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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alvarez-Herault, Marie-Cécile;

    The current context of the energy transition adds an environmental and societal dimension to the planning problem: the power systems must not only be reliable and economical but must also integrate renewable energies, facilitate the development of new actors (local energy communities for example) and optimize their investments. It is in this context that the research I have been conducting for a little more than ten years at Grenoble Electrical Engineering laboratory is taking place: how to plan a robust distribution grid, under uncertainties, integrating distributed energy resources? To answer this question, I explored two research directions: the topological optimization of distribution grid architectures and the integration of non-wire alternatives in the long-term planning. The first research direction focusses on the development of topological optimization algorithms of distribution grids (architectures, technologies and operating modes) complying with a set of performance indicators (costs, reliability, penetration of renewable productions for example), in both rural and urban areas, and for expansion and green-field problems. The second research direction models the impact of flexibilities on investment decisions. The scientific barriers related to the high level of uncertainties and the scale of the problem (power curves and action of flexibility at a time step of a few minutes modelled over several years) required the use of probabilistic approaches (Monte Carlo and analytical) but also scale reduction (identification of seasonality effects using statistical criteria for example). As the distribution network is a system interconnected with the transmission grid and other systems (multi-energy, IT, economic and human), my future research will seek to model these interactions with the aim of systemic optimization. Solutions that break with historical choices will also be studied, such as bottom-up planning approaches and DC or AC/DC architectures. Finally, thanks to the increasing availability of measured and varied data, methods derived from artificial intelligence could enable updating historical planning assumptions and modelling some of the uncertainties. Le contexte actuel lié à la transition énergétique ajoute une dimension environnementale et sociétale à la problématique de planification : le réseau électrique ne doit pas seulement être fiable et économique mais il doit en plus intégrer les énergies renouvelables, faciliter le développement de nouveaux acteurs (communautés locales d’énergie par exemple) et optimiser ses investissements. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux de recherche que je mène depuis un peu plus de dix ans au laboratoire de génie électrique de Grenoble: comment planifier un réseau électrique de distribution robuste, sous incertitudes, intégrant les ressources décentralisées d’énergie ? Pour répondre à cette question, j’ai exploré deux axes de recherche : l’optimisation topologique des architectures de réseaux de distribution et l’intégration de leviers opérationnels dans la planification long terme. Le premier axe de recherche concerne le développement d’algorithmes d’optimisation topologique de réseaux cibles (architectures, technologies et modes d’exploitation) respectant des performances données (coûts, fiabilité, pénétration de productions renouvelables par exemple), en zones rurales et urbaines, et pour des problématiques d’extension et de création de réseaux. Le deuxième axe de mes travaux de recherche modélise l’impact des flexibilités sur les décisions d’investissements. Les verrous scientifiques liés au degré d’incertitude important et à la taille du problème (courbes de puissance et action de la flexibilité à l’échelle de quelques minutes modélisées sur plusieurs années) ont nécessité de recourir à des approches probabilistes (Monte Carlo et analytique) mais aussi de réduction d’échelle (identification d’effets de saisonnalité grâce à des critères statistiques par exemple). Le réseau de distribution étant un système interconnecté au réseau de transport et à d’autres systèmes (multi-énergétiques, informatiques, économiques et humains), mes futurs travaux de recherche modéliseront ces interactions dans un objectif d’optimisation systémique. Des solutions en rupture avec les choix historiques seront également étudiées comme par exemple des approches de planification bottom-up et l’intérêt du retour vers des architectures DC ou AC/DC. Enfin, grâce à la disponibilité croissante de données mesurées et variées, des méthodes issues de l’intelligence artificielle pourraient permettre la mise à jour des hypothèses historiques de planification et de mieux modéliser certaines incertitudes.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mémoires en Sciences...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kayal, Mohsen;

