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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hamon, Dominique; Blanchard, Michel;

    Le document présente une méthode originale d'étude de la répartition de la crépidule dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc (Manche occidentale), au moyen du sonar latéral et de l'imagerie sous-marine. Une évaluation quantitative du stock complète cette distribution et permet d'estimer la biomasse de crépidules dans la baie à environ 250 000 tonnes (poids frais). The aim of this report is to provide an original method of mapping slipper limpet beds in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (Western Channel) by means of side scan sonar and submarine video. An evaluation of the biomass completes the distribution of limpets. The total fresh weight is about 250 000 tons

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    Authors: Pecquerie, Laure;

    Comprendre la variabilité du recrutement est une problématique majeure en halieutique. Dans ce travail, nous explorons une nouvelle approche pour étudier les facteurs qui déterminent le recrutement, dans le cadre de la modélisation biophysique. Le schéma de ponte des adultes peut influencer la survie des larves car il détermine les conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent pendant cette période critique. Notre cas d'étude est l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne Engraulis encrasicolus, qui est une espèce à pontes multiples. L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre l'effet de l'environnement vécu par un individu i) sur l'énergie disponible pour la reproduction et ii) sur l'étalement des pontes et ses conséquences sur la croissance, le développement et la survie des larves. Pour appréhender les processus métaboliques en jeu, la théorie Dynamic Energy Budget est un outil particulièrement adapté. Cette théorie permet d'identifier les processus communs et les spécificités de chaque stade. Nous apportons tout d'abord une révision de la courbe de croissance de l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne. Nous reproduisons la croissance des juvéniles en tenant compte du fait qu'ils expérimentent en moyenne une température plus élevée durant cette phase que celle vécue ensuite par les adultes. La croissance larvaire diffère de la croissance des juvéniles et des adultes. Nous proposons de considérer la relation entre prise de nourriture et longueur de l'individu pour expliquer cette croissance. Ce travail nous permet ensuite de mieux comprendre et de quantifier l'effet des conditions environnementales vécues par un individu sur la durée de sa saison de reproduction. Ces conditions déterminent d'une part la taille de l'individu donc son potentiel reproducteur et d'autre part la quantité d'énergie qu'il peut effectivement mettre en réserve pour la reproduction. En conditions limitantes de nourriture, cette énergie peut en effet être mobilisée pour sa survie. Ainsi la structure en taille de la population et les conditions limitantes rencontrées par les individus sont des facteurs déterminants des fenêtres de ponte. La thèse permet enfin d'identifier les conditions de nourriture nécessaires à la survie jusqu'au stade juvénile, pour des larves issues de fenêtres de pontes différentes. Nous obtenons ce résultat à partir de la sélection des scénarios environnementaux qui reproduisent l'âge et la taille de l'otolithe à la métamorphose en fonction de la date d'ouverture de la bouche. Le lien entre métabolisme du poisson et formation de l'otolithe (une pièce calcifiée de l'oreille interne) est explicitement modélisé. Nous démontrons le potentiel du modèle pour la reconstruction de la quantité d'énergie assimilée par un individu au cours de sa vie à partir des variations observées de l'opacité dans l'otolithe. L'approche développée dans ce travail est une approche déterministe du lien environnement – individu, au travers des processus bioénergétiques. Cette approche nous permet de proposer des mécanismes originaux sous-jacents à certaines observations classiques en halieutique telles que le découplage entre la croissance de l'otolithe et la croissance en longueur du poisson et la phase exponentielle de la croissance pendant le stade larvaire. Une meilleure compréhension des cycles de vie requiert également la prise en compte du comportement et des stratégies individuelles. Ce travail peut constituer la base sur laquelle de telles études pourront à l'avenir s'appuyer. Understanding the recruitment variability of fish populations is a major challenge in fishery sciences. In the present work, we explore a new approach to study the potential factors that determine this recruitment in the context of biophysical modelling. The adult spawning pattern might influence the survival of the larvae as it determines the environmental conditions they experience during this critical period. We apply our study to the Bay of Biscay anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, which is a multiple-batch spawner. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of the environmental conditions experienced by an individual i) on the energy available for reproduction and ii) on the temporal distribution of the spawning events and its consequences on larval growth, development and survival. To study these processes, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is particularly suitable. This theory allows us to identify the common processes and the specificities of each life stage. First, we actualise the growth curve of Bay of Biscay anchovy. Juvenile growth is reproduced by taking into account they experience in average a higher temperature during this stage than the adults thereafter. Larval growth in fish typically deviates from later juvenile and adult growth. We suggest to consider how food intake depends on body length to explain the observed growth patterns. Second, the present work allows us to better understand and quantify the effect of environmental conditions experienced by an individual on the length of its spawning season. These conditions determine on one hand the length of the individual and thus its reproduction potential, and on the other hand the amount of energy that it can actually store for reproduction. In limiting conditions, this energy can be mobilised for survival. Hence, the length structure of the population and the limiting conditions encountered by the individuals are determinant factors of the spawning windows. Third, we are able to identify the food conditions that allow survival until the juvenile stage for larvae issued from different spawning windows. We obtain this result from the selection of environmental scenarios that reproduce the observed age and otolith radius at metamorphosis according to first feeding date. The link between fish metabolism and otolith formation (a complex crystal in the inner ear of the fish) is explicitly modelled. We show the potential of the model to reconstruct individual life history from the observed variations of opacity in the otolith. The approach we used is a deterministic approach of the link between the environment and the individual, through bioenergetic processes. It allows us to formulate original mechanisms underlying classical observations in fishery sciences. As a better understanding of fish life cycles requires the study of individual behavior and strategies in response to environmental variations, we suggest the present work can be used as a basis for such studies.

