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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Caignard, Thomas;

    La dynamique et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers dépendent fortement de la reproduction des arbres. Ainsi de nombreux travaux se sont intéressés aux fortes fluctuations interannuelles à la fois synchrones et non prévisibles des productions de graines, mais très peu d’études ont pu caractériser la sensibilité aux variables climatiques et le déterminisme des traits de reproduction. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons étudié la reproduction de deux espèces de chênes tempérés européens (Quercus petraea et Quercus robur) avec pour objectifs (i) d’évaluer l’évolution des traits de reproduction au cours des deux dernières décennies, notamment vis-à-vis des changements de température, (ii) d’estimer la contribution des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux à la variation de ces traits le long de gradients environnementaux et enfin (iii) d’estimer l’héritabilité des traits de reproduction ainsi que d’identifier les régions du génome qui leurs sont associées. A partir de suivis long-termes de l’effort de reproduction « in situ » sur tout le territoire de France métropolitaine, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une augmentation significative de la production fruitière des chênes au cours des 14 dernières années. Ces accroissements du nombre et de la taille des glands sont fortement corrélés à l’augmentation des températures printanières. Cette sensibilité à la température a par ailleurs pu être confirmée grâce à un dispositif indépendant installé le long de gradients altitudinaux dans les Pyrénées. Nos résultats montrent également une différenciation génétique entre les populations provenant du gradient altitudinal et une opposition de signes entre les clines génétique et phénotypique « contre-gradient » pour les deux traits de reproduction étudiés. Contrairement aux traits de croissance pour lesquels nous observons un « co-gradient », le « contre gradient » observé pour la reproduction suggère que les variations génétiques contrecarrent en partie la forte plasticité environnementale, minimisant ainsi la tendance (ou patron) de l’effort de reproduction avec la température. Enfin, nous avons observé une forte héritabilité pour chacun des traits de reproduction chez le chêne pédonculé dans une famille de pleins frères, confirmant l’existence d’un déterminisme génétique évoqué précédemment. De plus, nous avons identifié pour la première fois chez les arbres forestiers, des locus à caractère quantitatif (QTLs) associés à la reproduction du chêne. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en réponse à des changements environnementaux, les traits de reproduction ont la capacité de répondre à la sélection et de faciliter l'adaptation locale, et ainsi apportent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’étude de la réponse des arbres forestiers aux changements climatiques. Forest ecosystem dynamics closely depend on tree reproduction. Many studies have investigated the synchronous and non-predictable year-to-year variability of seed production, characteristic of masting species. However, little is known about the sensitivity of tree reproduction to climate variables and to which extent this phenotypic variability is genetically and/or environmentally driven. We intensively studied the reproduction of two European temperate oaks and our aims were (i) to characterize the change in reproductive traits over the last two decades, (ii) to assess the determinism of their variations along environmental gradients and (iii) to estimate the heritability of reproductive traits and identify the regions of their genome related to reproduction. We were able to show a dramatic increase in seed production over the last 14 years. This increase in seed production and size was significantly correlated with increasing spring temperatures. We then confirmed this sensitivity to temperature by studying the reproduction of oak populations growing along the elevation gradient of the Pyrenees. Based on a common garden approach, we then showed significant genetic differentiation between oak provenances and demonstrated that the genetic and phenotypic clines for the reproductive traits observed along the environmental gradient have opposite signs (counter-gradient). Contrary to growth traits, for which genetic variation parallels phenotypic variation, the counter-gradient observed for reproduction-related traits suggested that genetic variation partly counteracts the phenotypic effect of temperature, moderating the change in reproductive effort according to temperature. Finally, using a full-sib family where reproduction was monitored during four consecutive years, we found a high heritability of reproductive traits and showed high genetic differentiation between trees of a same population, which confirms the significant genetic determinism observed earlier. Furthermore, we were able to identify for the first time in forest trees quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed production and size. Our findings show that reproduction-related traits may undergo evolutionary changes under selective pressure and may be determinant for tree adaptation in response to environmental changes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kane, Idrissa oumar;