    Les récifs coralliens sont soumis à une augmentation de la fréquence, de l’intensité et de la diversité des perturbations qui menacent la persistance des populations de coraux, ainsi que celle des espèces qui y sont associées. Les récifs de l’archipel de la Société en Polynésie française ont récemment connu deux perturbations majeures, une explosion démographique de l’étoile de mer corallivore Acanthaster planci et un cyclone. Dans ce contexte, ce programme de recherche a porté sur l’étude de la dynamique des populations de coraux et des principales communautés qui y sont associées sur la pente externe des îles de Moorea et de Raiatea.Les dynamiques des populations coralliennes et des communautés récifales sont gouvernées par une combinaison de facteurs intrinsèques propres aux espèces (e.g., taux de recrutement, vitesse de croissance, taux de mortalité, et susceptibilité aux facteurs de régulation) et de facteurs extrinsèques caractéristiques de leur environnement (e.g., qualité de l’habitat, degré de stress biotique et abiotique, fréquence et intensité des perturbations). En Polynésie française, ces dynamiques sont fortement orientées par les perturbations naturelles de grandes ampleurs qui influencent fortement la taille, la structure et la composition des communautés.Le premier volet de ce doctorat évalue l’impact de deux perturbations successives, l’explosion démographique d’Acanthaster et le cyclone, sur la dynamique des communautés récifales, et les conséquences sur la diversité et l’abondance des espèces. Cette première partie permet notamment de qualifier les modalités d’action de ces perturbations, ainsi que de quantifier leurs effets à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Sur chacune des îles étudiées, les densités d’Acanthaster ont d’abord été observées sur une localité relativement restreinte à la base du récif de la pente externe, où les prédateurs ont fortement extirpé les populations coralliennes avant de se propager successivement aux sites et profondeurs adjacents, propageant ainsi progressivement la prolifération à l’ensemble du système récifal insulaire. De même, les Acanthaster ont montré des préférences alimentaires marquées selon les taxa coralliens, avec les genres Acropora, Montipora, autres genres scléractiniaires et Pocillopora ont été préférentiellement dévorés avant que ces prédateurs n’impactent significativement le genre Porites. Le passage du cyclone a montré relativement peu d’impact sur le recouvrement corallien sur des récifs déjà fortement affectés par les Acanthaster, mais a cependant fortement dégradé la structure physique des habitats récifaux auxquels sont inféodées de nombreuses espèces. Dans l’ensemble, le déclin corallien a résulté en une augmentation de la couverture en turf algal suite à une libération de la pression de compétition sur le substrat, et s’est répercuté dans le réseau trophique avec un effondrement des assemblages de poissons corallivores (famille Chaetodontidae) et, à l’inverse, un certain essor des assemblages de poissons herbivores (famille Scaridae). Cette réponse de l’écosystème, en termes de remaniement des assemblages de consommateurs en faveur de la régulation algale et la récupération corallienne, semble caractériser un écosystème à fort potentiel de résilience. Cependant, l’ampleur exceptionnelle des deux récentes perturbations, et la dérive progressive de la structure des communautés coralliennes face à la récurrence des perturbations, s’avèrent préoccupantes quant au maintien des services écologiques et de la diversité des récifs de la Polynésie française.Le second volet de ce manuscrit examine plus spécifiquement la dynamique des populations de coraux, sa variabilité spatiale et temporelle, et son lien avec les traits d’histoire de vie des espèces et avec les conditions environnementales. Cette seconde partie permet notamment de qualifier la structure de taille et de quantifier les taux de recrutement, de croissance et de mortalité des espèces dominantes du paysage corallien en Polynésie française, et d’identifier les stratégies de vie de ces taxa. Pocillopora montre une stratégie de type opportuniste, avec un fort investissement dans la production et la dispersion larvaire, et une taille et une durée de vie relativement limitée des colonies. A l’inverse, Porites montre une stratégie basée sur la persistance des colonies sur le récif, avec un faible taux de colonisation des habitats, mais en contrepartie une longévité importante et une forte résistance face aux perturbations. Acropora montre une stratégie encore distincte et basée sur la compétition, avec un taux de recrutement intermédiaire et une forte vitesse de croissance, mais cependant une susceptibilité importante aux perturbations. Avec leurs traits d’histoire de vie respectifs, ces différents taxa coralliens montrent des habilités variées à se maintenir et à dominer l’habitat récifal selon différents scénarios environnementaux.Le troisième volet de ce programme de recherche doctoral se concentre sur l’élaboration d’un modèle mathématique qui permet de prédire la trajectoire des assemblages coralliens sous divers scénarios environnementaux. Cette troisième partie permet notamment de simuler la dynamique des populations des principaux taxa scléractiniaires de Polynésie française, (1) lors d’une phase de colonisation de l’habitat récifal, et (2) face à une augmentation hypothétique de la fréquence des proliférations du prédateur Acanthaster. En concordance avec les stratégies de vie des espèces telles qu’identifiées au second volet de cemanuscrit, Pocillopora s’avère être le meilleur colonisateur des habitats, Acropora domine les assemblages sous un environnement relativement stable, et Porites est le moins affecté par les perturbations répétitives. La récurrence des perturbations affecte la structure et la pérennité des assemblages coralliens.Grâce à une pression anthropique relativement faible et restreinte à quelques sites particuliers, les récifs coralliens de la Polynésie française figurent parmi les plus résilients de notre planète. Cependant, à l’image d’autres récifs, les suivis à long terme montrent une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des perturbations qui en viennent à menacer le maintien des coraux, ainsi que des communautés récifales qui y sont associées. Aujourd’hui, les récifs coralliens sont globalement en déclin, et semblent être les précurseurs d’une dynamique partagée par de nombreux écosystèmes naturels. Dans l’ère actuelle des perturbations anthropiques et des changements climatiques globaux, l’investigation des processus de régulation des communautés et des capacités de résilience s’avère primordiale pour une gestion durable de ces écosystèmes si précieux. Coral reefs are experiencing increased frequency, intensity, and diversity of disturbances that threaten not only the corals themselves, but many associated species as well. The reefs located in the Society archipelago, French Polynesia, recently underwent two major disturbances: an outbreak of the corallivorous sea star Acanthaster planci and a cyclone. This investigation focuses on the dynamics of coral populations and of the major associated communities of the outer reef slopes of the islands Moorea and Raiatea in the context of these two disturbances.Coral population dynamics, as well as reef community dynamics, are governed by a combination of intrinsic factors specific to species (e.g., recruitment, growth, and mortality rates, and susceptibilities to various regulations) and extrinsic factors characteristic of their environment (e.g., quality of habitats, levels of biotic and abiotic stress, frequency andintensity of disturbances). In French Polynesia, these dynamics are strongly influenced by natural disturbances that affect the size, the structure, and the composition of communities.The first section of this PhD estimates the impact of two successive disturbances, the aforementioned Acanthaster outbreak and cyclone, on the dynamics of reef communities, and evaluates their consequences for species diversity and abundance by detailing the progression of these disturbances and quantifying their effects, including their spatial and temporal scales. For the sea star outbreak, on both studied islands Acanthaster densities were first observed in relatively restricted locations situated at the bottom of the outer reef slopes, where these predators greatly depleted coral populations before moving successively to adjacent sites, progressively spreading the outbreak to the whole insular reef system. Aside from this mode of progression, Acanthaster displayed strong feeding preferences among coral taxa, with the genera Acropora, Montipora, other scleractinians, and Pocillopora hierarchically preyed upon before these predators significantly impacted the genus Porites. While the cyclone did not display a significant impact on the coral cover of these reefs, which had already been highly impacted by Acanthaster; however, the cyclone did strongly damage the physical structure of the reef habitats upon which many species rely. Overall, the decline of corals resulted in an increase in the cover of turf algae, enabled by the relaxed competition for space, and it indirectly affected the trophic chain leading to a collapse of corallivorous fish assemblages (family Chaetodontidae) and a relative increase of herbivore fish assemblages (family Scaridae). This response of the ecosystem, with respect to consumer pressures which favor algae regulation and coral recovery, seems to characterize an ecosystem with high resilience potential; however, the exceptional severity of recent disturbances and the progressive drift in the structure of coral communities facing recurrent perturbations are of concern for the maintenance of the ecological services and the diversity of reefs in French Polynesia.The second section of this thesis investigates the spatial and temporal variability of coral population dynamics and their link with species life history traits and environmental conditions. This second part qualifies the size structure and quantifies the recruitment, growth, and mortality rates of the dominant coral species in French Polynesia, and identifies the life strategies of these taxa. Pocillopora displays an opportunistic strategy, with high production and dispersion of larvae, and small, relatively short-lived colonies. In contrast, Porites engages in a strategy based on the persistence of colonies on the reef, with a low rate of habitat colonization counterbalanced by elevated longevity and high resistance todisturbances. Acropora engages in a different strategy from both Pocillopora and Porites, which is based on competition and which displays an intermediate recruitment rate and relatively fast growth, but also high susceptibility to disturbances. Considering their respective life strategies, these coral taxa must rely on different environmental scenarios for their maintenance and for dominating reef habitats. The third section of this doctoral investigation focuses on the elaboration of a mathematical model that allows predicting the trajectory of coral assemblages under various environmental scenarios. This third part simulates the population dynamics of the major scleractinian taxa in French Polynesia both (1) during the colonization of the reef habitat, and (2) in the face of a hypothetical increase in the frequency of Acanthaster outbreaks. In accordance with the life strategies identified in the second section of this thesis, Pocillopora appears as the best colonizer of reef habitats, Acropora dominates the assemblages in a relatively stable environment, and Porites is the less impacted by repeated disturbances. The recurrence of disturbances affects the structure and the perennity of coral assemblages.Thanks to the relatively low and spatially restricted anthropic pressures in French Polynesia, coral reefs in this region are among the most resilient on our planet. As on many reefs, however, long term monitoring programs show an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbances that threaten the maintenance of corals, as well as their associated communities. Today, coral reefs are in decline globally, and they seem to be heralds of a dynamic shared by many natural ecosystems. In the present era of anthropic disturbances and global climate change, the investigation of community regulation and resilience processes appears crucial for the durable management of these valuable ecosystems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Doctoral thesis . 2011
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    HAL-IRD
    Doctoral thesis . 2011
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Doctoral thesis . 2011
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      HAL-IRD
      Doctoral thesis . 2011
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      Doctoral thesis . 2011
      License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Frossard, Mija; Peuportier, Bruno; Schalbart, Patrick;