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    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Khripounoff, Alexis; Rowe, Gilbert T;

    Cinq pièges à particules ont été déployés à des profondeurs comprises entre 4400 et 4 900 rn sur deux stations dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara et une station dans la plaine abyssale du Cap Vert (Atlantique tropical). Dans le même temps, un échantillonnage intensif du sédiment superficiel a été réalisé à l'aide d'un carottier de 0,25 m2 d'ouverture. Le flux particulaire total mesuré varie de 372 mg de matière sèche/m2/jour à 87,7 mg/m2/g de matériel récolté. Dans les sédiments superficiels, elle n'est plus que d'environ 4 mg/g. Il existe une relation directe entre l'intensité du flux organique et la richesse en composés organiques du sédiment. D'après nos estimations, plus de 90% du matériel organique arrivant sur le fond sont consommés par les organismes benthiques abyssaux et seulement 1% est perdu dans la sédimentation permanente. Pour 100 calories consommées par le benthos, 99 le sont par la petite faune et la flore vivant dans le sédiment, 0, 7 calories sont utilisées par les holothuries (mégafaune) et 0,3 calories par les poissons. La composition biochimique des particules se caractérise, à toutes les stations, par la prédominance des composés organiques transformées néobiogéniques ( « humus ») dans la matière organique totale (plus de 55%). La part des molécules de la matière vivante varie d'une station à l'autre: à la station la plus océanique, les protéines dominent et composent 200/o de l'énergie totale des apports. Dans la station plus soumise aux influences continentales, la concentration en lipides augmente et peut égaler celle des protéines. Dans ce cas, le taux de glucides des particules est très faible (7% des apports organiques). Enfin, les préférences nutritionnelles des animaux qui s'alimentent sur ces particules se portent principalement sur les molécules les plus énergétiques (lipides) et les plus facilement hydrolysables (protéines labiles) : les autres molécules, comme les composés néobiogéniques sont moins recherchés bien qu'ils contribuent pour moitié à l'énergie consommée par les animaux benthiques abyssaux Five particle traps were deployed at depths of 4 400 to 4 900 rn at two stations on the Demerara abyssal plain and one station on the Cape Verde abyssal plain (tropical Atlantic). At the same time, an intensive sampling of superficial sediments was carried out using a 0,25 m2 box corer. The total particle flux varied from 372 to 87,7 mg dry weightfm2/day. The average concentration of organic carbon was 40 mg/g of material collected. ln the surface sediment this was only 4 mg/g. A direct relationship existed between the intensity of the flux of organic matter and the richness of the organic matter of the deposited sediment. According to our calculations, more than 90% of the organic matter arriving at the bottom is consumed by the abyssal benthos and only 1% is lost to permanent sediment deposits. For 100 calories consumed by the benthos, 99 are utilized by the infauna and flora, 0, 7 by the holothurian egafauna and 0,3 by near-bottom fisches. The biochemical composition of the particles is characterized at ali stations by a predominance of "humic" material in the total organic matter (more than 55%). The part of the molecules unaltered form living material varied from on station to another: for the most oceanic station the protein dominated, composing 20% of the total energy. At the station onder the influence of the continent the lipid fraction grew and was almost equal to that of the protein. ln this case, the carbohydrate fraction was very weak (7% of the organic matter). Finally the preference of the animais which feed on the particles is principally for the most energetic (lipid) and the most easily hydrolysable (labile protein) molecules: the other molecules, such as the humic matter, are less preferred, although they still contribute to about half of the energy consumed by the abyssal benthic animais.

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    Authors: Migne, A; Davoult, D;

    Because of strong tidal currents, the bottom of the Dover Strait consists of coarse sediment which is colonized by a pebble community. A quantitative study, based on 0.1 m(2) quadrat samples taken by divers, was conducted on this community to establish the richness of benthic macrofauna (in terms of biomass and diversity) and to provide conclusive data on global community structure (spatial and temporal heterogeneity, trophic structure). Eight samples were taken between June 1992 and June 1993, eight replicates being taken on each sampling visit. One hundred and one species were identified, in 10 zoological groups, and a mean biomass of 281 g.m(-2) (ash free dry weight) was calculated. The Shannon diversity index was low (H' = 1.24) because of the strong dominance of three species. The echinoderm Ophiothrix fragilis and the two cnidarians Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum accounted for at least 97 % of the total biomass at all sampling periods. Spatial heterogeneity, studied at the settle of 0.1 m(2) by hierarchical cluster analysis based on Sorensen's qualitative similarity index and by Factor Correspondence Analysis on biomasses,seemed low and was due to the strong dispersion of rare species. Hierarchical cluster analysis and FCA, performed at the scale of 0.8 m(2) on periods of sampling, showed temporal homogeneity. The seasonal influence on biomass did not affect its distribution in species or trophic groups. Suspension-feeders accounted for 99.8% of total biomass.

