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  • Energy Research
  • 15. Life on land
  • 11. Sustainability
  • 3. Good health
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      ProdInra
      External research report . 2013
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: ProdInra
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Caballero, Yvan; Le Cointe, Pierre; Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia; +13 Authors

    [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

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    Digital.CSIC
    Book . 2023
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Digital.CSIC
    Book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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      Digital.CSIC
      Book . 2023
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      Book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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    Authors: Boullet, Antoine;

    When it comes to sustainable development, n-butanol production by biological means represents an environmentally friendly alternative compared to petrochemical means. Some organisms are able to produce butanol naturally, such as the Clostridiae family, which are Gram-positive bacteria, growing in strict anaerobic conditions. They produce butanol in mixture with acetone and ethanol, which reduce the production yield of butanol and increase the purification costs. In 2015, the PEEP team of TBI built a genetically modified strain of E. coli, expressing the complete conversion pathway from pyruvate to butanol from C. acetobutylicum. This strain’s metabolism was built so that the growth and glucose consumption speeds are coupled with the butanol production speed. In strict anaerobic growth in batch culture, in a chemically defined medium based on glucose and supplemented with yeast extracts (YE) and nitrate (NO3-), this strain produces 3,3 g/L of n-butanol, with a yield of 0,23 g butanol/g glucose, among other minority coproducts (succinate, lactate, acetate, butyrate). These coproducts lower the butanol production yield, and remain unexpected, because the corresponding metabolic pathways were deleted. The goal of this PhD project consists in identifying the metabolic pathways involved in the coproducts production and improving the understanding of the strain, in order to optimize it, improve the butanol/glucose yield, and simplify the culture medium. Several aspects are considered: expressing ferredoxin NAD(P)+ oxidoreductases (FNOR) from organisms other than C. acetobutylicum, in order to combine the reoxidation of the reduced ferredoxin to the generation of ATP; ii) inactivating the metabolic pathways from E. coli which may be involved in the coproducts synthesis; iii) performing an evolutionary in-vivo adaptation of the strain, in order to improve its performances and increase its tolerance to butanol in a chemically defined medium supplemented with YE and NO3-, and then iv) performing an evolutionary adaptation of the Butanol strain to allow its growth in the chemically defined medium without any supplementation. These strategies lead to i) the construction of a new E. coli strain, with its anaerobic growth depending on the functionality of an FNOR: the FNOR from C. acetobutylicum, the Rnf complex from C. ljungdahlii and the FNOR from C. tepidum were assessed. This work lead to the selection of a mutant of the FNOR from C. tepidum, which has a ferredoxin NAD+ reductase activity 2,2 times higher than the native enzyme. This mutant FNOR was then expressed in the E. coli strain producing butanol, as a replacement of C. acetobutylicum’s. The characterization of its phenotype demonstrated its capacity to produce 3 g/L of butanol, with a yield of 0,26 g/g; ii) the deletion of the genes zwf and mdh in the Butanol strain also lead to an improvement of the production in butanol up to 6 g/L , and of the yield up to 0,33 g/g; iii) the in-vivo evolution of the Butanol strain, in continuous culture (chemostat) with regulated pH, in the medium supplemented with YE and Ni, lead to the selection of an evolved strain producing up to 11 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,34 g/g. The complete sequencing of the genomes of the clones isolated from this population lead to the identification of mutations in two genes, yqhC and lptG, potentially involved in the strain’s performances; iv) the in-vivo adaptation of the Butanol strain in the medium without any supplementation lead