    International audience; This article presents a multicriteria optimization method (criterias of final energy consumption and relative investment costs) based on a genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) coupled with a building performance simulation model (COMFIE). The optimization is applied to a passive house case study based in Bulgaria in the frame of from the european project AZEB (Affordable zero energy building). Designs from different levels of performance have been identified among the Pareto-optimal front and life cycle analysis (LCA, Equer) has been applied to assess their environmental impacts. LCA results analysis steer a recommendation to include an LCA objective function in the optimisation process or to complete optimisation study with LCA in order to identify energy plus solutions that are efficient in terms of cost and environmental impacts, and in order to avoid sub-optimal designs.; L'article présente une méthode d'optimisation multicritère (critères de consommation d'énergie finale et de coût d'investissement relatif) basée sur un algorithme génétique NSGA-II couplé à un modèle de simulation énergétique dynamique (COMFIE). La méthode est appliquée à un cas d'étude de type maison passive situé en Bulgarie, dans le cadre du projet européen AZEB (Affordable zero energy building), afin de déterminer des solutions zéro-énergie à moindre coût d'investissement. Des conceptions de différents niveaux de performance sont identifiées au sein du front de Pareto dont les impacts environnementaux sont évalués par analyse de cycle de vie (ACV, Equer). Les résultats montrent que pour identifier des solutions à énergie positive efficientes en termes de coûts et d'impacts environnementaux et éviter d'aboutir à des conceptions sous-optimales, il est recommandé d'intégrer à l'algorithme d'optimisation une fonction objectif tirée de l'ACV ou de compléter l'optimisation par une étude ACV.

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    Authors: Neff, Christophe;

    Im ersten Teil des Artikels wird ein wissenschaftlicher Überblick über die Dynamik der Waldbrände in Tunesien von 2000 bis 2019 gegeben. Er vergleicht die in der Studie "Stratégie nationale d'adaptation de l'agriculture tunisienne et des écosystèmes aux changements climatiques (Nationale Strategie zur Anpassung der tunesischen Landwirtschaft und der Ökosysteme an den Klimawandel)" entwickelten Szenarien mit der Entwicklung der Waldbrände in Tunesien zwischen 2010 und 2019. In diesem Abschnitt zeigt der Autor, dass die Zunahme der Anzahl der Waldbrände und der verbrannten Fläche als ein erstes Anzeichen des Klimawandels in Tunesien gedeutet werden kann. Im zweiten Teil bietet der Autor eine sehr viel subjektivere Sicht auf Tunesien, - die Sicht eines Bloggers, der den Aufbau der ersten echten liberalen Demokratie eines Landes in der arabischen Welt über seinen Blog "paysages" genau verfolgt hat. Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluss, dass "solange der Jebel hungrig ist und die tunesischen Wälder weiter brennen, die Zukunft der jungen tunesischen Demokratie eine "schwere Herausforderung" für Tunesien bleiben wird.

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    Authors: Eichhammer, W.;

    Belgium has an ambitious climate change target of -7.5% for all six geenhouse gases mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) to reach by 2008-2012. The target is ambitious given the current rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the country, though it is average compared to a global EU target of -8% for all greenhouse gases. The remaining 10 years up to 2012, however, leave little margin on action and an ambitious reduction of energy demand is necessary in combination with supply efficiency measures (both on fossil supply and renewables) and measures for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. In this context, the present study was commissioned by the Ministry for Economic Affairs with the aim to investigate in detail the role that energy efficiency at the demand side had been playing in Belgium energy policy so far and what elements of energy efficiency could be promoted to increase its role in the future, taking into account the particular federal structure of the Belgium state. Energy efficiency is not an isolated element of energy policy but embedded in a general context of energy policy.