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Laubier, Lucien;

    Hydrothermal communities of various species compositions have been described from the eastern and western Pacific and Atlantic. Brine and cold seeps and hydrocarbon seepages have been found off Florida, off the Oregon and Japanese subduction systems, on the Laurentian Fan, near Barbados, and off Louisiana. Biomasses range from 10 to 70 kg/m super(2), fresh weight. Basic microdistribution of species groups in aureoles centered around hydrothermal vents reveals different levels of adaptation to harsh physico-chemical conditions. Two groups of primary producers can be recognized: a highly efficient cool water group with large vestimentiferan tube worms and bivalves, and alvinellid polychaetes adapted to hot waters. Both groups are exploited by specific carnivores. The food web is based on sulfooxidizing symbiotic bacteria. Methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria have recently been found in bivalves off Louisiana. Nearly 160 species new to sciences have been described, with an abnormally large number of panchronic species. The short life span of hydrothermal vents together with the world-wide distribution of several species raise questions of propagation and colonization.

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    Authors: De Casamajor, Marie-noelle; Mahias, Jeremy; Bru, Noelle; Caill-milly, Nathalie;

    Pour évaluer le stock d'oursin P. lividus à l'échelle de la côte basque, un échantillonnage spatial sur l'ensemble de la zone exploitée a été réalisé. Pour étudier la période de reproduction, un échantillonnage sur une année entière a été effectué. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en 2013 et 2014. La reproduction se produit une seule fois au cours d'un cycle annuel du printemps à l’été, entre mai et août en 2014. Parmi les facteurs qui déclenchent la ponte, la salinité, la température et l'hydrodynamisme témoignent d'une importante variabilité inter-annuelle sur la côte basque. Ainsi, la période définie en 2014, pourra fluctuer selon les années. Concernant le stock, les résultats font état de 11,85 (+/-0,32) millions d'individus exploitables pour une biomasse de 724 (+/- 137) tonnes, répartis sur l'ensemble de la zone prospectée. La densité et la biomasse diminuent rapidement avec la profondeur, la majorité des individus se localisent entre 0 et 5 m. Une importante fluctuation des densités est observée entre les profils géomorphologiques mais, en moyenne, elles sont comprises entre 3 et 3,8 individus.m-2. Les conditions hydrodynamiques, particulièrement énergétiques sur cette zone, se traduisent par un comportement fouisseur prononcé. A spatial sampling was carried out for stock assessment of sea urchin P. lividus throughout the Basque coast. A sampling, over the year, was conducted to study the reproductive cycle. This work took place over 2013 and 2014. Reproduction occurs once in spring, between May and August 2014. Among factors affecting the release of eggs, salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics show a significant inter-annual variability in the Basque coast. Thus, the period set in 2014, may fluctuate between years. For the stock, the results showed that 11.85 (+/-0.32) million individuals of harvestable biomass for 724 tones (+/- 137). Stock is spread over the entire surveyed area density and biomass decrease rapidly with depth, individuals are mainly located between 0 and 5 m. Large fluctuations in densities are observed among geomorphological profiles, but on average they are between 3 and 3,8 individuals.m-2. Hydrodynamic conditions particularly energetic over this area are reflected the burrowing behavior pronounced.

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    Authors: Horri, Khaled;

