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Dans le paysage des propositions de comptabilité nationale rénovée et de nouveaux indicateurs de bien-être et de soutenabilité, l'approche de la Richesse Inclusive (Inclusive Wealth Framework) et l'Indicateur de Richesse Inclusive qui lui est associé, lancés en juin 2012 pendant le sommet "Rio + 20", sont particulièrement en vue. Construit à la confluence de l'économie du bien-être, de l'économie du développement et de l'économie de la soutenabilité, l'indicateur est supposé informer, de manière exhaustive (inclusive), sur la richesse des nations et leur soutenabilité. Mais le cadre d'analyse de la Richesse Inclusive présente de nombreux problèmes liés à ses hypothèses et à des insuffisances dans la disponibilité des données. Nous montrons que ces problèmes empêchent l'IWI d'atteindre les objectifs de ses auteurs. Plus fondamentalement, l'IWI ne satisfait pas les conditions d'un bon indicateur de soutenabilité. Nous mettons en question les prétentions de l'économie (néoclassique) à pouvoir traiter des enjeux complexes, incertains et variés, notamment à l'aide d'hypothèses de non-optimalité. Nous évoquons ensuite des pistes de recherche alternatives, dont les fondements nous semblent plus à même de développer une approche forte de la soutenabilité dans une perspective moins économiciste. Le choix de nouveaux indicateurs de prospérité ne doit pas reposer sur des critères d'élégance formelle ou de prétendue cohérence théorique. Among recent high-profile propositions to revise national accounts and to provide new indicators of sustainability and well-being, the Inclusive Wealth Framework and the related Inclusive Wealth Index (thereafter IWI), first released during the "Rio+20" Conference, undoubtedly stand out as the most promising endeavour. Built up at the confluence of welfare, development and sustainability economics, the indicator is supposed to bring information about the wealth of nations and their sustainability, in a comprehensive way. The inclusive wealth framework is nevertheless fraught with limitations, due to questionable theoretical assumptions and gaps in data availability. We propose a critical appraisal of the index and its underlying framework. Our conclusion is that these limitations undermine its capacity to reach the goals it was given, and to fulfill the requirements of a satisfactory sustainability indicator. Special emphasis is put on the misleading pretension of (neoclassical) economics to handle highly complex, uncertain and manifold issues, even on theoretical bases renovated by dropping some optimality assumptions. We briefly sketch alternative research avenues, that appear more conducive to the endorsement of strong sustainability, and less prone to economism. Alleged theoretical consistency and elegance should not beguile us when choosing indicators for sustainable and prosperous societies.

The European vision outlined, which is only one of many visions possible, is a result of a three year learning process. The R&Dialogue consortium discussed the experiences made and lessons learned during the ten country dialogues. Based on these findings an overall vision for Europe has been constructed. The vision tries to highlight the insights of this mutual learning process, but clearly it does not necessarily reflect the opinions and interests of all the external stakeholders involved. The chapter ‘Vision for Europe in 2050’ lays out the characteristics of a possible low- carbon Europe in the future. The chapter ‘Ways of getting to the low-carbon society’ gives recommendations for how to achieve this transition.