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    Authors: Fumière, Quentin;

    Le pourtour méditerranéen, plus particulièrement le Sud-Est de la France, est affecté par des épisodes de pluies intenses pendant l'automne. Déterminer l'évolution future de ces événements est un enjeu scientifique et de société majeur. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, à très haute résolution spatiale et aux échelles climatiques, la représentation passée et l'évolution future de ces événements de pluies intenses. L'approche utilisée est basée sur l'analyse des simulations d'une famille de modèles de climat régionaux à convection profonde explicite (cprcms, 2-3 km) et sur l'exploitation d'une nouvelle base de données d'observations des précipitations kilométrique et horaire : comephore.L'évaluation des cprcms met en évidence une forte valeur ajoutée des cprcms par rapport aux rcms (Regional Climate Models) à convection paramétrée (12,5 km) pour la représentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires. Cette valeur ajoutée est robuste à des changements de configurations de cnrm-arome (version, domaine et modèle forceur). Il est également montré que cette valeur ajoutée est vérifiée dans 4 autres paires cprcm/rcm issues du programme cordex fps-convection. L'étude des effets du changement climatique à la fin du 21 ème siècle dans un scénario à forte émission de gaz à effet de serre à partir de simulations de 10 ans des quatre cprcms ne permet pas d'obtenir une évolution significative des précipitations extrêmes même sur le signe du changement attendu. Il est très probable que la variabilité naturelle du climat domine la réponse future des précipitations extrêmes sur des périodes de 10 ans. En revanche, une simulation de scénario de 30 ans avec cnrm-arome selon le scénario rcp8.5 pour la fin du siècle suggère une augmentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires sur les Cévennes et plus particulièrement sur le Roussillon où l'augmentation des précipitations horaires pourrait dépasser les 15% par degré de réchauffement. Par ailleurs, il a été montré que les cprcms peuvent nettement modifier la réponse des pluies au changement climatique simulées par les rcms à résolution standard. A l'avenir, des simulations d'au moins 30 ans semblent nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats robustes dans les exercices internationaux multi-modèles. Ce travail constitue la première exploitation scientifique intensive du modèle arome en mode climat. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent de nombreuses possibilités pour son usage futur pour étudier le climat à très haute résolution et en particulier les événements extrêmes. The Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL-INSU
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      Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Ranville, Adélie; Vernay, Anne-Lorène;

    Dans le champ des « coopératives d’énergie renouvelable » (CER), nous nous concentrons sur des modèles organisationnels dans lesquels les citoyens possèdent collectivement des moyens de production d’énergie renouvelable et participent à cette production, et qui respectent les principes coopératifs de la fédération européenne des coopératives d’énergie renouvelable (REScoop) et de l’Alliance Coopérative Internationale (ACI) (ACI n.d. ; REScoop n.d.). Ces principes comprennent i) l’engagement envers la communauté, ii) l'adhésion volontaire et ouverte, iii) la gouvernance démocratique de l'entreprise et iv) l'autonomie et l'indépendance. En France, ces organisations n’ont pas toujours le statut juridique de coopérative et se définissent comme des « projets d’énergie renouvelable citoyenne ». Ils suivent toutefois les principes coopératifs susmentionnés. En France, l'activité principale des CER est de lever des fonds directement auprès du grand public afin de financer et d'exploiter des centrales à énergies renouvelables. Les CER ne se limitent toutefois pas à la production d'énergie renouvelable. En échangeant avec les initiatives de CER et en participant à divers ateliers, nous avons constaté que beaucoup tentent, par exemple, de diversifier leurs activités pour y inclure des activités liées à la connaissance de l’énergie et à l'efficacité énergétique. Malgré l’émergence récente des projets citoyens au cours des années 2000, les CER sont déjà bien organisées autour de trois acteurs nationaux clés qui soutiennent et structurent leur développement : Energie Partagée, L'association des Centrales Villageoises et Enercoop. Notre étude comprend l’analyse de deux initiatives locales : Eoliennes en Pays de Vilaine, une association créée en 2003 pour développer les éoliennes en Région Bretagne et Buxia Energie, une coopérative dont l’objectif est l’appropriation citoyenne de la production d’électricité par la planification, la construction et le financement de projets locaux dans les énergies renouvelables et les économies d’énergie.

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    ZENODO
    Report . 2021
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    Report . 2021
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    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Janßen, Hannah; Preuß, Sabine; +3 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the second round of survey data gathered in France in 2023, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. The first round of the survey, consisted of recruiting a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country. In this second survey round, we recruit around 500 respondents from the initial survey round, ensuring representativity is maintained. This survey is very similar to the survey in the first round and includes a lot of identical items, including a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in the housing, mobility, and diet sectors, socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort. New for this second round, we have incorporated questions regarding the measures respondents adopted in response to the 2022 energy crisis.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Sygma
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Sygma
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  • Authors: Eichhammer, W.;

    Belgium has an ambitious climate change target of -7.5% for all six geenhouse gases mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) to reach by 2008-2012. The target is ambitious given the current rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the country, though it is average compared to a global EU target of -8% for all greenhouse gases. The remaining 10 years up to 2012, however, leave little margin on action and an ambitious reduction of energy demand is necessary in combination with supply efficiency measures (both on fossil supply and renewables) and measures for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. In this context, the present study was commissioned by the Ministry for Economic Affairs with the aim to investigate in detail the role that energy efficiency at the demand side had been playing in Belgium energy policy so far and what elements of energy efficiency could be promoted to increase its role in the future, taking into account the particular federal structure of the Belgium state. Energy efficiency is not an isolated element of energy policy but embedded in a general context of energy policy.

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  • In vielen Bereichen der Chemischen Technik, in Lebensmittelverarbeitung, Energietechnik und Pharmazie werden Gas/Feststoff Wirbelschichten heute großtechnisch eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt eine gänzlich neue Anwendungsmöglichkeit - den Einsatz der Wirbelschicht als Bioreaktor. Am Beispiel der Ethanolgewinnung mit S. cerevisiae werden die mit Entwicklung und Betrieb dieses neuen Bioreaktortyps verbundenen Untersuchungen und Probleme beschrieben. Im einzelnen wurde untersucht: das Fluidisationsverhalten der Hefepartikel, Einfluss des Feuchtegehaltes auf die Fluidisierbarkeit, Regelung der Hefefeuchte im Bioreaktor, Fermentationskinetik und Produktivität in einer Laboranlage mit 0.2 m und einer Technikumsanlage mit 0.55 m Durchmesser. Die in den Versuchen an der Technikumsanlage erzielte Produktivität liegt mit 40 kg Ethanol/h m³ über dem Bereich kommerzieller Anlagen. Fluidized bed reactors are more and more used in chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. This paper is dealing with a new application of gas-solid-fluidization: ethanol production by fermentation (S. cervisiae yeast). The behavior of this new bioreactor is described: yeast particles behavior under fluidization, effect and control of yeast humidity kinetics and fermentation productivity. Results obtained from a lab fermentor (0,2 m diameter) and a pilot fermentor (0,55 m diameter) are presented. The pilot's producing 40 kg ethanol/h m³, which is well over the results of present systems.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alvarez-Herault, Marie-Cécile;