    Les polluants organiques persistants (POP) constituent un large ensemble de composés aux propriétés physico-chimiques et de toxicité variables. Parmi ceux-ci, les polychlorobiphényles (PCB) et les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE) sont deux familles de composés hydrophobes partageant certaines propriétés physico-chimiques similaires, leur conférant des propriétés environnementales proches : persistance, bioaccumulation et toxicité. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que ces composés pouvaient affecter les traits d’histoire de vie des poissons tels que la survie, la croissance et la reproduction. Il s’avère cependant que les études approchant des situations environnementales sont rares du fait de l'utilisation soit d’un congénère unique, soit d’une famille unique de molécules parmi les POP, soit de concentrations élevées. Les résultats sont alors difficilement transposables aux populations naturelles. Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation des réponses individuelles et populationnelles des poissons à une exposition chronique par la voie alimentaire à un mélange de PCB et de PBDE représentatif du milieu marin. Elle se divise en trois parties. La première partie s’est attachée à évaluer les effets d’une exposition expérimentale au mélange de PCB et de PBDE représentatif de l’estuaire de la Seine sur les traits d’histoire de vie du poisson-zèbre pris comme espèce modèle. Des individus ont été exposés par voie alimentaire au mélange de polluants à partir du premier repas et tout au long de leur cycle de vie. Leurs traits d’histoire de vie ont été suivis et comparés à ceux de poissons contrôles et ce pour plusieurs réplicas. Les résultats ont montré un ralentissement de la croissance mais une taille asymptotique plus élevée et une probabilité de ponte retardée chez les individus exposés. De plus, les descendants issus des premiers évènements de ponte des individus exposés avaient une survie larvaire plus faible en situation de jeûne. Ces résultats suggèrent une augmentation de l’allocation d’énergie vers la croissance au détriment de la maturation, la maintenance et la reproduction chez les individus exposés qui correspondrait à un déplacement du compromis énergétique entre ces deux compartiments. La seconde partie a cherché à identifier, sur la base d’un modèle bioénergétique, les modes d’action physiologique (PMoA) du mélange de PCB et PBDE pouvant expliquer les résultats expérimentaux. Un modèle de Budget Energétique Dynamique (Dynamic Energy Budget ; DEB) a été calibré pour chaque traitement sur la base des données expérimentales et les paramètres estimés ont été ensuite comparés entre individus exposés et contrôles. Le modèle DEB a permis de révéler deux PMoAs probables : le premier est lié à l’augmentation de la fraction d’énergie allouée à la maintenance et la croissance somatique au détriment de la maturation, sa maintenance et la reproduction et le deuxième est lié à l’augmentation des coûts de production d’un oeuf. Ces deux PMoAs concourent à une croissance vers des tailles plus élevées et une fécondité plus faible chez les poissons exposés. La troisième partie de la thèse s’est intéressée à évaluer les conséquences des réponses individuelles à l’exposition au mélange de PCB et de PBDE, via les deux PMoAs identifiés, sur la dynamique de population de poissons et la productivité des pêcheries commerciales. Un modèle de population structurée physiologiquement (PSP) a été couplé (i) au modèle DEB pour décrire la trajectoire ontogénique des traits d’histoire de vie des individus et (ii) à un modèle de ressource dynamique pour inclure la boucle de rétroaction environnementale entre les individus et leur ressource. Le modèle DEB-PSP a prédit une réduction de l’abondance numérique de la population exposée en même temps qu’une augmentation de sa biomasse. L’abondance numérique réduite chez la population exposée est probablement due à la diminution de la fécondité alors que la biomasse plus élevée est liée à l’augmentation de la croissance qui surcompense le déficit numérique. L’étude par bifurcation des effets indépendants des deux PMoAs a montré qu’ils participent conjointement à la diminution de l’abondance et l’augmentation de la biomasse chez la population exposée. Le modèle prédit également que la population exposée s’éteint pour des taux de mortalité plus faibles que pour la population contrôle lorsque la mortalité est indépendante de la taille des individus et plus forts lorsque la mortalité décroit avec la taille, comme pour la mortalité par prédation. Lorsqu’une mortalité par pêche est ajoutée à la mortalité par prédation et que celle-ci augmente avec la taille comme c’est le cas classiquement dans les pêcheries au chalut, la population exposée supporte des taux d’exploitation moindre que la population contrôle. Enfin, la population exposée permettrait un rendement maximum durable plus élevé que la population contrôle mais à un taux d’exploitation moindre, exposant la population contaminée à un plus grand risque de surexploitation. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a broad group of compounds with varying physicochemical and toxic properties. Among POP, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two families of hydrophobic compounds sharing some similar environmental properties such as hydrophobicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds could affect fish life-history traits such as survival, growth and reproductive success. However, few studies have focused on environmental situations as most previous works investigated the effect of either single congeners, or single families of molecules among POP, or high concentrations, so that results can hardly be transposed to natural populations. The present thesis focuses on the evaluation of individual and population responses of fish to a chronic dietary exposure to an environmentally realistic marine mixture of PCBs and PBDEs. It is divided into three parts. The first part aimed to evaluate the effects of an experimental exposure to a mixture of PCBs and PBDEs that is representative of the Seine estuary on the life-history traits of zebrafish taken as a model species. Exposure was conducted through diet from the first meal and throughout the life cycle of the fish. Life-history traits of exposed fish were compared to those of control individuals using several replicate populations in each treatment. The results showed a slower growth, but to a larger asymptotic length, and delayed spawning probability in exposed fish. In addition, offspring issued from early spawning events of exposed fish exhibited a lower larval survival under starvation condition. These results suggest an increase in energy allocation towards growth at the expense of maturation, maintenance and reproduction in exposed individuals, which could correspond to a shift in the energy trade-off between these two compartments. The second part aimed to identify, on the basis of a bioenergetic model, the physiological modes of action (PMoA) of PCBs and PBDEs that can explain the experimental results. A Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was calibrated for each treatment using experimental data and the estimated model parameters were compared between control and exposed fish. The DEB model revealed two potential PMoAs: the first one was through an increase of the fraction of energy allocated to somatic maintenance and growth at the expense of maturation, its maintenance and reproduction and the second one was through an increase of the cost of production of an egg. The third part focused on the population dynamical consequences of the individual life-history effects of the two identified PMoAs of PCBs and PBDEs. A Physiologically Structured Population Model (PSP) was coupled with (i) the DEB model to describe the ontogenetic trajectory of individuals’ life-history traits, and (ii) a dynamic resource model to include the feedback loop between individuals and their resource. The DEB-PSP model predicted a lower abundance and a higher biomass in exposed population compared to control population. These results could be explained by a weaker fecundity that leads to a lower abundance of individuals and an increased growth, which results into a larger biomass by overcompensating the numerical deficit for populations. The bifurcation analysis of the independent effects of the two PMoAs showed that they participate jointly in the decrease of the abundance and the increase of the biomass of the exposed population. The model also predicted that lower intensities of size-independent natural mortality are necessary to drive exposed population to extinction relative to control population, whereas higher intensities are necessary when mortality decreases with size as for predation mortality. When fishing mortality is added to predation mortality and increases with size, as in trawl fisheries, the control population seems to persist at higher exploitation rates than the exposed one. Finally, the exposed population may allow for a larger maximum sustainable yield but at a lower exploitation rate, thus exposing the contaminated population to a higher risk of overexploitation.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hamon, Dominique; Blanchard, Michel;

