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We model the retail market with dynamic pricing as a Stackelberg game where both retailers (leaders) and flexible consumers (followers) solve an economic cost-minimization problem. The electricity retailer optimizes an economic objective over a daily horizon by setting an hourly price-sequence, which is then communicated to the end-consumers. In turn, on the basis of such price sequence, consumers optimize a utility function that accounts both for energy procurement costs and for the benefit loss resulting from deferring consumption. The game is formulated as a Mathematical Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) and cast as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP), which can be solved using off-the-shelf optimization software. In an illustrative example, we consider a retailer associated with both flexible demand and wind power production. Such an example shows the efficiency of dynamic pricing as a way to control the load for minimizing the imbalances due to wind power, assesses the overall economic results for the retailer and the consumers as well as the dynamic properties of consumer flexibility.

The chapter gives an introduction to the book "Environmental planning and management : tools for a sustainable development".

The strong interaction between electric vehicles and the charging infrastructure presents new challenges towards system-level optimization. Moreover choices between the power level, duration, and frequency of charging events can have direct impact both on energy efficiency, as well as the overall lifetime of vehicles. This paper presents a preliminary study into the optimization scheme for such systems, with the focus on an electric bus application. The results illustrate an energy saving when comparing the EMS and baseline strategy of ~ 1.6%improvement measured in kWh/km, alongside a potential cycle life prolongation factor improvement of the EMS compared to the baseline is 1.5 in average.

The chapter describes two cases where the principles of Integrated Resouce Plannning (IRP) has been applied to simplified systems.

This chapter presents current knowledge, methods, and applications of nutritional energetics in an aquaculture setting. All organisms ingest and metabolize macronutrients that supply dietary energy and the nutrients have different fates. The different aspects of energy flow from feed to fish or shrimp are similar to those known in land animals or birds, but the aquatic mode of life imposes challenges and confers advantages both at the cellular level and at the whole organism level. Energy gain and losses are governed by the efficiency with which the macronutrients are utilized. The application of net energy system as prevailing in monogastric land animal nutrition is also valid for aquatic organisms. The large number of species reared by aquaculture is a real challenge, but many of the basic principles are valid across species. There is a need for precisely quantifying the partition of dietary digestible energy for somatic growth, reproduction, and other physiological changes due to environmental factors.

The high expansion rate of renewable generation in the last years was mainly driven by the green transition and the net zero emission targets for 2050. Concerns on the volatility of wind and solar energy, can be mitigated by combining these renewable energy sources with energy storage and operating them coordinately, creating hybrid power plants. Price of batteries has also dropped significantly reaching US$139/kWh in 2023 (battery pack price) and it is expected that by the end of this decade the price will fall below US$100/kWh. Thus, more developers and owners of large renewable plants are looking into their hybridization for both off-grid and grid-connected configurations. The advantages for such a hybrid renewable power plant include complementarity of energy production, better utilization of grid connection while reducing the connection costs, firm capacity of energy production, increase of revenue streams by providing ancillary services, etc. However, the control of a wide range of technologies i.e. wind turbines, solar PV and batteries, from different suppliers poses challenges during their integration into a hybrid power plant.This paper aims to provide an overview of the most common configurations of co-located hybrid power plants including their control architectures. The advantages and challenges for each configuration are discussed in detail from the perspective of OEMs and system integrators.The work presented is part of the ongoing activities in the IEA Wind TCP Task 50 on Hybrid Power Plants that aims to provide a systematic framework and guidelines in this area.