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The important task (NBI neutral beam injector for fusion) and the complexity of radiofrequency ion source need large tests (as ELISE and SPIDER) and intermediate scale tests (as NIO1 in this poster) for optimization. Conditioning (with gas) was found necessary in Cs-free operation. Cs-based operation has begun: stability improves at lower oven temperature; in both cases, lateral view cameras show beam quality. Energy recovery plugin almost ready for NIO1 (or at a test station at TRIPS).

Environmental tax reform (ETR), a shift from labour to carbon taxes, has been mostly modelled using general equilibrium (GE) analysis. Since a low-carbon transition will require deep transformations, one will also have to address out-of-equilibrium dynamics and increased agent heterogeneity. Unlike GE models, agent-based models (ABMs) are well equipped to deal with this. We therefore replicate a recent GE model for ETR using an agent-based approach. This process, known as "agentization", allows assessing similarities as well as differences in policy impacts between the two modelling approaches, in turn providing a test of the robustness of the GE results. We find that the agent-based model is able to replicate many results of the general equilibrium analysis, while revealing strengths and weaknesses of both model types. We discuss concrete implementation steps and difficulties experienced in the GE-ABM translation process. We illustrate the potential of ABM by extending the model in several directions. We show that heterogeneous subsistence consumption can increase the space for combining a double dividend with an equity goal, and that overall macro-economic results can conceal important distributional impacts when green preferences and labour supply elasticities vary.

| openaire: EC/H2020/856602/EU//FINEST TWINS Funding Information: This work has been supported by the European Commission through the H2020 project Finest Twins grant No. 856602; and by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research and European Regional Fund grant 2014-2020.4.01.20-0289. Additional support was acquired from the Estonian Research Council grant PSG739. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Increasing use of volatile renewable energy sources causes challenges in balancing supply and demand. Therefore, demand-side flexibility has rising importance for system operators and balancing authorities. Flexibility management methods are needed to integrate loads like ventilation systems of different buildings (e.g., residential and commercial) into flexibility service. However, the available methods described in research papers require further development for implementation in practice. Heating and cooling systems have received much attention from researchers, but the potential of ventilation systems has been left out of focus. Therefore, this paper provides a complete set of novel flexibility management methods for ventilation systems created from an aggregator's viewpoint. The flexibility is quantified through capacity (e.i. the amount of power consumption that can be altered), forced ventilation rate duration, and the tendered price for the service. The proposed methods were tested on a building model constructed and simulated in IDA ICE. The data processing and flexibility management methods were applied in MATLAB. Two types of ventilation systems with different sensor configurations were considered: constant and variable air volume. Forced ventilation rate duration is calculated using energy and mass balance analysis where the root means squared error was 10 to 33 min, depending on the system type, measured parameter, and sensor location. The flexibility service pricing model was tested on the 2022 years' manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR) activation and balance energy market data. Peer reviewed

Abstract Volumetric solar receivers are essential components in high-temperature concentrated solar power plants. Their optical design is crucial for achieving efficient photon-thermal energy conversion; however, their three-dimensional geometry complicates a reliable and accurate optical characterization. This work proposes a new methodology for the 3D optical-performance analysis of the volumetric absorber having an open hierarchical structure. Firstly, the solar absorber is optically characterized using a test bench that mainly comprises a solar simulator and a customized instrument equipped with single-photon avalanche diodes, which holds the absorber and measures light flux on its external surface. Then experimental measurements are compared with a Monte Carlo ray-tracing numerical model. The results are consequently employed to understand light propagation in the absorber. This procedure is successfully applied to characterize a complex three-dimensional self-similar structure manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. The proposed experimental technique is a promising candidate for becoming a robust in operando method to characterize the radiation propagation within the complex porous structures employed for volumetric receivers.