    Le document présente une méthode originale d'étude de la répartition de la crépidule dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc (Manche occidentale), au moyen du sonar latéral et de l'imagerie sous-marine. Une évaluation quantitative du stock complète cette distribution et permet d'estimer la biomasse de crépidules dans la baie à environ 250 000 tonnes (poids frais). The aim of this report is to provide an original method of mapping slipper limpet beds in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (Western Channel) by means of side scan sonar and submarine video. An evaluation of the biomass completes the distribution of limpets. The total fresh weight is about 250 000 tons

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pecquerie, Laure;

    Comprendre la variabilité du recrutement est une problématique majeure en halieutique. Dans ce travail, nous explorons une nouvelle approche pour étudier les facteurs qui déterminent le recrutement, dans le cadre de la modélisation biophysique. Le schéma de ponte des adultes peut influencer la survie des larves car il détermine les conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent pendant cette période critique. Notre cas d'étude est l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne Engraulis encrasicolus, qui est une espèce à pontes multiples. L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre l'effet de l'environnement vécu par un individu i) sur l'énergie disponible pour la reproduction et ii) sur l'étalement des pontes et ses conséquences sur la croissance, le développement et la survie des larves. Pour appréhender les processus métaboliques en jeu, la théorie Dynamic Energy Budget est un outil particulièrement adapté. Cette théorie permet d'identifier les processus communs et les spécificités de chaque stade. Nous apportons tout d'abord une révision de la courbe de croissance de l'anchois du golfe de Gascogne. Nous reproduisons la croissance des juvéniles en tenant compte du fait qu'ils expérimentent en moyenne une température plus élevée durant cette phase que celle vécue ensuite par les adultes. La croissance larvaire diffère de la croissance des juvéniles et des adultes. Nous proposons de considérer la relation entre prise de nourriture et longueur de l'individu pour expliquer cette croissance. Ce travail nous permet ensuite de mieux comprendre et de quantifier l'effet des conditions environnementales vécues par un individu sur la durée de sa saison de reproduction. Ces conditions déterminent d'une part la taille de l'individu donc son potentiel reproducteur et d'autre part la quantité d'énergie qu'il peut effectivement mettre en réserve pour la reproduction. En conditions limitantes de nourriture, cette énergie peut en effet être mobilisée pour sa survie. Ainsi la structure en taille de la population et les conditions limitantes rencontrées par les individus sont des facteurs déterminants des fenêtres de ponte. La thèse permet enfin d'identifier les conditions de nourriture nécessaires à la survie jusqu'au stade juvénile, pour des larves issues de fenêtres de pontes différentes. Nous obtenons ce résultat à partir de la sélection des scénarios environnementaux qui reproduisent l'âge et la taille de l'otolithe à la métamorphose en fonction de la date d'ouverture de la bouche. Le lien entre métabolisme du poisson et formation de l'otolithe (une pièce calcifiée de l'oreille interne) est explicitement modélisé. Nous démontrons le potentiel du modèle pour la reconstruction de la quantité d'énergie assimilée par un individu au cours de sa vie à partir des variations observées de l'opacité dans l'otolithe. L'approche développée dans ce travail est une approche déterministe du lien environnement – individu, au travers des processus bioénergétiques. Cette approche nous permet de proposer des mécanismes originaux sous-jacents à certaines observations classiques en halieutique telles que le découplage entre la croissance de l'otolithe et la croissance en longueur du poisson et la phase exponentielle de la croissance pendant le stade larvaire. Une meilleure compréhension des cycles de vie requiert également la prise en compte du comportement et des stratégies individuelles. Ce travail peut constituer la base sur laquelle de telles études pourront à l'avenir s'appuyer. Understanding the recruitment variability of fish populations is a major challenge in fishery sciences. In the present work, we explore a new approach to study the potential factors that determine this recruitment in the context of biophysical modelling. The adult spawning pattern might influence the survival of the larvae as it determines the environmental conditions they experience during this critical period. We apply our study to the Bay of Biscay anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, which is a multiple-batch spawner. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of the environmental conditions experienced by an individual i) on the energy available for reproduction and ii) on the temporal distribution of the spawning events and its consequences on larval growth, development and survival. To study these processes, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is particularly suitable. This theory allows us to identify the common processes and the specificities of each life stage. First, we actualise the growth curve of Bay of Biscay anchovy. Juvenile growth is reproduced by taking into account they experience in average a higher temperature during this stage than the adults thereafter. Larval growth in fish typically deviates from later juvenile and adult growth. We suggest to consider how food intake depends on body length to explain the observed growth patterns. Second, the present work allows us to better understand and quantify the effect of environmental conditions experienced by an individual on the length of its spawning season. These conditions determine on one hand the length of the individual and thus its reproduction potential, and on the other hand the amount of energy that it can actually store for reproduction. In limiting conditions, this energy can be mobilised for survival. Hence, the length structure of the population and the limiting conditions encountered by the individuals are determinant factors of the spawning windows. Third, we are able to identify the food conditions that allow survival until the juvenile stage for larvae issued from different spawning windows. We obtain this result from the selection of environmental scenarios that reproduce the observed age and otolith radius at metamorphosis according to first feeding date. The link between fish metabolism and otolith formation (a complex crystal in the inner ear of the fish) is explicitly modelled. We show the potential of the model to reconstruct individual life history from the observed variations of opacity in the otolith. The approach we used is a deterministic approach of the link between the environment and the individual, through bioenergetic processes. It allows us to formulate original mechanisms underlying classical observations in fishery sciences. As a better understanding of fish life cycles requires the study of individual behavior and strategies in response to environmental variations, we suggest the present work can be used as a basis for such studies.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Khripounoff, Alexis; Rowe, Gilbert T;