    The current context of the energy transition adds an environmental and societal dimension to the planning problem: the power systems must not only be reliable and economical but must also integrate renewable energies, facilitate the development of new actors (local energy communities for example) and optimize their investments. It is in this context that the research I have been conducting for a little more than ten years at Grenoble Electrical Engineering laboratory is taking place: how to plan a robust distribution grid, under uncertainties, integrating distributed energy resources? To answer this question, I explored two research directions: the topological optimization of distribution grid architectures and the integration of non-wire alternatives in the long-term planning. The first research direction focusses on the development of topological optimization algorithms of distribution grids (architectures, technologies and operating modes) complying with a set of performance indicators (costs, reliability, penetration of renewable productions for example), in both rural and urban areas, and for expansion and green-field problems. The second research direction models the impact of flexibilities on investment decisions. The scientific barriers related to the high level of uncertainties and the scale of the problem (power curves and action of flexibility at a time step of a few minutes modelled over several years) required the use of probabilistic approaches (Monte Carlo and analytical) but also scale reduction (identification of seasonality effects using statistical criteria for example). As the distribution network is a system interconnected with the transmission grid and other systems (multi-energy, IT, economic and human), my future research will seek to model these interactions with the aim of systemic optimization. Solutions that break with historical choices will also be studied, such as bottom-up planning approaches and DC or AC/DC architectures. Finally, thanks to the increasing availability of measured and varied data, methods derived from artificial intelligence could enable updating historical planning assumptions and modelling some of the uncertainties. Le contexte actuel lié à la transition énergétique ajoute une dimension environnementale et sociétale à la problématique de planification : le réseau électrique ne doit pas seulement être fiable et économique mais il doit en plus intégrer les énergies renouvelables, faciliter le développement de nouveaux acteurs (communautés locales d’énergie par exemple) et optimiser ses investissements. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux de recherche que je mène depuis un peu plus de dix ans au laboratoire de génie électrique de Grenoble: comment planifier un réseau électrique de distribution robuste, sous incertitudes, intégrant les ressources décentralisées d’énergie ? Pour répondre à cette question, j’ai exploré deux axes de recherche : l’optimisation topologique des architectures de réseaux de distribution et l’intégration de leviers opérationnels dans la planification long terme. Le premier axe de recherche concerne le développement d’algorithmes d’optimisation topologique de réseaux cibles (architectures, technologies et modes d’exploitation) respectant des performances données (coûts, fiabilité, pénétration de productions renouvelables par exemple), en zones rurales et urbaines, et pour des problématiques d’extension et de création de réseaux. Le deuxième axe de mes travaux de recherche modélise l’impact des flexibilités sur les décisions d’investissements. Les verrous scientifiques liés au degré d’incertitude important et à la taille du problème (courbes de puissance et action de la flexibilité à l’échelle de quelques minutes modélisées sur plusieurs années) ont nécessité de recourir à des approches probabilistes (Monte Carlo et analytique) mais aussi de réduction d’échelle (identification d’effets de saisonnalité grâce à des critères statistiques par exemple). Le réseau de distribution étant un système interconnecté au réseau de transport et à d’autres systèmes (multi-énergétiques, informatiques, économiques et humains), mes futurs travaux de recherche modéliseront ces interactions dans un objectif d’optimisation systémique. Des solutions en rupture avec les choix historiques seront également étudiées comme par exemple des approches de planification bottom-up et l’intérêt du retour vers des architectures DC ou AC/DC. Enfin, grâce à la disponibilité croissante de données mesurées et variées, des méthodes issues de l’intelligence artificielle pourraient permettre la mise à jour des hypothèses historiques de planification et de mieux modéliser certaines incertitudes.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kayal, Mohsen;