The thesis is concerned with various models arising from the study of the dynamics of the population facing a climate change. We aim at achieving two following goals: The first one is to extend original work of Berestycki, Diekmann, Nagelkerke, Zegeling [5] and later developments of Berestycki and Rossi [18,19] the second one is to investigate the deeper mathematical aspects of this model and deal with the new problems where nonlocal and nonlinear diffusion are considered. The Chapter 1 deals with the problem in an infinite cylindrical domain and in the whole space where the reaction term is (resp.) independent or periodically dependent on time. The novelty of this work is that we consider a global condition in term of the spectral theory to assume that the environment of the population is globally unfavorable at infinity instead of pointwise unfavorable near infinity as in [5,18,19]. We further study the concentration of the species in the cylindrical domain when the exterior domain is changed to be extremely unfavorable. In the Chapter 2, we focus on conditioning the a sharp criterion for the existence, nonexistence and uniqueness of positive solution of fully semilinear elliptic equation. When the divergence of the drift term is zero, the existence of positive solution can be characterized by the amplitude of the drift term under some fair assumptions on the growth rate. The large time behavior of associated parabolic equation is considered, where we have to deal with the case of possibly unbounded coefficients. The Chapter 3 extends the existence, nonexistence and uniqueness in the second chapter for a quasilinear equation involving p-laplacian operator. The main difficulty is that it seems hard to apply the strong maximum principle and thus we make use a variational approach to attain an important comparison principle. In Chapter 4, we investigate three notion of generalized principal eigenvalues for nonlocal operators in bounded and unbounded domains (eventually $\R^N$). If the kernel is compactly supported, we can also prove the equivalence of these eigenvalues in unbounded domain. We consider the limits of the eigenvalues of the rescaling operator with respect to the diffusion. The results are very different depending on the rate of rescaling. In Chapter 5, by the help of the results in Chapter 4, we consider the nonlocal evolution equation and prove that the solution of evolution equation converges to the unique stationary solution, whose existence is directly conditioned by the sign of the generalized principal eigenvalue. The convergences holds in $L^\infty(\R^N)$ and $L^p(\R^N)$, $p>0$. In the second part of this chapter, we further investigate the singular limits of the unique positive solution of the rescaling equations. We show that the unique solution of nonlocal equation either approximates the unique solution of local KPP type equation or approximates a solution of reaction-equation, which may not be unique. Cette thèse traite de différents modèles issus de l'étude de la dynamique des populations devant faire face à un changement climatique. Notre but est d’atteindre deux objectifs ; le premier est d'étendre les travaux initiaux de Berestycki, Diekmann, Nagelkerke, Zegeling [5], ainsi que leurs développements ultérieurs (Berestycki et Rossi [18, 19]) ; le second est de dévoiler les aspects mathématiques profonds de ce modèle, en considérant de nouveaux problèmes, faisant intervenir une diffusion non-locale et non-linéaire. Le Chapitre 1 traite du cas d’un domaine cylindrique infini, dans l'espace entier, lorsque le terme de réaction est indépendant (resp. périodiquement dépendant) du temps. La nouveauté de ce travail est d’exprimer une condition globale dans le cadre de la théorie spectrale, afin de pouvoir supposer que l'environnement de la population est globalement défavorable à l'infini (au lieu de ponctuellement défavorable au voisinage de l'infini) comme dans [5, 18, 19]. Nous poursuivons l’étude de la concentration des espèces dans le domaine cylindrique lorsque le domaine extérieur est rendu extrêmement défavorable. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous nous concentrons sur les hypothèses permettant d’établir l'existence (vs l'inexistence) et l'unicité de la solution positive de l'équation elliptique semi-linéaire complète. Lorsque la divergence du terme de dérive est nulle, l'existence d'une solution positive peut être caractérisée à partir de l'amplitude du terme de dérive (sous des hypothèses adéquates de vitesse d’accroissement). L’étude du comportement pour des temps longs de l'équation parabolique nous amène à traiter le cas de coefficients éventuellement non bornés. Le Chapitre 3 étend les critères d'existence, d'inexistence et d'unicité explicités dans le deuxième chapitre aux équations quasi-linéaires impliquant un opérateur p-Laplacien. La principale difficulté rencontrée est que le principe du maximum fort semble difficile à appliquer ; nous devons alors utiliser une approche variationnelle pour obtenir un important principe de comparaison. Dans le Chapitre 4, nous étudions trois notions de valeurs propres principales généralisées pour les opérateurs non locaux sur des domaines bornés et non bornés (éventuellement ). Si le noyau est à support compact, nous pouvons également démontrer l'équivalence de ces valeurs propres sur domaine non borné. Nous étudions les limites des valeurs propres de l'opérateur de mise à l'échelle induit par la diffusion. Les résultats sont très dépendants du taux de mise à l'échelle. Dans le Chapitre 5, à la lumière des résultats obtenus dans le Chapitre 4, nous considérons l'équation d'évolution non locale et démontrons que la solution de l'équation d'évolution converge vers l’unique solution stationnaire, dont l'existence est directement conditionnée par le signe de la valeur propre principale généralisée. Cette convergence a lieu dans L1 (RN) et Lp (RN), p> 0. Dans la deuxième partie de ce chapitre, nous examinons les limites singulières de l'unique solution positive des équations de remise à l’échelle. Nous montrons que l'unique solution de l'équation non locale approche – soit l'unique solution de l'équation locale de type KPP, soit une solution (qui peut ne pas être unique) de l’équation de réaction.

