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Despite suffering significantly from the adverse impacts of climate change and human-induced hazards, many people at risk deliberately choose not to migrate from hazard-prone areas in coastal Bangladesh. As many of them encounter significant challenges in maintaining their livelihoods, ascertaining how and under what circumstances voluntary non-migration decisions occur is crucial. Only a handful of studies have investigated whether individuals and groups who decide to stay put in the face of climatic hazards consider their decision to be an adaptive action. In this regard, this study contributes to the existing literature by empirically investigating the voluntary non-migration decision as an adaptation strategy through an exploration of the factors affecting this decision. We employed a systematic random sampling technique and selected 627 respondents from two climatic hazard-prone coastal districts: Khulna and Satkhira. Using the Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM), we found that voluntary non-migrants (84% of total respondents) appeared to enjoy the significant advantage of access to their communities' basic need provision and social support. Furthermore, the social, psychological, and economic opportunities found at their existing location (e.g., better income prospects, affordable living costs, receipt of financial help during post-disaster periods, and skills allowing them to stay in that location), as well as their access to local natural resources, strengthened their social capital and thus influenced their desire to stay. Together, these factors enhanced people's adaptability to climatic shocks and motivated them to choose voluntary non-migration as an adaptation option.

The general thesis of this contribution is that metropolitan cities—mostly port cities, also characterized most of the time by a relevant historical-architectural landscape—can reduce their agglomeration diseconomies if they adopt a ‘circular’ model of organization. The ‘territorialized’ model of circular economy is the ‘circular city’ model, which puts its centre with its suburbs, its historical centre with the port, and the consolidated city with the suburban territory in virtuous relationships. This chapter focuses on the multidimensional benefits of the circular economy and circular city model from an evaluation perspective, identifying an analytical list of indicators emerging from operational practice and the scientific literature. A multidimensional and multicriteria assessment method is used in the metropolitan city of Naples, Italy, to support the planning process for development of the port area from the perspective of the circular economy and circular city model. The originality of this assessment consists, on the one hand, in assuming evaluation criteria emerging from the strategy of the European Green Deal and, on the other hand, in focusing on the integration of the indicators proposed by the World Health Organization related to the Health Impact Assessment in a perspective that integrates environmental, economic and social impacts assessments.

Abstract Two empirical correlations are studied: one between economic growth and environmental impacts, and the other between the lack of economic growth and unemployment. It is demonstrated that, at a global level, economic growth is strongly correlated with environmental impacts, and barriers to fast decoupling are large and numerous. On the other hand, low or negative growth is highly correlated with increasing unemployment in most market economies, and strategies to change this lead to difficult questions and tradeoffs. The coexistence of these two correlations – which have rarely been studied together in the literature on “green growth”, “degrowth” and “a-growth” – justifies ambivalence about growth. To make key environmental goals compatible with full employment, the decoupling of environmental impacts from economic output has to be accompanied by a reduction of dependence on growth. In particular, strategies to tackle unemployment without the need for growth, several of which are studied in this article, need much more attention in research and policy.

Abstract A key challenge internationally is the design of policies that will result in the substitution of conventional energy sources with renewable energy sources. The European Union has set a legally binding target of 20% final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 but not all EU countries have been successful in meeting interim targets towards that goal. On the other hand, even if interim goals have been achieved, economic, social, and environmental considerations might threaten a country's ability to meet the 2020 goal without jeopardising other key economic goals. This is the case, among other countries, of Greece, where decision-making is governed by the economic recession and the austerity measures implemented to counter the debt crisis. This article studies the potential of three perennial energy crops, miscanthus, arundo and poplar, to play such a role in the region of Karditsa, Greece. According to our results and considering the option of farm gate delivery, sample farms generate on average positive gross profits from all three energy crops. The highest is generated by arundo, followed by poplar and at a much lower level miscanthus. The present study shows that Arundo, under certain conditions, can partially replace durum wheat in low input lands, without distorting the food trade balance of the country. While this research does not focus on environmental issues, results suggest that substituting arundo for durum wheat can have a beneficial effect in nitrate-polluted regions since arundo requires far less fertilizers. The relevant policy mix is analysed, discussed and outlined as a nexus of interrelated incentives provided by policy makers and the market.