    Cette thèse pose et explore ici les possibilités de « dialogue des connaissances » entre scientifiques et communautés locales concernant la mise en place des stratégies de résilience en vue de l'adaptation aux risques côtiers attribués aux changements climatiques. Ce dialogue porte sur la question des représentations paradigmatiques, des valeurs et des enjeux matériels. Ce dialogue des connaissances, prôné au sein de la communauté scientifique et réclamé par le public large, s'impose de plus en plus vu la complexité des questions de sociétés liées au climat et aux visions du monde différentes. La rationalité technocentrée a toujours dominé dans les réponses aux défis liés à l'adaptation. Cependant, au nom de la gouvernance intégrée, cette approche est de plus en plus battue en brèche par les communautés locales du fait de leur fort engagement dans la proposition d’alternatives socialement co-construites. Dans le premier article « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis », nos recherches portent sur le conflit de représentations opposant scientifiques et acteurs locaux à propos de la nature probabiliste du risque côtier et des options de mitigation des impacts. Ainsi, une communication dialogique, basée sur la prise en compte des heuristiques de valeurs des acteurs locaux, est nécessaire. Dans le deuxième article « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier », nos recherches portent sur le choix de sens à propos du mot résilience à travers les politiques publiques de gestion du risque côtier. Ce concept, eu égard à son histoire et son évolution à travers ses différents usages disciplinaires, a posé, outre le problème de polysémie liée à sa forte utilisation, un manque de consensus sur le sens adéquat. Dans le troisième article «Vulnérabilité et résilience des systèmes côtiers, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », il s’agit de questionner les choix de modèles et d’approches utilisés par les chercheurs pour analyser et intervenir sur les systèmes côtiers. Construisant sur les résultats des premiers articles, cet article constitue une proposition unique de basculement paradigmatique dans le traitement conceptuel et opérationnel de la gouvernance des socio-écosystèmes complexes. This thesis sets and explores the possibilities of « dialogue of knowledge » between scientists and local communities about resilience strategies implementations for climate coastal risks adaptation. This dialogue focuses on questions of paradigmatics representations, values and materials issues. This dialogue of knowledge, advocated by scientific community and claimed by wide audience, is increasingly needed due to complex societal problems related to climate change and different world visions. The technocentered rationality has always been an approach which dominates in the responses to the challenge of adaptation. However, in the name of integrated governance, this approach is more and more contested by local communities due to their strong engagement in proposing socially co-constructed alternatives. In the first paper « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis » our research focus on the conflict of representation between scientists and local stackeholders about the probabilistic nature of coastal risk and the impacts mitigation options. Thus, a dialogic communication, based on taking into account heuristic values of local actors, is necessary. In the second paper « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier » our research focus on the choice of meaning of resilience concept through public policy of coastal risk management. This concept, considering its history and evolution through its various disciplinary practices, has raised, in addition to problem of polysemy due to its high use, a lack of consensus on the suitable definition. In the third paper «Vulnérabilité et résilience des systèmes côtiers, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », it is to questionne the choice of models and approaches used by reseachers to analyse and intervene on the coastal system. Building on the two first papers, this paper is an unique proposition of paradigmatic tilt in the conceptual and operational processing of complexes socio-ecosystems governance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Blanc, Philippe;

    L’objet de ce document est de proposer une synthèse ainsi que les perspectives de mes activités de recherche depuis 2007 à MINES ParisTech. Cette recherche est bien sûr le fruit d’un travail collectif mené par l’équipe dont j’ai actuellement la responsabilité. Mon apport scientifique dans ce groupe réside essentiellement dans l’aide à la formalisation mathématique des problèmes et à leurs résolutions au moyen d’algorithmes mettant en oeuvre le traitement d’image, du signal, l’analyse statistique ou, de manière générale, les mathématiques appliquées. J’y apporte également mes connaissances dans la mesure du rayonnement par des instruments de mesures in-situ acquises ces dernières années.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Isbasoiu, Ancuta;

    L'Union Européenne a un programme ambitieux pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique, les institutions européennes devant désormais prendre en compte l'environnement dans le cadre de ses politiques. L'objectif de ma thèse consiste à évaluer les impacts des politiques publiques européennes sur l'agriculture et l’environnement, de mesurer leurs effets croisés et d'évaluer l'intérêt d'une meilleure coordination de ces politiques. La thèse vise à enrichir l'analyse économique sur des problématiques importantes recentrées sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) agricoles dans l'UE et le niveau de la production agricole, sous un angle quantitatif. La méthodologie repose sur un modèle de programmation mathématique qui simule l’offre agricole européenne (AROPAj), utilisant les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole. L'analyse est réalisée à plusieurs niveaux, européen, national, régional et infra-régional, tenant compte de la variabilité du contexte économique qui caractérise l'agriculture européenne sur les six années 2007-2012. Nous évaluons tout d'abord comment l'agriculture peut contribuer à l'atténuation des émissions de GES dans l'UE et nous offrons une analyse détaillée des courbes de coûts marginaux d'abattement. Les résultats indiquent qu’en moyenne, sur la période 2007-2012, l’agriculture européenne peut réduire ses émissions d’environ 10%, 20% et 30% respectivement, pour les prix des émissions de 38, 112.5 et 205 Euros/tCO2eq. Nous montrons que l’agriculture peut offrir une atténuation substantielle et que le potentiel et les coûts d’atténuation varient substantiellement dans le temps et dans l’espace. La deuxième problématique étudiée porte sur la compatibilité entre l’augmentation de la production agricole et la diminution de l’impact de l’agriculture sur l’environnement. En introduisant une approche primale (via un prix du carbone) et une approche duale (via un objectif calorique), nous montrons qu’on peut réduire les émissions de GES et modifier l’offre agricole tout en augmentant la quantité en calories alimentaires. On étend la problématique des émissions de GES, en dissociant les prix des deux gaz (CH4 et N2O). Un système de prix différenciés permet de mieux adapter la politique de régulation climatique en fonction de l'horizon de temps sur lequel on se projette, offrant une flexibilité dans la réduction des coûts d’abattement des émissions. The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Fromage, Mathilde;