    Les récifs coralliens sont soumis à une augmentation de la fréquence, de l’intensité et de la diversité des perturbations qui menacent la persistance des populations de coraux, ainsi que celle des espèces qui y sont associées. Les récifs de l’archipel de la Société en Polynésie française ont récemment connu deux perturbations majeures, une explosion démographique de l’étoile de mer corallivore Acanthaster planci et un cyclone. Dans ce contexte, ce programme de recherche a porté sur l’étude de la dynamique des populations de coraux et des principales communautés qui y sont associées sur la pente externe des îles de Moorea et de Raiatea.Les dynamiques des populations coralliennes et des communautés récifales sont gouvernées par une combinaison de facteurs intrinsèques propres aux espèces (e.g., taux de recrutement, vitesse de croissance, taux de mortalité, et susceptibilité aux facteurs de régulation) et de facteurs extrinsèques caractéristiques de leur environnement (e.g., qualité de l’habitat, degré de stress biotique et abiotique, fréquence et intensité des perturbations). En Polynésie française, ces dynamiques sont fortement orientées par les perturbations naturelles de grandes ampleurs qui influencent fortement la taille, la structure et la composition des communautés.Le premier volet de ce doctorat évalue l’impact de deux perturbations successives, l’explosion démographique d’Acanthaster et le cyclone, sur la dynamique des communautés récifales, et les conséquences sur la diversité et l’abondance des espèces. Cette première partie permet notamment de qualifier les modalités d’action de ces perturbations, ainsi que de quantifier leurs effets à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Sur chacune des îles étudiées, les densités d’Acanthaster ont d’abord été observées sur une localité relativement restreinte à la base du récif de la pente externe, où les prédateurs ont fortement extirpé les populations coralliennes avant de se propager successivement aux sites et profondeurs adjacents, propageant ainsi progressivement la prolifération à l’ensemble du système récifal insulaire. De même, les Acanthaster ont montré des préférences alimentaires marquées selon les taxa coralliens, avec les genres Acropora, Montipora, autres genres scléractiniaires et Pocillopora ont été préférentiellement dévorés avant que ces prédateurs n’impactent significativement le genre Porites. Le passage du cyclone a montré relativement peu d’impact sur le recouvrement corallien sur des récifs déjà fortement affectés par les Acanthaster, mais a cependant fortement dégradé la structure physique des habitats récifaux auxquels sont inféodées de nombreuses espèces. Dans l’ensemble, le déclin corallien a résulté en une augmentation de la couverture en turf algal suite à une libération de la pression de compétition sur le substrat, et s’est répercuté dans le réseau trophique avec un effondrement des assemblages de poissons corallivores (famille Chaetodontidae) et, à l’inverse, un certain essor des assemblages de poissons herbivores (famille Scaridae). Cette réponse de l’écosystème, en termes de remaniement des assemblages de consommateurs en faveur de la régulation algale et la récupération corallienne, semble caractériser un écosystème à fort potentiel de résilience. Cependant, l’ampleur exceptionnelle des deux récentes perturbations, et la dérive progressive de la structure des communautés coralliennes face à la récurrence des perturbations, s’avèrent préoccupantes quant au maintien des services écologiques et de la diversité des récifs de la Polynésie française.Le second volet de ce manuscrit examine plus spécifiquement la dynamique des populations de coraux, sa variabilité spatiale et temporelle, et son lien avec les traits d’histoire de vie des espèces et avec les conditions environnementales. Cette seconde partie permet notamment de qualifier la structure de taille et de quantifier les taux de recrutement, de croissance et de mortalité des espèces dominantes du paysage corallien en Polynésie française, et d’identifier les stratégies de vie de ces taxa. Pocillopora montre une stratégie de type opportuniste, avec un fort investissement dans la production et la dispersion larvaire, et une taille et une durée de vie relativement limitée des colonies. A l’inverse, Porites montre une stratégie basée sur la persistance des colonies sur le récif, avec un faible taux de colonisation des habitats, mais en contrepartie une longévité importante et une forte résistance face aux perturbations. Acropora montre une stratégie encore distincte et basée sur la compétition, avec un taux de recrutement intermédiaire et une forte vitesse de croissance, mais cependant une susceptibilité importante aux perturbations. Avec leurs traits d’histoire de vie respectifs, ces différents taxa coralliens montrent des habilités variées à se maintenir et à dominer l’habitat récifal selon différents scénarios environnementaux.Le troisième volet de ce programme de recherche doctoral se concentre sur l’élaboration d’un modèle mathématique qui permet de prédire la trajectoire des assemblages coralliens sous divers scénarios environnementaux. Cette troisième partie permet notamment de simuler la dynamique des populations des principaux taxa scléractiniaires de Polynésie française, (1) lors d’une phase de colonisation de l’habitat récifal, et (2) face à une augmentation hypothétique de la fréquence des proliférations du prédateur Acanthaster. En concordance avec les stratégies de vie des espèces telles qu’identifiées au second volet de cemanuscrit, Pocillopora s’avère être le meilleur colonisateur des habitats, Acropora domine les assemblages sous un environnement relativement stable, et Porites est le moins affecté par les perturbations répétitives. La récurrence des perturbations affecte la structure et la pérennité des assemblages coralliens.Grâce à une pression anthropique relativement faible et restreinte à quelques sites particuliers, les récifs coralliens de la Polynésie française figurent parmi les plus résilients de notre planète. Cependant, à l’image d’autres récifs, les suivis à long terme montrent une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des perturbations qui en viennent à menacer le maintien des coraux, ainsi que des communautés récifales qui y sont associées. Aujourd’hui, les récifs coralliens sont globalement en déclin, et semblent être les précurseurs d’une dynamique partagée par de nombreux écosystèmes naturels. Dans l’ère actuelle des perturbations anthropiques et des changements climatiques globaux, l’investigation des processus de régulation des communautés et des capacités de résilience s’avère primordiale pour une gestion durable de ces écosystèmes si précieux. Coral reefs are experiencing increased frequency, intensity, and diversity of disturbances that threaten not only the corals themselves, but many associated species as well. The reefs located in the Society archipelago, French Polynesia, recently underwent two major disturbances: an outbreak of the corallivorous sea star Acanthaster planci and a cyclone. This investigation focuses on the dynamics of coral populations and of the major associated communities of the outer reef slopes of the islands Moorea and Raiatea in the context of these two disturbances.Coral population dynamics, as well as reef community dynamics, are governed by a combination of intrinsic factors specific to species (e.g., recruitment, growth, and mortality rates, and susceptibilities to various regulations) and extrinsic factors characteristic of their environment (e.g., quality of habitats, levels of biotic and abiotic stress, frequency andintensity of disturbances). In French Polynesia, these dynamics are strongly influenced by natural disturbances that affect the size, the structure, and the composition of communities.The first section of this PhD estimates the impact of two successive disturbances, the aforementioned Acanthaster outbreak and cyclone, on the dynamics of reef communities, and evaluates their consequences for species diversity and abundance by detailing the progression of these disturbances and quantifying their effects, including their spatial and temporal scales. For the sea star outbreak, on both studied islands Acanthaster densities were first observed in relatively restricted locations situated at the bottom of the outer reef slopes, where these predators greatly depleted coral populations before moving successively to adjacent sites, progressively spreading the outbreak to the whole insular reef system. Aside from this mode of progression, Acanthaster displayed strong feeding preferences among coral taxa, with the genera Acropora, Montipora, other scleractinians, and Pocillopora hierarchically preyed upon before these predators significantly impacted the genus Porites. While the cyclone did not display a significant impact on the coral cover of these reefs, which had already been highly impacted by Acanthaster; however, the cyclone did strongly damage the physical structure of the reef habitats upon which many species rely. Overall, the decline of corals resulted in an increase in the cover of turf algae, enabled by the relaxed competition for space, and it indirectly affected the trophic chain leading to a collapse of corallivorous fish assemblages (family Chaetodontidae) and a relative increase of herbivore fish assemblages (family Scaridae). This response of the ecosystem, with respect to consumer pressures which favor algae regulation and coral recovery, seems to characterize an ecosystem with high resilience potential; however, the exceptional severity of recent disturbances and the progressive drift in the structure of coral communities facing recurrent perturbations are of concern for the maintenance of the ecological services and the diversity of reefs in French Polynesia.The second section of this thesis investigates the spatial and temporal variability of coral population dynamics and their link with species life history traits and environmental conditions. This second part qualifies the size structure and quantifies the recruitment, growth, and mortality rates of the dominant coral species in French Polynesia, and identifies the life strategies of these taxa. Pocillopora displays an opportunistic strategy, with high production and dispersion of larvae, and small, relatively short-lived colonies. In contrast, Porites engages in a strategy based on the persistence of colonies on the reef, with a low rate of habitat colonization counterbalanced by elevated longevity and high resistance todisturbances. Acropora engages in a different strategy from both Pocillopora and Porites, which is based on competition and which displays an intermediate recruitment rate and relatively fast growth, but also high susceptibility to disturbances. Considering their respective life strategies, these coral taxa must rely on different environmental scenarios for their maintenance and for dominating reef habitats. The third section of this doctoral investigation focuses on the elaboration of a mathematical model that allows predicting the trajectory of coral assemblages under various environmental scenarios. This third part simulates the population dynamics of the major scleractinian taxa in French Polynesia both (1) during the colonization of the reef habitat, and (2) in the face of a hypothetical increase in the frequency of Acanthaster outbreaks. In accordance with the life strategies identified in the second section of this thesis, Pocillopora appears as the best colonizer of reef habitats, Acropora dominates the assemblages in a relatively stable environment, and Porites is the less impacted by repeated disturbances. The recurrence of disturbances affects the structure and the perennity of coral assemblages.Thanks to the relatively low and spatially restricted anthropic pressures in French Polynesia, coral reefs in this region are among the most resilient on our planet. As on many reefs, however, long term monitoring programs show an increase in the frequency and intensity of disturbances that threaten the maintenance of corals, as well as their associated communities. Today, coral reefs are in decline globally, and they seem to be heralds of a dynamic shared by many natural ecosystems. In the present era of anthropic disturbances and global climate change, the investigation of community regulation and resilience processes appears crucial for the durable management of these valuable ecosystems.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Frossard, Mija; Peuportier, Bruno; Schalbart, Patrick;