to the selection of a evolved clones producing 2,5 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,28 g/g in batch culture. To our knowledge, the highest production of butanol observed coupled with anaerobic growth in E. coli does not exceed 0,6g/L, in a chemically defined medium base on glucose without any supplementation.; Dans le cadre du développement durable, la production de n-butanol par voie biologique est une alternative écologique par rapport à sa synthèse par voie pétrochimique. Il existe des microorganismes naturellement capables de produire du butanol, tels que les Clostridiae, bactéries Gram positif, ayant une croissance strictement anaérobie. Ils produisent du butanol au travers d’une fermentation produisant un mélange d’acétone, de butanol et d’éthanol. La production de butanol en mélange avec d’autres molécules diminue le rendement de production en butanol et augmente le coût de purification. En 2015, l’équipe PEEP de TBI a construit une souche d’E. coli génétiquement modifiée exprimant la voie complète de conversion du pyruvate en n-butanol de C. acetobutylicum. Le métabolisme de cette souche a été conçu pour que les vitesses de croissance et de consommation du glucose soient couplées à la vitesse de production du butanol. En croissance en anaérobiose stricte en culture discontinue dans un milieu chimiquement défini à base de glucose supplémenté en extrait de levure (YE) et nitrate (NO3-), cette souche produit 3,3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,23 g butanol /g glucose, en présence de coproduits minoritaires (succinate, lactate, acétate, butyrate). Ces coproduits diminuent le rendement de production en butanol et restent inattendus car les voies métaboliques correspondantes ont été supprimées. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’identifier les voies métaboliques impliquées dans la production de ces coproduits et d’améliorer la compréhension du métabolisme de cette souche, afin de l’optimiser, d’augmenter le rendement butanol/glucose, et de simplifier le milieu de culture. Plusieurs pistes ont été envisagées : i) Expression de ferrédoxines NAD(P)+ oxydoréductases (FNOR) issues d’organismes autres que C. acetobutylicum dans l’objectif de coupler l’étape de réoxydation de la ferrédoxine réduite à la production d’ATP ; ii) Inactivation des voies métaboliques d’E. coli susceptibles d’être impliquées dans la synthèse des coproduits ; iii) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche, afin d’améliorer ses performances et accroitre sa tolérance au butanol dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et NO3-, puis iv) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche dans le milieu sans supplémentation. Ces stratégies ont conduit à i) La construction d’une nouvelle souche d’E. coli dont la croissance anaérobie dépend de la fonctionnalité d’une FNOR : la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum, le complexe Rnf de C. ljungdahlii et la FNOR de C. tepidum ont été évaluées. Cette approche a conduit à la sélection d’un mutant de la FNOR de C. tepidum, ayant une activité ferrédoxine NAD+ réductase 2,2 fois supérieure à celle de l’enzyme native. Cette FNOR mutante a ensuite été exprimée dans la souche d’E. coli Butanol en remplacement de la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum. La caractérisation de son phénotype a montré sa capacité à produire 3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,26 g/g ; ii) La délétion des gènes zwf et mdh dans la souche Butanol a permis d’augmenter le titre en butanol produit à 6 g/L et le rendement à 0,33 g/g ; iii) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche d’E. coli Butanol en culture continue, dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et Ni, a conduit à la sélection d’une population évoluée produisant 11 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,34 g/g. Le séquençage complet des génomes de clones isolés à partir de cette population a conduit à l’identification de mutations dans deux gènes, yqhC et lptG, potentiellement impliquées dans les performances de la souche ; iv) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche Butanol dans le milieu sans supplémentation a conduit à la sélection de clones évolués produisant 2,5 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,28 g/g en culture discontinue. A notre connaissance, la production maximale de butanol reportée, couplée à la croissance anaérobie chez E. coli, ne dépasse pas 0,6 g/L, en milieu chimiquement défini à base uniquement de glucose.