    La thèse étudie les impacts du changement climatique sur les marchés fonciers agricoles. Tout d’abord, en s’appuyant sur le concept de nexus, elle montre comment ils influencent la structure et la dynamique de ces marchés. Deux revues de littérature identifient les fronts de recherche en économie agricole et les besoins en modélisation. Une enquête auprès d’experts fonciers met en évidence les impacts directs et indirects du changement climatique observés et attendus sur l’état et l’usage des terres, ainsi que sur les marchés fonciers en France métropolitaine. Ensuite, la thèse questionne dans quelle mesure les prix actuels constituent déjà des signaux des changements futurs de la rentabilité des terres. Deux modèles multiagents explorent la formation de la valeur du foncier agricole en tenant compte des anticipations des agents concernant, d’une part, le développement urbain et, d’autre part, les impacts climatiques à la marge intensive et extensive. Ces modèles contribuent à la littérature en combinant, pour le premier, les marchés urbains et agricoles et en proposant, pour le second, une approche originale pour représenter comment les agents, dans un contexte incertain, évaluent la valeur des terres. Les résultats montrent que les changements de rentabilité future des terres liés au climat sont déjà partiellement capitalisés dans les prix actuels. Ils confirment que les imperfections de l’information et de la concurrence contribuent à dissocier la valeur d’usage des terres agricoles de leur valeur d’échange sur le marché. Cette thèse apporte ainsi un éclairage sur les mécanismes d’allocation des terres et de formation des prix dans le contexte du changement climatique, et propose plusieurs pistes de réflexion pour mieux considérer ces enjeux dans les politiques publiques. This thesis examines how climate change might affect farmland markets in a Western context shaped by freehold tenure. First, I demonstrate how it influences the structure and dynamics of these markets by conceptualising the climate change-land market nexus. Two literature reviews conducted within this framework outline research fronts in agricultural economics and identify key modelling needs. Then, a qualitative survey of French land experts provides empirical evidence of already observed or expected direct and indirect impacts of climate change on the state and use of farmland, as well as on land markets in metropolitan France. Second, I question the extent to which current land prices already serve as relevant signals of future land profitability changes in an uncertain climate context. I developed two agent-based models (ABM) to explore how the value of farmland is formed, taking into account agents’ expectations concerning urban growth dynamics on the one hand, and climate impacts at both the intensive and extensive land margins on the other hand. The first model contributes to the ABM literature by combining urban and agricultural markets, and the second model provides an original approach to model how agents assess land value under uncertain climate conditions. Results show that climate-induced changes in future land profitability are already partially capitalised in current land prices. They also confirm that imperfect information and competition between uses tend to dissociate the use value of agricultural land from its transaction value on the market. This thesis offers a framework to gain insights on land allocation and price formation issues in the context of a changing climate and helps identify key questions for the design of public policies.

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    Authors: Ensslen, Axel; Babrowski, Sonja; Jochem, Patrick; Fichtner, Wolf;
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Conference object . 2012
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      Conference object . 2012
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    Authors: Gueguen, Ronny; Sahuquet, Guillaume; Derome, Emilien; Mer, Samuel; +3 Authors

    International audience Le laboratoire PROMES (CNRS) développe depuis 2010 une technologie de récepteur solaire basée sur la circulation de particules fluidisées dans des tubes métalliques verticaux soumis au flux solaire concentré. L’utilisation de particules de type sable en tant que fluide de transfert de chaleur et milieu de stockage est peu coûteuse et permet d’étendre la gamme de température admissible par rapport aux sels fondus actuellement utilisés dans les centrales solaires à concentration (>560°C). Grâce à l’augmentation de la température en sortie du récepteur, il est possible d’utiliser des cycles thermodynamiques à hauts rendements (~50%) et ainsi d’accroitre les performances des centrales. Un des verrous de cette technologie est la maitrise des écoulements diphasiques dans les tubes du récepteur. En effet, plusieurs régimes de fluidisation apparaissent en fonction des paramètres de contrôle. Des bulles se forment en bas du tube puis coalescent sur la hauteur pour former des pistons. Ces derniers doivent être évités car ils limitent le mélange des particules, ce qui a pour effet de réduire les échanges thermiques. Pour de forts débits d’air, un régime de fluidisation turbulent apparaît. Celui-ci se caractérise par un excellent brassage des particules et donc de très bons transferts de chaleur. La compréhension des conditions d’apparition de ces régimes est donc primordiale pour définir les meilleurs paramètres opératoires en exploitation. Pour ce faire, plusieurs bancs expérimentaux, avec et sans exposition au flux solaire concentré, ont été mis en place au laboratoire PROMES afin d’étudier le comportement de ces écoulements diphasiques et des différents régimes hydrodynamiques.