    International audience; This article presents a multicriteria optimization method (criterias of final energy consumption and relative investment costs) based on a genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) coupled with a building performance simulation model (COMFIE). The optimization is applied to a passive house case study based in Bulgaria in the frame of from the european project AZEB (Affordable zero energy building). Designs from different levels of performance have been identified among the Pareto-optimal front and life cycle analysis (LCA, Equer) has been applied to assess their environmental impacts. LCA results analysis steer a recommendation to include an LCA objective function in the optimisation process or to complete optimisation study with LCA in order to identify energy plus solutions that are efficient in terms of cost and environmental impacts, and in order to avoid sub-optimal designs.; L'article présente une méthode d'optimisation multicritère (critères de consommation d'énergie finale et de coût d'investissement relatif) basée sur un algorithme génétique NSGA-II couplé à un modèle de simulation énergétique dynamique (COMFIE). La méthode est appliquée à un cas d'étude de type maison passive situé en Bulgarie, dans le cadre du projet européen AZEB (Affordable zero energy building), afin de déterminer des solutions zéro-énergie à moindre coût d'investissement. Des conceptions de différents niveaux de performance sont identifiées au sein du front de Pareto dont les impacts environnementaux sont évalués par analyse de cycle de vie (ACV, Equer). Les résultats montrent que pour identifier des solutions à énergie positive efficientes en termes de coûts et d'impacts environnementaux et éviter d'aboutir à des conceptions sous-optimales, il est recommandé d'intégrer à l'algorithme d'optimisation une fonction objectif tirée de l'ACV ou de compléter l'optimisation par une étude ACV.

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    Authors: Neff, Christophe;

    Im ersten Teil des Artikels wird ein wissenschaftlicher Überblick über die Dynamik der Waldbrände in Tunesien von 2000 bis 2019 gegeben. Er vergleicht die in der Studie "Stratégie nationale d'adaptation de l'agriculture tunisienne et des écosystèmes aux changements climatiques (Nationale Strategie zur Anpassung der tunesischen Landwirtschaft und der Ökosysteme an den Klimawandel)" entwickelten Szenarien mit der Entwicklung der Waldbrände in Tunesien zwischen 2010 und 2019. In diesem Abschnitt zeigt der Autor, dass die Zunahme der Anzahl der Waldbrände und der verbrannten Fläche als ein erstes Anzeichen des Klimawandels in Tunesien gedeutet werden kann. Im zweiten Teil bietet der Autor eine sehr viel subjektivere Sicht auf Tunesien, - die Sicht eines Bloggers, der den Aufbau der ersten echten liberalen Demokratie eines Landes in der arabischen Welt über seinen Blog "paysages" genau verfolgt hat. Der Autor kommt zu dem Schluss, dass "solange der Jebel hungrig ist und die tunesischen Wälder weiter brennen, die Zukunft der jungen tunesischen Demokratie eine "schwere Herausforderung" für Tunesien bleiben wird.

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    Authors: Eichhammer, W.;

    Belgium has an ambitious climate change target of -7.5% for all six geenhouse gases mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) to reach by 2008-2012. The target is ambitious given the current rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the country, though it is average compared to a global EU target of -8% for all greenhouse gases. The remaining 10 years up to 2012, however, leave little margin on action and an ambitious reduction of energy demand is necessary in combination with supply efficiency measures (both on fossil supply and renewables) and measures for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. In this context, the present study was commissioned by the Ministry for Economic Affairs with the aim to investigate in detail the role that energy efficiency at the demand side had been playing in Belgium energy policy so far and what elements of energy efficiency could be promoted to increase its role in the future, taking into account the particular federal structure of the Belgium state. Energy efficiency is not an isolated element of energy policy but embedded in a general context of energy policy.