International audience This paper synthesizes the technical feasibility study carried out for a hybrid ocean energy converter. The solution envisaged involves a 100m large semi-submersible platform designed with five columns and equipped with floating pitching Wave Energy Converters (WECs). This floating structure is mounted with a 5MW wind turbine. The present study covers power performance estimations and structural analysis. The first section describes the “Wave to Wire” model programmed in both frequency and time domain. The mathematical and hydrodynamic assumptions are highlighted together with the numerical model. The second part starts with the assessment of the performances of this device, carried out on in-house simulation codes. Based on combined wave and wind resources, the annual average absorbed power figures are compared with published results for existing ocean energy converters. The total rated power of the combined system reaches 10MW. Eventually, the last section approaches practical topics, directly related to the capital and operational costs inherent to an industrial development phase. The total steel mass of the semi-submersible is estimated first, from structural calculations carried out for a selection of 3D static loads cases. Then, the extreme loads from the WECs are taken into account for a second design phase.

International audience; BIM (Building Information Model) applications cover many areas such as quality control, monitoring, structural analysis and space management. BIM is also widely used as a basis for energy simulation as it contains most of the data needed for energy analysis. However, buildings feature multi-physics phenomena in which energy is only one aspect; therefore it is often needed to jointly perform different kinds of simulations and, to properly connect BIM to the related simulation environments and formats. In line with this concern, our research work focuses on the issue of heterogeneous multi-models interoperability for simulation. The aim is to devise an approach and to develop tools that can support and enhance connections between BIM authoring tools and simulation tools, covering various physical dimensions. To implement this approach, we propose to rely on some well-proven and focused standards from the Building Smart International consortium, namely the IDM (Information Delivery Manual) and the Model Views Definition (MVD). In this respect, this paper brings two contributions. The first is an in-depth review and discussion of the interoperability issues of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) area, in particular since the advent of BIM technologies. The second is an account of the first results of our research work, focusing on the definition and implementation of a well-structured and standards-compliant approach to the generation of energy simulation models from BIM IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) models. This work entailed defining a mapping between the building elements as defined in the targeted simulation engine (the simulation engine of the French thermal regulation), and the corresponding IFC elements and attributes. As the IFC do not cover all the required elements for energy simulation, further enrichment of the IFC – either through ad hoc extension or through connection to complementary data sources – was defined and implemented.

This document is a General Synthesis Report of the Different ADS Design Status being designed within the EUROTRANS Integrated Project; an FP6 European commission partially funded programme. This project had the goal to demonstrate the possibility of nuclear waste transmutation/burning in Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) at industrial scale.The focus is on a Pb-cooled ADS for the European Facility on Industrial scale Transmuter (ETD/EFIT) with a back-up solution based on an He cooled ADS.As an intermediate step towards this industrial-scale prototype, an eXperimental Transmuter based on ADS concept (ETD/XT-ADS) able to demonstrate both the feasibility of the ADS concept and to accumulate experience when using dedicated fuel sub-assemblies or dedicated pins within a MOX fuel core has been also studied.The two machines (XT-ADS and Pb cooled EFIT) have been designed in a consistent way bringing more credibility to the potential licensing of these plants and with sufficient details to allow definition of the critical issues as regards design, safety and associated technological and basic R&D needs. The different designs fit rather well with the technical objectives fixed at the beginning of the project in consistency with the European Roadmap on ADS development.For what concerns the accelerator, the superconducting LINAC has been clearly assessed as the most suitable concept for the three reactors in particular with respect to the stringent requirements on reliability. Associated R&D needs have been identified and will be focused on critical components (injector, cryomodule) long term testing.The design of the different ADS has been performed in view of what is reasonably achievable pending the completion of R&D programmes. The way the EUROTRANS Integrated Project has been organised with other domains than the DM1 Design being specifically devoted to R&D tasks in support to the overall ETD/EFIT and ETD/XT-ADS design tasks has been helpful. The other domains were centred on the assessment of reactivity measurement techniques (DM2 ECATS), on the development of U-free dedicated fuels (DM3 AFTRA), on materials behaviour and heavy liquid metal technology (DM4 DEMETRA) and on nuclear data assessment (DM5 NUDATRA). Pending questions associated to technology gaps have been identified through the different appropriate R&D work programmes and a Catalogue of the R&D needs has been established.Finally, the work within the EUROTRANS integrated project has provided an overall assessment of the feasibility at a reasonable cost for an ADS based transmutation so that a decision can be taken to launch a detailed design and construction of the intermediate step Experimental ADS now already launched within the 7th FP programme under the name of Common Design Team (CDT).