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    Authors: Wegner, Katharina; Bachegour, Hikma; Boufoud, Asmaa; Dziggel, Timo; +5 Authors

    Cette étude se penche sur la transition du Maroc vers une économie verte et inclusive en examinant plusieurs dimensions. Elle débute par une analyse du contexte socio-économique du Maroc, mettant en lumière la vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique et les initiatives politiques pour une transition verte. Le cadre conceptuel de l'étude, articulé autour de l’espace sûr et juste pour l’humanité, des objectifs de transformation et de la théorie du changement, fournit une base pour réfléchir sur les pratiques observées au niveau communal au Maroc. La méthodologie combine des analyses politiques détaillées et des entretiens avec des expert/es informant des études de cas sur les communes de Chefchaouen et Agadir. Ces études de cas illustrent des transformations concrètes dans les secteurs de l'énergie, de la gestion des déchets, de la mobilité, de l’urbanisme et du développement économique local, révélant ainsi les dynamiques et les défis spécifiques à chaque communauté. L'étude conclut avec des recommandations spécifiques pour la conception de projets de financement communal vert. Pour des aperçus plus approfondis et des recommandations détaillées, voir l'étude récemment publiée par SLE (en français). This study examines Morocco's transition towards a green and inclusive economy, covering multiple dimensions. It begins with an analysis of Morocco's socio-economic context, highlighting the country's vulnerability to climate change and initiatives for green transition. The conceptual framework, centered on the just and safe spaces for humanity, transformation objectives and change theory, serves as a basis for reflecting on practices observed at the municipal level in Morocco. The methodology includes detailed policy analysis and expert interviews informing case studies of the two cities of Chefchaouen and Agadir, demonstrating tangible transformations in the energy sector, waste management, mobility, urban planning and local economic development, thus revealing the dynamics and challenges of each community. The study's findings underscore the capacities, needs, and potential of cities to catalyze these transformations, highlighting good practices and identifying obstacles at the municipal level. In conclusion, the study offers recommendations for designing green communal financing projects. For deeper insights and comprehensive recommendations, see the recently published SLE study (in French).

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sun, Dongyue;

    La production de H2, à partir d'eau et d'énergie solaire, est probablement une solution d'avenir pour le stockage des énergies renouvelables. Pour éviter l’utilisation de platine, des catalyseurs à base de métaux abondants doivent être développés. Les complexes diimine-dioxime de cobalt sont parmi les catalyseurs bio-inspirés les plus performants. Dans ce travail, nous avons dans un premier temps élucidé le mécanisme de production d’hydrogène par ces complexes et extrait les paramètres cinétiques des différentes étapes en utilisant les méthodes et techniques électrochimiques les plus récentes. Une étude comparative via l’établissement d’une « courbe de Tafel catalytique » a mis en évidence l’excellente performance catalytique de ces complexes. Ensuite, une voie de synthèse permettant le couplage de ces complexes avec un motif fullerène réservoir d’électron a été développée, et a permis d’améliorer encore les performances catalytiques. Enfin, ce complexe a été intégré dans une photocathode à base de semi-conducteurs organiques. The production of H2 through sunlight-driven water splitting appears to be a promising solution for our future energy supply. Earth-abundant catalysts should be developed to replace platinum as water splitting catalysts. Bio-inspired cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes have emerged as one of the most versatile series of non-noble metal catalysts. In this work, the mechanism for H2 evolution mediated by this series of catalysts has been reinvestigated, and kinetic information have been determined thanks to recent advancements in electrochemical methodology. Their superior hydrogen evolution performance has been shown through comparative catalytic Tafel plots. Secondly, a synthetic route towards the incorporation of fullerene moieties, as electron reservoirs, in the vicinity of the catalytic center, has been developed. The resulting catalyst has shown improved catalytic activity and has been implemented in an operational H2-evoving photocathode based on organic semi-conductors.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-CEA
    Doctoral thesis . 2017
    Data sources: HAL-CEA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-CEA
      Doctoral thesis . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dabat, Marie Hélène; Blin, Joël;

    Les pays du Sud ont-ils intérêt à produire des agrocarburants ? La controverse autour de cette question est intense. Pour certains, les agrocarburants sont facteur de développement ; pour d'autres, ils concurrencent la production alimentaire. Il y a autant de profession de foi que d'argumentation étayée dans les discours anti ou pro-agrocarburant. Le cas du Burkina Faso illustre comment cette question peut être instruite à l'échelle d'un pays. Would the Southern countries benefit from producing biofuels? This is the subject of heated debate. For some, biofuels are a factor of development; for others, they compete with food production. Proand anti-biofuel positions are based as much on personal beliefs as on substantiated arguments. The case of Burkina Faso demonstrates how this question can be answered at country level.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Caignard, Thomas;

