraron una recuperación rápida o incluso una compensación de crecimiento después de las sequías de verano, pero mostraron una recuperación lenta en respuesta a las sequías de primavera, donde ninguna de las dos especies pudo recuperar completamente el nivel de crecimiento previo a la sequía durante los tres años posteriores a la sequía. En conjunto, nuestros resultados indican que los robles que se consideran resistentes a las sequías extremas también han mostrado vulnerabilidad cuando las sequías ocurrieron en primavera, especialmente en sitios donde el crecimiento a largo plazo no se correlaciona significativamente con los factores climáticos. Esta mejor comprensión del papel de la estacionalidad de la sequía y la sensibilidad climática de los sitios es clave para predecir mejor las trayectorias de la recuperación del crecimiento posterior a la sequía en respuesta al clima más seco proyectado para Europa. Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe. وقد حددت الدراسات الحديثة علاقات قوية بين الانتعاش المتأخر لنمو الأشجار بعد الجفاف ووفيات الأشجار الناجمة عن الجفاف اللاحق. تثير هذه الملاحظات مخاوف بشأن خدمات النظم الإيكولوجية للغابات والانتعاش في مرحلة ما بعد الجفاف بالنظر إلى الزيادة المتوقعة في تواتر الجفاف والظواهر المتطرفة. لقياس تأثير الجفاف الشديد على النمو الشعاعي للأشجار، استخدمنا شبكة من بيانات عرض حلقة الأشجار من 1689 شجرة من 100 موقع تمثل معظم توزيع نوعين من البلوط المتسامح مع الجفاف (Quercus petraea و Quercus robur). قمنا أولاً بفحص العوامل المناخية والمواسم التي تتحكم في نمو النوعين وما إذا كان هناك أي اتجاه عرضي أو طولي أو ارتفاعي. ثم قمنا بقياس الابتعاد النسبي عن نمو ما قبل الجفاف أثناء الجفاف، ومدى سرعة قدرة الأشجار على استعادة مستوى نمو ما قبل الجفاف. أظهرت نتائجنا أن النمو كان أكثر ارتباطًا بهطول الأمطار والتوازن المائي المناخي (هطول الأمطار ناقص التبخر والنتح المحتمل) من درجة الحرارة. ومع ذلك، لم نكتشف أي اتجاهات عرضية أو طولية أو ارتفاعية واضحة باستثناء تأثير متناقص لتوازن المياه الصيفية على نمو Q. petraea مع خط العرض. لم يتمكن أي من النوعين من الحفاظ على مستوى نمو ما قبل الجفاف أثناء الجفاف. ومع ذلك، أظهر كلا النوعين انتعاشًا سريعًا أو حتى تعويضًا عن النمو بعد الجفاف الصيفي، لكنهما أظهرا انتعاشًا بطيئًا استجابةً للجفاف الربيعي حيث لم يتمكن أي من النوعين من التعافي الكامل من مستوى النمو قبل الجفاف على مدى سنوات ما بعد الجفاف الثلاث. بشكل جماعي، تشير نتائجنا إلى أن أشجار البلوط التي تعتبر مرنة في مواجهة الجفاف الشديد أظهرت أيضًا ضعفًا عند حدوث الجفاف في الربيع خاصة في المواقع التي لا يرتبط فيها النمو طويل الأجل ارتباطًا كبيرًا بالعوامل المناخية. يعد هذا الفهم المحسن لدور موسمية الجفاف وحساسية المناخ للمواقع أمرًا أساسيًا للتنبؤ بشكل أفضل بمسارات تعافي النمو بعد الجفاف استجابة للمناخ الأكثر جفافًا المتوقع لأوروبا.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Tom Levanič; Frank Jacob; Manuel Nicolas; Maria Schmitt; +24 Authors

    Resource allocation to different plant tissues is likely to be affected by high investment into fruit production during mast years. However, there is a large knowledge gap concerning species-specific differences in resource dynamics. We investigated the influence of mast years on stem growth, leaf production, and leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and contents in Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea, and Q. robur at continental and climate region scales using long-term data from the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) and similar datasets. We discussed the results in the light of opposing resource dynamics hypotheses: (i) resource accumulation before mast years and exhaustion after mast years (resource storage hypothesis), (ii) shifting resources from vegetative to generative compartments (resource switching hypothesis), and (iii) investing resources concurrently in both vegetative and generative compartments (resource matching hypothesis). Linear mixed-effects modelling (LMM) showed that both stem growth and leaf production were negatively influenced by weather conditions which simultaneously lead to high fruit production. Thus, the impact of generative on vegetative growth is intermixed with effects of environmental factors. Superposed epoch analyses and LMM showed that for mast behaviour in F. sylvatica, there are indicators supporting the resource storage and the resource switching hypotheses. Before mast years, resources were accumulated, while during mast years resources switched from vegetative to generative tissues with reduced stem and leaf growth. For the Quercus species, stem growth was reduced after mast years, which supports the resource storage hypothesis. LMM showed that leaf C concentrations did not change with increasing fruit production in neither species. Leaf N and P concentrations increased in F. sylvatica, but not in Quercus species. Leaf N and P contents decreased with increasing fruit production in all species, as did leaf C content in F. sylvatica. Overall, our findings suggest different resource dynamics strategies in F. sylvatica and Quercus species, which might lead to differences in their adaptive capacity to a changing climate.

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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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    Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
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    Authors: Sophia Etzold; Päivi Merilä; Anne Thimonier; Sue Benham; +25 Authors

    Changing environmental conditions may substantially interact with site quality and forest stand characteristics, and impact forest growth and carbon sequestration. Understanding the impact of the various drivers of forest growth is therefore critical to predict how forest ecosystems can respond to climate change. We conducted a continental-scale analysis of recent (1995–2010) forest volume increment data (ΔVol, m3 ha−1 yr−1), obtained from ca. 100,000 coniferous and broadleaved trees in 442 even-aged, single-species stands across 23 European countries. We used multivariate statistical approaches, such as mixed effects models and structural equation modelling to investigate how European forest growth respond to changes in 11 predictors, including stand characteristics, climate conditions, air and site quality, as well as their interactions. We found that, despite the large environmental gradients encompassed by the forests examined, stand density and age were key drivers of forest growth. We further detected a positive, in some cases non-linear effect of N deposition, most pronounced for beech forests, with a tipping point at ca. 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1. With the exception of a consistent temperature signal on Norway spruce, climate-related predictors and ground-level ozone showed much less generalized relationships with ΔVol. Our results show that, together with the driving forces exerted by stand density and age, N deposition is at least as important as climate to modulate forest growth at continental scale in Europe, with a potential negative effect at sites with high N deposition.

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    Forest Ecology and Management
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