    Cinq pièges à particules ont été déployés à des profondeurs comprises entre 4400 et 4 900 rn sur deux stations dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara et une station dans la plaine abyssale du Cap Vert (Atlantique tropical). Dans le même temps, un échantillonnage intensif du sédiment superficiel a été réalisé à l'aide d'un carottier de 0,25 m2 d'ouverture. Le flux particulaire total mesuré varie de 372 mg de matière sèche/m2/jour à 87,7 mg/m2/g de matériel récolté. Dans les sédiments superficiels, elle n'est plus que d'environ 4 mg/g. Il existe une relation directe entre l'intensité du flux organique et la richesse en composés organiques du sédiment. D'après nos estimations, plus de 90% du matériel organique arrivant sur le fond sont consommés par les organismes benthiques abyssaux et seulement 1% est perdu dans la sédimentation permanente. Pour 100 calories consommées par le benthos, 99 le sont par la petite faune et la flore vivant dans le sédiment, 0, 7 calories sont utilisées par les holothuries (mégafaune) et 0,3 calories par les poissons. La composition biochimique des particules se caractérise, à toutes les stations, par la prédominance des composés organiques transformées néobiogéniques ( « humus ») dans la matière organique totale (plus de 55%). La part des molécules de la matière vivante varie d'une station à l'autre: à la station la plus océanique, les protéines dominent et composent 200/o de l'énergie totale des apports. Dans la station plus soumise aux influences continentales, la concentration en lipides augmente et peut égaler celle des protéines. Dans ce cas, le taux de glucides des particules est très faible (7% des apports organiques). Enfin, les préférences nutritionnelles des animaux qui s'alimentent sur ces particules se portent principalement sur les molécules les plus énergétiques (lipides) et les plus facilement hydrolysables (protéines labiles) : les autres molécules, comme les composés néobiogéniques sont moins recherchés bien qu'ils contribuent pour moitié à l'énergie consommée par les animaux benthiques abyssaux Five particle traps were deployed at depths of 4 400 to 4 900 rn at two stations on the Demerara abyssal plain and one station on the Cape Verde abyssal plain (tropical Atlantic). At the same time, an intensive sampling of superficial sediments was carried out using a 0,25 m2 box corer. The total particle flux varied from 372 to 87,7 mg dry weightfm2/day. The average concentration of organic carbon was 40 mg/g of material collected. ln the surface sediment this was only 4 mg/g. A direct relationship existed between the intensity of the flux of organic matter and the richness of the organic matter of the deposited sediment. According to our calculations, more than 90% of the organic matter arriving at the bottom is consumed by the abyssal benthos and only 1% is lost to permanent sediment deposits. For 100 calories consumed by the benthos, 99 are utilized by the infauna and flora, 0, 7 by the holothurian egafauna and 0,3 by near-bottom fisches. The biochemical composition of the particles is characterized at ali stations by a predominance of "humic" material in the total organic matter (more than 55%). The part of the molecules unaltered form living material varied from on station to another: for the most oceanic station the protein dominated, composing 20% of the total energy. At the station onder the influence of the continent the lipid fraction grew and was almost equal to that of the protein. ln this case, the carbohydrate fraction was very weak (7% of the organic matter). Finally the preference of the animais which feed on the particles is principally for the most energetic (lipid) and the most easily hydrolysable (labile protein) molecules: the other molecules, such as the humic matter, are less preferred, although they still contribute to about half of the energy consumed by the abyssal benthic animais.

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    Authors: Migne, A; Davoult, D;

    Because of strong tidal currents, the bottom of the Dover Strait consists of coarse sediment which is colonized by a pebble community. A quantitative study, based on 0.1 m(2) quadrat samples taken by divers, was conducted on this community to establish the richness of benthic macrofauna (in terms of biomass and diversity) and to provide conclusive data on global community structure (spatial and temporal heterogeneity, trophic structure). Eight samples were taken between June 1992 and June 1993, eight replicates being taken on each sampling visit. One hundred and one species were identified, in 10 zoological groups, and a mean biomass of 281 g.m(-2) (ash free dry weight) was calculated. The Shannon diversity index was low (H' = 1.24) because of the strong dominance of three species. The echinoderm Ophiothrix fragilis and the two cnidarians Urticina felina and Alcyonium digitatum accounted for at least 97 % of the total biomass at all sampling periods. Spatial heterogeneity, studied at the settle of 0.1 m(2) by hierarchical cluster analysis based on Sorensen's qualitative similarity index and by Factor Correspondence Analysis on biomasses,seemed low and was due to the strong dispersion of rare species. Hierarchical cluster analysis and FCA, performed at the scale of 0.8 m(2) on periods of sampling, showed temporal homogeneity. The seasonal influence on biomass did not affect its distribution in species or trophic groups. Suspension-feeders accounted for 99.8% of total biomass.