    La dynamique et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers dépendent fortement de la reproduction des arbres. Ainsi de nombreux travaux se sont intéressés aux fortes fluctuations interannuelles à la fois synchrones et non prévisibles des productions de graines, mais très peu d’études ont pu caractériser la sensibilité aux variables climatiques et le déterminisme des traits de reproduction. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons étudié la reproduction de deux espèces de chênes tempérés européens (Quercus petraea et Quercus robur) avec pour objectifs (i) d’évaluer l’évolution des traits de reproduction au cours des deux dernières décennies, notamment vis-à-vis des changements de température, (ii) d’estimer la contribution des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux à la variation de ces traits le long de gradients environnementaux et enfin (iii) d’estimer l’héritabilité des traits de reproduction ainsi que d’identifier les régions du génome qui leurs sont associées. A partir de suivis long-termes de l’effort de reproduction « in situ » sur tout le territoire de France métropolitaine, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une augmentation significative de la production fruitière des chênes au cours des 14 dernières années. Ces accroissements du nombre et de la taille des glands sont fortement corrélés à l’augmentation des températures printanières. Cette sensibilité à la température a par ailleurs pu être confirmée grâce à un dispositif indépendant installé le long de gradients altitudinaux dans les Pyrénées. Nos résultats montrent également une différenciation génétique entre les populations provenant du gradient altitudinal et une opposition de signes entre les clines génétique et phénotypique « contre-gradient » pour les deux traits de reproduction étudiés. Contrairement aux traits de croissance pour lesquels nous observons un « co-gradient », le « contre gradient » observé pour la reproduction suggère que les variations génétiques contrecarrent en partie la forte plasticité environnementale, minimisant ainsi la tendance (ou patron) de l’effort de reproduction avec la température. Enfin, nous avons observé une forte héritabilité pour chacun des traits de reproduction chez le chêne pédonculé dans une famille de pleins frères, confirmant l’existence d’un déterminisme génétique évoqué précédemment. De plus, nous avons identifié pour la première fois chez les arbres forestiers, des locus à caractère quantitatif (QTLs) associés à la reproduction du chêne. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’en réponse à des changements environnementaux, les traits de reproduction ont la capacité de répondre à la sélection et de faciliter l'adaptation locale, et ainsi apportent de nouvelles perspectives dans l’étude de la réponse des arbres forestiers aux changements climatiques. Forest ecosystem dynamics closely depend on tree reproduction. Many studies have investigated the synchronous and non-predictable year-to-year variability of seed production, characteristic of masting species. However, little is known about the sensitivity of tree reproduction to climate variables and to which extent this phenotypic variability is genetically and/or environmentally driven. We intensively studied the reproduction of two European temperate oaks and our aims were (i) to characterize the change in reproductive traits over the last two decades, (ii) to assess the determinism of their variations along environmental gradients and (iii) to estimate the heritability of reproductive traits and identify the regions of their genome related to reproduction. We were able to show a dramatic increase in seed production over the last 14 years. This increase in seed production and size was significantly correlated with increasing spring temperatures. We then confirmed this sensitivity to temperature by studying the reproduction of oak populations growing along the elevation gradient of the Pyrenees. Based on a common garden approach, we then showed significant genetic differentiation between oak provenances and demonstrated that the genetic and phenotypic clines for the reproductive traits observed along the environmental gradient have opposite signs (counter-gradient). Contrary to growth traits, for which genetic variation parallels phenotypic variation, the counter-gradient observed for reproduction-related traits suggested that genetic variation partly counteracts the phenotypic effect of temperature, moderating the change in reproductive effort according to temperature. Finally, using a full-sib family where reproduction was monitored during four consecutive years, we found a high heritability of reproductive traits and showed high genetic differentiation between trees of a same population, which confirms the significant genetic determinism observed earlier. Furthermore, we were able to identify for the first time in forest trees quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed production and size. Our findings show that reproduction-related traits may undergo evolutionary changes under selective pressure and may be determinant for tree adaptation in response to environmental changes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL INRAE
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL INRAE
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: HAL INRAE
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Kane, Idrissa oumar;