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    Authors: Fumière, Quentin;

    Le pourtour méditerranéen, plus particulièrement le Sud-Est de la France, est affecté par des épisodes de pluies intenses pendant l'automne. Déterminer l'évolution future de ces événements est un enjeu scientifique et de société majeur. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, à très haute résolution spatiale et aux échelles climatiques, la représentation passée et l'évolution future de ces événements de pluies intenses. L'approche utilisée est basée sur l'analyse des simulations d'une famille de modèles de climat régionaux à convection profonde explicite (cprcms, 2-3 km) et sur l'exploitation d'une nouvelle base de données d'observations des précipitations kilométrique et horaire : comephore.L'évaluation des cprcms met en évidence une forte valeur ajoutée des cprcms par rapport aux rcms (Regional Climate Models) à convection paramétrée (12,5 km) pour la représentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires. Cette valeur ajoutée est robuste à des changements de configurations de cnrm-arome (version, domaine et modèle forceur). Il est également montré que cette valeur ajoutée est vérifiée dans 4 autres paires cprcm/rcm issues du programme cordex fps-convection. L'étude des effets du changement climatique à la fin du 21 ème siècle dans un scénario à forte émission de gaz à effet de serre à partir de simulations de 10 ans des quatre cprcms ne permet pas d'obtenir une évolution significative des précipitations extrêmes même sur le signe du changement attendu. Il est très probable que la variabilité naturelle du climat domine la réponse future des précipitations extrêmes sur des périodes de 10 ans. En revanche, une simulation de scénario de 30 ans avec cnrm-arome selon le scénario rcp8.5 pour la fin du siècle suggère une augmentation des précipitations extrêmes quotidiennes et surtout horaires sur les Cévennes et plus particulièrement sur le Roussillon où l'augmentation des précipitations horaires pourrait dépasser les 15% par degré de réchauffement. Par ailleurs, il a été montré que les cprcms peuvent nettement modifier la réponse des pluies au changement climatique simulées par les rcms à résolution standard. A l'avenir, des simulations d'au moins 30 ans semblent nécessaires pour obtenir des résultats robustes dans les exercices internationaux multi-modèles. Ce travail constitue la première exploitation scientifique intensive du modèle arome en mode climat. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent de nombreuses possibilités pour son usage futur pour étudier le climat à très haute résolution et en particulier les événements extrêmes. The Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Ranville, Adélie; Vernay, Anne-Lorène;

    Dans le champ des « coopératives d’énergie renouvelable » (CER), nous nous concentrons sur des modèles organisationnels dans lesquels les citoyens possèdent collectivement des moyens de production d’énergie renouvelable et participent à cette production, et qui respectent les principes coopératifs de la fédération européenne des coopératives d’énergie renouvelable (REScoop) et de l’Alliance Coopérative Internationale (ACI) (ACI n.d. ; REScoop n.d.). Ces principes comprennent i) l’engagement envers la communauté, ii) l'adhésion volontaire et ouverte, iii) la gouvernance démocratique de l'entreprise et iv) l'autonomie et l'indépendance. En France, ces organisations n’ont pas toujours le statut juridique de coopérative et se définissent comme des « projets d’énergie renouvelable citoyenne ». Ils suivent toutefois les principes coopératifs susmentionnés. En France, l'activité principale des CER est de lever des fonds directement auprès du grand public afin de financer et d'exploiter des centrales à énergies renouvelables. Les CER ne se limitent toutefois pas à la production d'énergie renouvelable. En échangeant avec les initiatives de CER et en participant à divers ateliers, nous avons constaté que beaucoup tentent, par exemple, de diversifier leurs activités pour y inclure des activités liées à la connaissance de l’énergie et à l'efficacité énergétique. Malgré l’émergence récente des projets citoyens au cours des années 2000, les CER sont déjà bien organisées autour de trois acteurs nationaux clés qui soutiennent et structurent leur développement : Energie Partagée, L'association des Centrales Villageoises et Enercoop. Notre étude comprend l’analyse de deux initiatives locales : Eoliennes en Pays de Vilaine, une association créée en 2003 pour développer les éoliennes en Région Bretagne et Buxia Energie, une coopérative dont l’objectif est l’appropriation citoyenne de la production d’électricité par la planification, la construction et le financement de projets locaux dans les énergies renouvelables et les économies d’énergie.

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    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Janßen, Hannah; Preuß, Sabine; +3 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the second round of survey data gathered in France in 2023, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. The first round of the survey, consisted of recruiting a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country. In this second survey round, we recruit around 500 respondents from the initial survey round, ensuring representativity is maintained. This survey is very similar to the survey in the first round and includes a lot of identical items, including a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in the housing, mobility, and diet sectors, socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort. New for this second round, we have incorporated questions regarding the measures respondents adopted in response to the 2022 energy crisis.

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    ZENODO
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
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    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Sygma
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  • Authors: Eichhammer, W.;

    Belgium has an ambitious climate change target of -7.5% for all six geenhouse gases mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) to reach by 2008-2012. The target is ambitious given the current rising trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the country, though it is average compared to a global EU target of -8% for all greenhouse gases. The remaining 10 years up to 2012, however, leave little margin on action and an ambitious reduction of energy demand is necessary in combination with supply efficiency measures (both on fossil supply and renewables) and measures for non-CO2 greenhouse gases. In this context, the present study was commissioned by the Ministry for Economic Affairs with the aim to investigate in detail the role that energy efficiency at the demand side had been playing in Belgium energy policy so far and what elements of energy efficiency could be promoted to increase its role in the future, taking into account the particular federal structure of the Belgium state. Energy efficiency is not an isolated element of energy policy but embedded in a general context of energy policy.

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  • In vielen Bereichen der Chemischen Technik, in Lebensmittelverarbeitung, Energietechnik und Pharmazie werden Gas/Feststoff Wirbelschichten heute großtechnisch eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt eine gänzlich neue Anwendungsmöglichkeit - den Einsatz der Wirbelschicht als Bioreaktor. Am Beispiel der Ethanolgewinnung mit S. cerevisiae werden die mit Entwicklung und Betrieb dieses neuen Bioreaktortyps verbundenen Untersuchungen und Probleme beschrieben. Im einzelnen wurde untersucht: das Fluidisationsverhalten der Hefepartikel, Einfluss des Feuchtegehaltes auf die Fluidisierbarkeit, Regelung der Hefefeuchte im Bioreaktor, Fermentationskinetik und Produktivität in einer Laboranlage mit 0.2 m und einer Technikumsanlage mit 0.55 m Durchmesser. Die in den Versuchen an der Technikumsanlage erzielte Produktivität liegt mit 40 kg Ethanol/h m³ über dem Bereich kommerzieller Anlagen. Fluidized bed reactors are more and more used in chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. This paper is dealing with a new application of gas-solid-fluidization: ethanol production by fermentation (S. cervisiae yeast). The behavior of this new bioreactor is described: yeast particles behavior under fluidization, effect and control of yeast humidity kinetics and fermentation productivity. Results obtained from a lab fermentor (0,2 m diameter) and a pilot fermentor (0,55 m diameter) are presented. The pilot's producing 40 kg ethanol/h m³, which is well over the results of present systems.

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