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Laubier, Lucien;

    Hydrothermal communities of various species compositions have been described from the eastern and western Pacific and Atlantic. Brine and cold seeps and hydrocarbon seepages have been found off Florida, off the Oregon and Japanese subduction systems, on the Laurentian Fan, near Barbados, and off Louisiana. Biomasses range from 10 to 70 kg/m super(2), fresh weight. Basic microdistribution of species groups in aureoles centered around hydrothermal vents reveals different levels of adaptation to harsh physico-chemical conditions. Two groups of primary producers can be recognized: a highly efficient cool water group with large vestimentiferan tube worms and bivalves, and alvinellid polychaetes adapted to hot waters. Both groups are exploited by specific carnivores. The food web is based on sulfooxidizing symbiotic bacteria. Methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria have recently been found in bivalves off Louisiana. Nearly 160 species new to sciences have been described, with an abnormally large number of panchronic species. The short life span of hydrothermal vents together with the world-wide distribution of several species raise questions of propagation and colonization.

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    Authors: De Casamajor, Marie-noelle; Mahias, Jeremy; Bru, Noelle; Caill-milly, Nathalie;

    Pour évaluer le stock d'oursin P. lividus à l'échelle de la côte basque, un échantillonnage spatial sur l'ensemble de la zone exploitée a été réalisé. Pour étudier la période de reproduction, un échantillonnage sur une année entière a été effectué. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en 2013 et 2014. La reproduction se produit une seule fois au cours d'un cycle annuel du printemps à l’été, entre mai et août en 2014. Parmi les facteurs qui déclenchent la ponte, la salinité, la température et l'hydrodynamisme témoignent d'une importante variabilité inter-annuelle sur la côte basque. Ainsi, la période définie en 2014, pourra fluctuer selon les années. Concernant le stock, les résultats font état de 11,85 (+/-0,32) millions d'individus exploitables pour une biomasse de 724 (+/- 137) tonnes, répartis sur l'ensemble de la zone prospectée. La densité et la biomasse diminuent rapidement avec la profondeur, la majorité des individus se localisent entre 0 et 5 m. Une importante fluctuation des densités est observée entre les profils géomorphologiques mais, en moyenne, elles sont comprises entre 3 et 3,8 individus.m-2. Les conditions hydrodynamiques, particulièrement énergétiques sur cette zone, se traduisent par un comportement fouisseur prononcé. A spatial sampling was carried out for stock assessment of sea urchin P. lividus throughout the Basque coast. A sampling, over the year, was conducted to study the reproductive cycle. This work took place over 2013 and 2014. Reproduction occurs once in spring, between May and August 2014. Among factors affecting the release of eggs, salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics show a significant inter-annual variability in the Basque coast. Thus, the period set in 2014, may fluctuate between years. For the stock, the results showed that 11.85 (+/-0.32) million individuals of harvestable biomass for 724 tones (+/- 137). Stock is spread over the entire surveyed area density and biomass decrease rapidly with depth, individuals are mainly located between 0 and 5 m. Large fluctuations in densities are observed among geomorphological profiles, but on average they are between 3 and 3,8 individuals.m-2. Hydrodynamic conditions particularly energetic over this area are reflected the burrowing behavior pronounced.

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    Authors: Horri, Khaled;