    Cette thèse pose et explore ici les possibilités de « dialogue des connaissances » entre scientifiques et communautés locales concernant la mise en place des stratégies de résilience en vue de l'adaptation aux risques côtiers attribués aux changements climatiques. Ce dialogue porte sur la question des représentations paradigmatiques, des valeurs et des enjeux matériels. Ce dialogue des connaissances, prôné au sein de la communauté scientifique et réclamé par le public large, s'impose de plus en plus vu la complexité des questions de sociétés liées au climat et aux visions du monde différentes. La rationalité technocentrée a toujours dominé dans les réponses aux défis liés à l'adaptation. Cependant, au nom de la gouvernance intégrée, cette approche est de plus en plus battue en brèche par les communautés locales du fait de leur fort engagement dans la proposition d’alternatives socialement co-construites. Dans le premier article « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis », nos recherches portent sur le conflit de représentations opposant scientifiques et acteurs locaux à propos de la nature probabiliste du risque côtier et des options de mitigation des impacts. Ainsi, une communication dialogique, basée sur la prise en compte des heuristiques de valeurs des acteurs locaux, est nécessaire. Dans le deuxième article « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier », nos recherches portent sur le choix de sens à propos du mot résilience à travers les politiques publiques de gestion du risque côtier. Ce concept, eu égard à son histoire et son évolution à travers ses différents usages disciplinaires, a posé, outre le problème de polysémie liée à sa forte utilisation, un manque de consensus sur le sens adéquat. Dans le troisième article «Vulnérabilité et résilience des systèmes côtiers, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », il s’agit de questionner les choix de modèles et d’approches utilisés par les chercheurs pour analyser et intervenir sur les systèmes côtiers. Construisant sur les résultats des premiers articles, cet article constitue une proposition unique de basculement paradigmatique dans le traitement conceptuel et opérationnel de la gouvernance des socio-écosystèmes complexes. This thesis sets and explores the possibilities of « dialogue of knowledge » between scientists and local communities about resilience strategies implementations for climate coastal risks adaptation. This dialogue focuses on questions of paradigmatics representations, values and materials issues. This dialogue of knowledge, advocated by scientific community and claimed by wide audience, is increasingly needed due to complex societal problems related to climate change and different world visions. The technocentered rationality has always been an approach which dominates in the responses to the challenge of adaptation. However, in the name of integrated governance, this approach is more and more contested by local communities due to their strong engagement in proposing socially co-constructed alternatives. In the first paper « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis » our research focus on the conflict of representation between scientists and local stackeholders about the probabilistic nature of coastal risk and the impacts mitigation options. Thus, a dialogic communication, based on taking into account heuristic values of local actors, is necessary. In the second paper « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier » our research focus on the choice of meaning of resilience concept through public policy of coastal risk management. This concept, considering its history and evolution through its various disciplinary practices, has raised, in addition to problem of polysemy due to its high use, a lack of consensus on the suitable definition. In the third paper «Vulnérabilité et résilience des systèmes côtiers, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », it is to questionne the choice of models and approaches used by reseachers to analyse and intervene on the coastal system. Building on the two first papers, this paper is an unique proposition of paradigmatic tilt in the conceptual and operational processing of complexes socio-ecosystems governance.

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    Authors: Blanc, Philippe;

    L’objet de ce document est de proposer une synthèse ainsi que les perspectives de mes activités de recherche depuis 2007 à MINES ParisTech. Cette recherche est bien sûr le fruit d’un travail collectif mené par l’équipe dont j’ai actuellement la responsabilité. Mon apport scientifique dans ce groupe réside essentiellement dans l’aide à la formalisation mathématique des problèmes et à leurs résolutions au moyen d’algorithmes mettant en oeuvre le traitement d’image, du signal, l’analyse statistique ou, de manière générale, les mathématiques appliquées. J’y apporte également mes connaissances dans la mesure du rayonnement par des instruments de mesures in-situ acquises ces dernières années.

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    Authors: Isbasoiu, Ancuta;

    L'Union Européenne a un programme ambitieux pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique, les institutions européennes devant désormais prendre en compte l'environnement dans le cadre de ses politiques. L'objectif de ma thèse consiste à évaluer les impacts des politiques publiques européennes sur l'agriculture et l’environnement, de mesurer leurs effets croisés et d'évaluer l'intérêt d'une meilleure coordination de ces politiques. La thèse vise à enrichir l'analyse économique sur des problématiques importantes recentrées sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) agricoles dans l'UE et le niveau de la production agricole, sous un angle quantitatif. La méthodologie repose sur un modèle de programmation mathématique qui simule l’offre agricole européenne (AROPAj), utilisant les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole. L'analyse est réalisée à plusieurs niveaux, européen, national, régional et infra-régional, tenant compte de la variabilité du contexte économique qui caractérise l'agriculture européenne sur les six années 2007-2012. Nous évaluons tout d'abord comment l'agriculture peut contribuer à l'atténuation des émissions de GES dans l'UE et nous offrons une analyse détaillée des courbes de coûts marginaux d'abattement. Les résultats indiquent qu’en moyenne, sur la période 2007-2012, l’agriculture européenne peut réduire ses émissions d’environ 10%, 20% et 30% respectivement, pour les prix des émissions de 38, 112.5 et 205 Euros/tCO2eq. Nous montrons que l’agriculture peut offrir une atténuation substantielle et que le potentiel et les coûts d’atténuation varient substantiellement dans le temps et dans l’espace. La deuxième problématique étudiée porte sur la compatibilité entre l’augmentation de la production agricole et la diminution de l’impact de l’agriculture sur l’environnement. En introduisant une approche primale (via un prix du carbone) et une approche duale (via un objectif calorique), nous montrons qu’on peut réduire les émissions de GES et modifier l’offre agricole tout en augmentant la quantité en calories alimentaires. On étend la problématique des émissions de GES, en dissociant les prix des deux gaz (CH4 et N2O). Un système de prix différenciés permet de mieux adapter la politique de régulation climatique en fonction de l'horizon de temps sur lequel on se projette, offrant une flexibilité dans la réduction des coûts d’abattement des émissions. The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs.