Abstract Household energy services account for a large percentage of global final energy use and of carbon emission reduction potentials. Phasing out solid fuels is expected to contribute to the low-carbon energy transition while delivering health and environmental co-benefits. Poland, a coal-based country where nearly half of the population relies on solid fuels for domestic heating, has introduced fuel switching schemes for assisting households transition towards cleaner energy carriers. In this paper, we investigate the experiences and motivations of beneficiary households in a solid fuel stove replacement programmes operating in Northern Poland between 2015 and 2017 through the lens of co-benefits. Collected data include a 140-household survey and 15 interviews with programme intermediaries at the municipal level. The results identify significant increases in thermal comfort, free time and cleanliness along with improved indoor air quality as key well-being effects of heating systems upgrade. These reported impacts contrast with the institutional clean air rationales underpinning the interventions. Our findings challenge the idea of a neat one-way transition, as participant households stated their reluctance to fully abandon solid fuel-based heating because of perceived uncertainties around future energy prices and supply. The findings warn too about the potentially regressive distributional effects when subsidy allocation mechanisms overlook the income and needs of beneficiaries. To conclude, we put forward the notion of household-level ‘everyday life’ co-benefits as a lever for improved citizen engagement and for advancing energy transitions in the residential sector.

Shifts in customer behavior, high-growth markets, globalization, and technological innovations create a “window of opportunity” for new business strategy and innovation in the media ecosystem. It will continue to have a tremendous impact on how media organizations create value and position themselves for the audience. Trying to survive in this new digital scenario, Latin American news publishers are breaking with their traditional business models, and looking for novel and more promising models for funding journalism. In order to explore these new dynamics of the new media ecosystem, this chapter discusses approaches adopted by Latin American news outlets to sustain their business strategies with innovation and quality journalism. This vibrant and multicultural region presents its own national characteristics and specificities that permeate in their business models. Without neglecting ads in their different forms, news media organizations found on a myriad of services, such educational activities and consulting new ways to finance their activities. While in most developed countries, mainly in the major cities of Argentina and Brazil, audience participation is becoming a reality, in other countries, fundraising is still limited. Philanthropic funding and temporary grant-giving are important resources for many news outlets across region. However, most organizations are seeking for their sustainability through a combination of various revenue sources, also known as multi-revenue stream models.

This report is part of a European Union Horizon 2020 Research Project on the sharing economy: Ps2Share ‘Participation, Privacy, and Power in the Sharing Economy’ (www.ps2share.eu). It presents the recommendations derived from Work Package 4 “Non-Participation, Inequalities, and Exclusion” within the Ps2Share project. Work Package 4 encompassed a systematic literature review on participation in the sharing economy (Andreotti, Anselmi, Eichhorn, Hoffmann, & Micheli, 2017), focus group discussions among Millennials in several European countries (Ranzini, Newlands, Anselmi, Andreotti, Eichhorn, Etter, Hoffmann, Jurss, & Lutz, 2017) and a largescale survey of citizens of twelve European countries (Andreotti, Anselmi, Eichhorn, Hoffmann, Jurss, & Micheli, 2017). The project also included three deliverables on the topic of privacy in the sharing economy: a comprehensive literature review (Ranzini, Etter, Lutz, & Vermeulen, 2017), a large-scale survey report (Ranzini, Etter, & Vermeulen, 2017) as well as recommendations on a more privacy-friendly sharing economy in Europe (Ranzini, Kusber, Vermeulen, & Etter, 2018). In addition, three deliverables on power in the sharing economy were produced: a comprehensive literature review (Newlands, Lutz, & Fieseler, 2017a), a large-scale survey report (Newlands, Lutz, & Fieseler, 2017b) as well as recommendations on a more empowering sharing economy in Europe (Newlands, Lutz, & Fieseler, 2018). Finally, two deliverables about platforms in the sharing economy formed part of the project: a comprehensive platform analysis report (Stanoevska-Slabeva, Lenz-Kesekamp, & Suter, 2017) and a set of platform design implications in the form of guidelines (Stanoevska-Slabeva, Lenz-Kesekamp, & Suter, 2018).

Abstract Developing countries like India face a lot of problems in the disposal of waste every day, as a result of unregulated and increased disposal rates. This causes an increase in global warming and a severe threat to the environment. Recycling is one of the methods to reduce waste disposal and also produce energy and value added chemicals. Pyrolysis is one of the recycling methods encouraged in the waste recycling, and is in practice in many developed countries. India is still finding a way to effectively reduce the disposal problems. This paper discusses the research and development activities that have taken place in India towards the growth of pyrolysis technology in the last three decades.