    Les polluants organiques persistants (POP) constituent un large ensemble de composés aux propriétés physico-chimiques et de toxicité variables. Parmi ceux-ci, les polychlorobiphényles (PCB) et les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE) sont deux familles de composés hydrophobes partageant certaines propriétés physico-chimiques similaires, leur conférant des propriétés environnementales proches : persistance, bioaccumulation et toxicité. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que ces composés pouvaient affecter les traits d’histoire de vie des poissons tels que la survie, la croissance et la reproduction. Il s’avère cependant que les études approchant des situations environnementales sont rares du fait de l'utilisation soit d’un congénère unique, soit d’une famille unique de molécules parmi les POP, soit de concentrations élevées. Les résultats sont alors difficilement transposables aux populations naturelles. Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation des réponses individuelles et populationnelles des poissons à une exposition chronique par la voie alimentaire à un mélange de PCB et de PBDE représentatif du milieu marin. Elle se divise en trois parties. La première partie s’est attachée à évaluer les effets d’une exposition expérimentale au mélange de PCB et de PBDE représentatif de l’estuaire de la Seine sur les traits d’histoire de vie du poisson-zèbre pris comme espèce modèle. Des individus ont été exposés par voie alimentaire au mélange de polluants à partir du premier repas et tout au long de leur cycle de vie. Leurs traits d’histoire de vie ont été suivis et comparés à ceux de poissons contrôles et ce pour plusieurs réplicas. Les résultats ont montré un ralentissement de la croissance mais une taille asymptotique plus élevée et une probabilité de ponte retardée chez les individus exposés. De plus, les descendants issus des premiers évènements de ponte des individus exposés avaient une survie larvaire plus faible en situation de jeûne. Ces résultats suggèrent une augmentation de l’allocation d’énergie vers la croissance au détriment de la maturation, la maintenance et la reproduction chez les individus exposés qui correspondrait à un déplacement du compromis énergétique entre ces deux compartiments. La seconde partie a cherché à identifier, sur la base d’un modèle bioénergétique, les modes d’action physiologique (PMoA) du mélange de PCB et PBDE pouvant expliquer les résultats expérimentaux. Un modèle de Budget Energétique Dynamique (Dynamic Energy Budget ; DEB) a été calibré pour chaque traitement sur la base des données expérimentales et les paramètres estimés ont été ensuite comparés entre individus exposés et contrôles. Le modèle DEB a permis de révéler deux PMoAs probables : le premier est lié à l’augmentation de la fraction d’énergie allouée à la maintenance et la croissance somatique au détriment de la maturation, sa maintenance et la reproduction et le deuxième est lié à l’augmentation des coûts de production d’un oeuf. Ces deux PMoAs concourent à une croissance vers des tailles plus élevées et une fécondité plus faible chez les poissons exposés. La troisième partie de la thèse s’est intéressée à évaluer les conséquences des réponses individuelles à l’exposition au mélange de PCB et de PBDE, via les deux PMoAs identifiés, sur la dynamique de population de poissons et la productivité des pêcheries commerciales. Un modèle de population structurée physiologiquement (PSP) a été couplé (i) au modèle DEB pour décrire la trajectoire ontogénique des traits d’histoire de vie des individus et (ii) à un modèle de ressource dynamique pour inclure la boucle de rétroaction environnementale entre les individus et leur ressource. Le modèle DEB-PSP a prédit une réduction de l’abondance numérique de la population exposée en même temps qu’une augmentation de sa biomasse. L’abondance numérique réduite chez la population exposée est probablement due à la diminution de la fécondité alors que la biomasse plus élevée est liée à l’augmentation de la croissance qui surcompense le déficit numérique. L’étude par bifurcation des effets indépendants des deux PMoAs a montré qu’ils participent conjointement à la diminution de l’abondance et l’augmentation de la biomasse chez la population exposée. Le modèle prédit également que la population exposée s’éteint pour des taux de mortalité plus faibles que pour la population contrôle lorsque la mortalité est indépendante de la taille des individus et plus forts lorsque la mortalité décroit avec la taille, comme pour la mortalité par prédation. Lorsqu’une mortalité par pêche est ajoutée à la mortalité par prédation et que celle-ci augmente avec la taille comme c’est le cas classiquement dans les pêcheries au chalut, la population exposée supporte des taux d’exploitation moindre que la population contrôle. Enfin, la population exposée permettrait un rendement maximum durable plus élevé que la population contrôle mais à un taux d’exploitation moindre, exposant la population contaminée à un plus grand risque de surexploitation. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a broad group of compounds with varying physicochemical and toxic properties. Among POP, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two families of hydrophobic compounds sharing some similar environmental properties such as hydrophobicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds could affect fish life-history traits such as survival, growth and reproductive success. However, few studies have focused on environmental situations as most previous works investigated the effect of either single congeners, or single families of molecules among POP, or high concentrations, so that results can hardly be transposed to natural populations. The present thesis focuses on the evaluation of individual and population responses of fish to a chronic dietary exposure to an environmentally realistic marine mixture of PCBs and PBDEs. It is divided into three parts. The first part aimed to evaluate the effects of an experimental exposure to a mixture of PCBs and PBDEs that is representative of the Seine estuary on the life-history traits of zebrafish taken as a model species. Exposure was conducted through diet from the first meal and throughout the life cycle of the fish. Life-history traits of exposed fish were compared to those of control individuals using several replicate populations in each treatment. The results showed a slower growth, but to a larger asymptotic length, and delayed spawning probability in exposed fish. In addition, offspring issued from early spawning events of exposed fish exhibited a lower larval survival under starvation condition. These results suggest an increase in energy allocation towards growth at the expense of maturation, maintenance and reproduction in exposed individuals, which could correspond to a shift in the energy trade-off between these two compartments. The second part aimed to identify, on the basis of a bioenergetic model, the physiological modes of action (PMoA) of PCBs and PBDEs that can explain the experimental results. A Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was calibrated for each treatment using experimental data and the estimated model parameters were compared between control and exposed fish. The DEB model revealed two potential PMoAs: the first one was through an increase of the fraction of energy allocated to somatic maintenance and growth at the expense of maturation, its maintenance and reproduction and the second one was through an increase of the cost of production of an egg. The third part focused on the population dynamical consequences of the individual life-history effects of the two identified PMoAs of PCBs and PBDEs. A Physiologically Structured Population Model (PSP) was coupled with (i) the DEB model to describe the ontogenetic trajectory of individuals’ life-history traits, and (ii) a dynamic resource model to include the feedback loop between individuals and their resource. The DEB-PSP model predicted a lower abundance and a higher biomass in exposed population compared to control population. These results could be explained by a weaker fecundity that leads to a lower abundance of individuals and an increased growth, which results into a larger biomass by overcompensating the numerical deficit for populations. The bifurcation analysis of the independent effects of the two PMoAs showed that they participate jointly in the decrease of the abundance and the increase of the biomass of the exposed population. The model also predicted that lower intensities of size-independent natural mortality are necessary to drive exposed population to extinction relative to control population, whereas higher intensities are necessary when mortality decreases with size as for predation mortality. When fishing mortality is added to predation mortality and increases with size, as in trawl fisheries, the control population seems to persist at higher exploitation rates than the exposed one. Finally, the exposed population may allow for a larger maximum sustainable yield but at a lower exploitation rate, thus exposing the contaminated population to a higher risk of overexploitation.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ArchiMer - Instituti...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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