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    Authors: Fromage, Mathilde;

    La thèse étudie les impacts du changement climatique sur les marchés fonciers agricoles. Tout d’abord, en s’appuyant sur le concept de nexus, elle montre comment ils influencent la structure et la dynamique de ces marchés. Deux revues de littérature identifient les fronts de recherche en économie agricole et les besoins en modélisation. Une enquête auprès d’experts fonciers met en évidence les impacts directs et indirects du changement climatique observés et attendus sur l’état et l’usage des terres, ainsi que sur les marchés fonciers en France métropolitaine. Ensuite, la thèse questionne dans quelle mesure les prix actuels constituent déjà des signaux des changements futurs de la rentabilité des terres. Deux modèles multiagents explorent la formation de la valeur du foncier agricole en tenant compte des anticipations des agents concernant, d’une part, le développement urbain et, d’autre part, les impacts climatiques à la marge intensive et extensive. Ces modèles contribuent à la littérature en combinant, pour le premier, les marchés urbains et agricoles et en proposant, pour le second, une approche originale pour représenter comment les agents, dans un contexte incertain, évaluent la valeur des terres. Les résultats montrent que les changements de rentabilité future des terres liés au climat sont déjà partiellement capitalisés dans les prix actuels. Ils confirment que les imperfections de l’information et de la concurrence contribuent à dissocier la valeur d’usage des terres agricoles de leur valeur d’échange sur le marché. Cette thèse apporte ainsi un éclairage sur les mécanismes d’allocation des terres et de formation des prix dans le contexte du changement climatique, et propose plusieurs pistes de réflexion pour mieux considérer ces enjeux dans les politiques publiques. This thesis examines how climate change might affect farmland markets in a Western context shaped by freehold tenure. First, I demonstrate how it influences the structure and dynamics of these markets by conceptualising the climate change-land market nexus. Two literature reviews conducted within this framework outline research fronts in agricultural economics and identify key modelling needs. Then, a qualitative survey of French land experts provides empirical evidence of already observed or expected direct and indirect impacts of climate change on the state and use of farmland, as well as on land markets in metropolitan France. Second, I question the extent to which current land prices already serve as relevant signals of future land profitability changes in an uncertain climate context. I developed two agent-based models (ABM) to explore how the value of farmland is formed, taking into account agents’ expectations concerning urban growth dynamics on the one hand, and climate impacts at both the intensive and extensive land margins on the other hand. The first model contributes to the ABM literature by combining urban and agricultural markets, and the second model provides an original approach to model how agents assess land value under uncertain climate conditions. Results show that climate-induced changes in future land profitability are already partially capitalised in current land prices. They also confirm that imperfect information and competition between uses tend to dissociate the use value of agricultural land from its transaction value on the market. This thesis offers a framework to gain insights on land allocation and price formation issues in the context of a changing climate and helps identify key questions for the design of public policies.

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    Authors: Ensslen, Axel; Babrowski, Sonja; Jochem, Patrick; Fichtner, Wolf;
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
    Conference object . 2012
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ir/...
      Conference object . 2012
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    Authors: Gueguen, Ronny; Sahuquet, Guillaume; Derome, Emilien; Mer, Samuel; +3 Authors

    International audience Le laboratoire PROMES (CNRS) développe depuis 2010 une technologie de récepteur solaire basée sur la circulation de particules fluidisées dans des tubes métalliques verticaux soumis au flux solaire concentré. L’utilisation de particules de type sable en tant que fluide de transfert de chaleur et milieu de stockage est peu coûteuse et permet d’étendre la gamme de température admissible par rapport aux sels fondus actuellement utilisés dans les centrales solaires à concentration (>560°C). Grâce à l’augmentation de la température en sortie du récepteur, il est possible d’utiliser des cycles thermodynamiques à hauts rendements (~50%) et ainsi d’accroitre les performances des centrales. Un des verrous de cette technologie est la maitrise des écoulements diphasiques dans les tubes du récepteur. En effet, plusieurs régimes de fluidisation apparaissent en fonction des paramètres de contrôle. Des bulles se forment en bas du tube puis coalescent sur la hauteur pour former des pistons. Ces derniers doivent être évités car ils limitent le mélange des particules, ce qui a pour effet de réduire les échanges thermiques. Pour de forts débits d’air, un régime de fluidisation turbulent apparaît. Celui-ci se caractérise par un excellent brassage des particules et donc de très bons transferts de chaleur. La compréhension des conditions d’apparition de ces régimes est donc primordiale pour définir les meilleurs paramètres opératoires en exploitation. Pour ce faire, plusieurs bancs expérimentaux, avec et sans exposition au flux solaire concentré, ont été mis en place au laboratoire PROMES afin d’étudier le comportement de ces écoulements diphasiques et des différents régimes hydrodynamiques.