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    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; orcid Amah Akodewou;
    Amah Akodewou
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    Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Sans, Fabienne; Antigüedad, Iñaki; Cakir, Roxelane; +20 Authors

    [FR] Le changement climatique récent est l'une des principales menaces à la durabilité des sociétés humaines. Les rapports du GIEC, l'Accord de Paris ou les Conférences des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique attestent de l'intérêt politique mondial à agir de toute urgence pour atténuer le changement climatique. Cependant, les efforts d'atténuation ne suffisent pas à minimiser les conséquences négatives du changement climatique. Il est nécessaire, parallèlement aux mesures d'atténuation, de développer des stratégies d'adaptation qui permettent de minimiser les risques que le changement climatique fait peser sur les sociétés. Dans une optique nécessairement locale, l'élaboration de stratégies d'adaptation doit reposer sur une évaluation de la vulnérabilité de la société dans son ensemble ou de secteurs de celle-ci aux conséquences attendues du changement climatique. Ce volume explore les options d'adaptation au changement climatique en relation avec la gestion des ressources en eau dans une région transfrontalière importante telle que la chaîne de montagnes des Pyrénées. Après une évaluation générale des ressources en eau de la région et de leur gouvernance, sept études de cas locales et régionales sont présentées où, en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux, différentes options d'adaptation sont explorées. [ES] El cambio climático reciente es una de las principales amenazas para la sostenibilidad de las sociedades humanas. Los informes del IPCC, el Acuerdo de París o las Conferencias de las Naciones Unidas sobre cambio climático atestiguan el interés político global por emprender con urgencia acciones para la mitigación del cambio climático. Los esfuerzos en mitigación, sin embargo, no son suficientes para minimizar las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático. Es necesario, en paralelo a las medidas de mitigación, desarrollar estrategias de adaptación que permitan minimizar los riesgos que supone el cambio climático para las sociedades. Con un enfoque necesariamente local, el desarrollo de estrategias de adaptación debe partir de una evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del conjunto de la sociedad o de sectores de ésta a las consecuencias esperables del cambio climático. En este volumen se exploran opciones de adaptación al cambio climático en relación con la gestión de los recursos hídricos de una importante región transfronteriza como es la cordillera de los Pirineos. Tras una evaluación general sobre los recursos hídricos de la región y su gobernanza, se presentan siete casos de estudio locales y regionales donde, en colaboración con los actores locales, se exploran diferentes opciones de adaptación. [EN] Recent climate change is one of the main threats to the sustainability of human societies. The reports of the IPCC, the Paris Agreement or the United Nations Conferences on climate change attest to the global political interest in urgently taking action to mitigate climate change. Mitigation efforts, however, are not enough to minimize the negative consequences of climate change. It is necessary, in parallel to the mitigation measures, to develop adaptation strategies that make it possible to minimize the risks that climate change poses to societies. With a necessarily local focus, the development of adaptation strategies must be based on an assessment of the vulnerability of society as a whole or of sectors of it to the expected consequences of climate change. This volume explores options for adaptation to climate change in relation to the management of water resources in an important transboundary region such as the Pyrenees mountain range. After a general assessment of the region's water resources and their governance, seven local and regional case studies are presented where, in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders, different adaptation options are explored. This book has been supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020), by Fundación Biodiversidad of the Spanish Ministry for the Ecologic Transition and Demographic Challenge, and the autor's institutions: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA. [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pie-impresión del documento; [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document. Peer reviewed

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  • Authors: Christophe Revelli; Thomas Lagoarde-Segot;

    This article sheds light on the issue of financing the 2030 Agenda. First of all, we highlight the analytical inconsistency of market financing strategies based on neoclassical theory. We then put forward the elements of an alternative strategy based on the issuance of a new category of financial instruments: the ecological sovereign security (ESS). Then, we develop "Philia 1.1", a new 32-equation stock-flow coherent model (SFC) to analyze the effects of issuing TSE on macroeconomic dynamics and the ecological transition process. Simulations suggest that the issuance of TSEs could help to drive an expansionary macroeconomic dynamic beneficial to employees, while embedding the additional activity in new ecological and social criteria. TSE emissions could therefore play a driving role in the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cet article apporte l’éclairage de la Théorie Financière Écologique sur la question du financement de l’Agenda 2030. Nous mettons en évidence l’incohérence analytique du financement par les marchés, fondé sur la théorie néoclassique. Nous avançons une stratégie alternative reposant sur l’émission d’une nouvelle catégorie d’instruments financiers : le titre souverain écologique (TSE). Puis, nous développons « Philia 1.1 » un nouveau modèle stock-flux cohérent. Les simulations suggèrent que l’émission de TSE pourrait impulser une dynamique macroéconomique expansionniste bénéfique aux salariés tout en encastrant le surcroit d’activité dans de nouveaux critères écologiques et sociaux. L’émission de TSE pourrait jouer un rôle moteur dans la poursuite des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD).

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