Neutron-induced cross sections of short-lived nuclei are needed for fundamental and applied physics as nuclear energy or astrophysics. However, very often the high radioactivity of the samples makes the direct measurement of these cross sections extremely difficult. The surrogate reaction method is an indirect way of determining neutron-induced cross sections through transfer or inelastic scattering reactions. This method presents the advantage that in some cases the target material is stable or less radioactive than the material required for a neutron-induced measurement. The method is based on the hypothesis that the excited nucleus is a compound nucleus whose decay depends essentially on its excitation energy and on the spin and parity state of the populated compound state. Nevertheless, the spin and parity population differences between the compound-nuclei produced in the neutron and transfer-induced reactions may be different. This work reviews the surrogate method and its validity. Neutron-induced fission cross sections obtained with the surrogate method are in general good agreement. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the surrogate method can be applied to infer radiative capture cross sections. We performed an experiment to determine the gamma-decay probabilities for 176Lu and 173Yb by using the surrogate reactions 174Yb(3He,p)176Lu* and 174Yb(3He,alpha)173Yb*, respectively, and compare them with the well-known corresponding probabilities obtained in the 175Lu(n,gamma) and 172Yb(n,gamma) reactions. This experiment provides answers to understand why, in the case of gamma-decay, the surrogate method gives significant deviations compared to the corresponding neutron-induced reaction. In this work, we have also assessed whether the surrogate method can be applied to extract capture probabilities in the actinide region. Previous experiments on fission have also been reinterpreted. Thus, this work provides new insights into the surrogate method.; Les sections efficaces neutroniques des noyaux de courte durée de vie sont des données cruciales pour la physique fondamentale et appliquée dans des domaines tels que la physique des réacteurs ou l'astrophysique nucléaire. En général, l'extrême radioactivité de ces noyaux ne nous permet pas de procéder à des mesures induites par neutrons. Cependant, il existe une méthode de substitution (" surrogate " dans la littérature) qui permet de déterminer ces sections efficaces neutroniques par l'intermédiaire de réactions de transfert ou de réactions de diffusion inélastique. Son intérêt principal est de pouvoir utiliser des cibles moins radioactives et ainsi d'accéder à des sections efficaces neutroniques qui ne pourraient pas être mesurées directement. La méthode est basée sur l'hypothèse de formation d'un noyau composé et sur le fait que la désexcitation ne dépend essentiellement que de l'énergie d'excitation et du spin et parité de l'état composé peuplé. Toutefois, les distributions de moments angulaires et parités peuplés dans des réactions de transfert et celles induites par neutrons sont susceptibles d'être différentes. Ce travail fait l'état de l'art sur la méthode substitution et sa validité. En général, la méthode de substitution fonctionne très bien pour extraire des sections efficaces de fission. Par contre, la méthode de substitution dédiée à la capture radiative est mise à mal par la comparaison aux réactions induites par neutrons. Nous avons réalisé une expérience afin de déterminer les probabilités de désexcitation gamma du 176Lu et du 173Yb à partir des réactions de substitution 174Yb(3He,p)176Lu* et 174Yb(3He,alpha)173Yb*, respectivement, et nous les avons comparées avec les probabilités de capture radiative correspondantes aux réactions 175Lu(n,gamma) et 172Yb(n,gamma) qui sont bien connues. Cette expérience a permis de comprendre pourquoi, dans le cas de la désexcitation gamma, la méthode de substitution donne des écarts importants par rapport à la réaction neutronique correspondante. Ce travail dans la région de terres rares a permis d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la méthode de substitution peut s'appliquer pour extraire des probabilités de capture dans la région des actinides. Des expériences précédentes sur la fission ont aussi pu être réinterprétées. Ce travail apporte donc un éclairage nouveau sur la méthode de substitution.