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    Authors: Wegner, Katharina; Bachegour, Hikma; Boufoud, Asmaa; Dziggel, Timo; +5 Authors

    Cette étude se penche sur la transition du Maroc vers une économie verte et inclusive en examinant plusieurs dimensions. Elle débute par une analyse du contexte socio-économique du Maroc, mettant en lumière la vulnérabilité du pays au changement climatique et les initiatives politiques pour une transition verte. Le cadre conceptuel de l'étude, articulé autour de l’espace sûr et juste pour l’humanité, des objectifs de transformation et de la théorie du changement, fournit une base pour réfléchir sur les pratiques observées au niveau communal au Maroc. La méthodologie combine des analyses politiques détaillées et des entretiens avec des expert/es informant des études de cas sur les communes de Chefchaouen et Agadir. Ces études de cas illustrent des transformations concrètes dans les secteurs de l'énergie, de la gestion des déchets, de la mobilité, de l’urbanisme et du développement économique local, révélant ainsi les dynamiques et les défis spécifiques à chaque communauté. L'étude conclut avec des recommandations spécifiques pour la conception de projets de financement communal vert. Pour des aperçus plus approfondis et des recommandations détaillées, voir l'étude récemment publiée par SLE (en français). This study examines Morocco's transition towards a green and inclusive economy, covering multiple dimensions. It begins with an analysis of Morocco's socio-economic context, highlighting the country's vulnerability to climate change and initiatives for green transition. The conceptual framework, centered on the just and safe spaces for humanity, transformation objectives and change theory, serves as a basis for reflecting on practices observed at the municipal level in Morocco. The methodology includes detailed policy analysis and expert interviews informing case studies of the two cities of Chefchaouen and Agadir, demonstrating tangible transformations in the energy sector, waste management, mobility, urban planning and local economic development, thus revealing the dynamics and challenges of each community. The study's findings underscore the capacities, needs, and potential of cities to catalyze these transformations, highlighting good practices and identifying obstacles at the municipal level. In conclusion, the study offers recommendations for designing green communal financing projects. For deeper insights and comprehensive recommendations, see the recently published SLE study (in French).

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    Authors: Sun, Dongyue;

    La production de H2, à partir d'eau et d'énergie solaire, est probablement une solution d'avenir pour le stockage des énergies renouvelables. Pour éviter l’utilisation de platine, des catalyseurs à base de métaux abondants doivent être développés. Les complexes diimine-dioxime de cobalt sont parmi les catalyseurs bio-inspirés les plus performants. Dans ce travail, nous avons dans un premier temps élucidé le mécanisme de production d’hydrogène par ces complexes et extrait les paramètres cinétiques des différentes étapes en utilisant les méthodes et techniques électrochimiques les plus récentes. Une étude comparative via l’établissement d’une « courbe de Tafel catalytique » a mis en évidence l’excellente performance catalytique de ces complexes. Ensuite, une voie de synthèse permettant le couplage de ces complexes avec un motif fullerène réservoir d’électron a été développée, et a permis d’améliorer encore les performances catalytiques. Enfin, ce complexe a été intégré dans une photocathode à base de semi-conducteurs organiques. The production of H2 through sunlight-driven water splitting appears to be a promising solution for our future energy supply. Earth-abundant catalysts should be developed to replace platinum as water splitting catalysts. Bio-inspired cobalt diimine-dioxime complexes have emerged as one of the most versatile series of non-noble metal catalysts. In this work, the mechanism for H2 evolution mediated by this series of catalysts has been reinvestigated, and kinetic information have been determined thanks to recent advancements in electrochemical methodology. Their superior hydrogen evolution performance has been shown through comparative catalytic Tafel plots. Secondly, a synthetic route towards the incorporation of fullerene moieties, as electron reservoirs, in the vicinity of the catalytic center, has been developed. The resulting catalyst has shown improved catalytic activity and has been implemented in an operational H2-evoving photocathode based on organic semi-conductors.

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    Authors: Dabat, Marie Hélène; Blin, Joël;

    Les pays du Sud ont-ils intérêt à produire des agrocarburants ? La controverse autour de cette question est intense. Pour certains, les agrocarburants sont facteur de développement ; pour d'autres, ils concurrencent la production alimentaire. Il y a autant de profession de foi que d'argumentation étayée dans les discours anti ou pro-agrocarburant. Le cas du Burkina Faso illustre comment cette question peut être instruite à l'échelle d'un pays. Would the Southern countries benefit from producing biofuels? This is the subject of heated debate. For some, biofuels are a factor of development; for others, they compete with food production. Proand anti-biofuel positions are based as much on personal beliefs as on substantiated arguments. The case of Burkina Faso demonstrates how this question can be answered at country level.

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