Thermal energy storage (TES) plays a key role in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants by enhancing dispatchability and improving overall system efficiency. This study presents a comparative techno-economic analysis of three TES configurations integrated into CSP plants: (i) the conventional two-tank molten salt system, (ii) a phase change material (PCM)-based system with a cascade arrangement, and (iii) a concrete-based system. While technical performance simulations indicate similar annual energy production across all cases, significant differences emerge in economic viability. The PCM TES system demonstrates the lowest levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) at $14.35/kWh, leveraging its high energy density and reduced material requirements, despite lower efficiency (93 % compared to 99 % in molten salt). Conversely, the concrete TES system, while capable of extended discharge at partial loads, incurs higher parasitic losses and investment costs, resulting in a higher LCoE ($16.16/kWh). The cost analysis further highlights the cost-performance quotient (CPQ) as a valuable metric for assessing TES competitiveness, with PCM exhibiting the most favorable CPQ of $1.04/kWh. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating economic assessments into TES selection for CSP plants. Moreover, the study identifies opportunities for cost reduction in concrete TES through optimized modular designs and improved material formulations. This work provides valuable insights for policymakers, engineers, and industry stakeholders aiming to enhance the financial feasibility of next-generation CSP storage solutions. This study receives funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) through the PCI2020-120695-2 project and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR“. CSP-ERA.NET is supported by the European Commission within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (Cofund ERA-NET Action, N° 838311). This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España TED2021-132216A-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union by NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This work was partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (PID2021-123511OB-C31 – MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE) and (RED2022-134219-T). This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme. The authors from University of Lleida would like to thank the Departament de Recerca i Universitats of the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2021 SGR 01615). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.

This report provides information on energy demand profiles and commercial aspects relevant to the end-users involved in the ASTEP project.

Climate change is expected to affect hydropower generation by modifying river runoff and increasing reservoir evaporation. Anticipating the impact of climate change on hydropower generation is crucial to develop adaptation strategies and to efficiently plan a renewable energy transition. In this study, we assess the impact of climate change on hydropower generation using the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Portuguese river basin with strategic importance, since it is responsible for 20% of the national hydropower generation. SWAT was calibrated against 6 reservoir flow-in and 1 river discharge, with a good agreement between simulated and observed values. Future climate projections were based on EURO-CORDEX climate simulations under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for 2031-2060 (short-term) and 2071-2100 (long-term), compared to 1976-2005. Results reveal that in the short-term, reservoir flow-in is expected to decrease up to 55% in the summer under RCP4.5, and up to 90% in the long-term under RCP8.5. Consequently, the hydropower plants may generate less 79 GWh per year in the short-term under RCP4.5, and less 272 GWh per year in the long-term under RCP8.5, which is equivalent to 11% and 38%, respectively, of the total electricity used in the study area in 2019. Our study shows that, at least in some regions, climate change can substantially reduce hydropower generation and thereby hamper the renewable energy transition. This is relevant for policymakers and water managers by allowing them to anticipate the impact of climate change on hydropower generation and better plan a renewable energy transition. The study was supported by the project CLIMALERT: Climate AlertSmart System for Sustainable Water and Agriculture, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate (ERA4CS programme) co-funded by the EU commission (Grant Agreement 690462) and FCT (ERA4CS/0004/2016). Jose Pedro Ramiao was supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BD/141486/2018) and the European Social Fund through the "Programa Operacional Regional do Norte" of the European Commission. Claudia Carvalho-Santos is supported by the "Contrato-Programa" UIDP/04050/2020 funded by national funds through the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia I.P. Rute Pinto gratefully acknowledges the support of Global Water Futures as part of the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. Published online: 6 December 2022

National net zero emission targets could, if fully implemented, reduce best estimates of projected global average temperature increase to 2.0–2.4 °C by 2100, bringing the Paris Agreement temperature goal within reach. A total of 131 countries are discussing, have announced or have adopted net zero targets, covering 72% of global emissions. These targets could substantially lower projected warming as compared to currently implemented policies (2.9–3.2 °C) or pledges submitted to the Paris Agreement (2.4–2.9 °C). Current pledges for emissions cuts are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The wave of net zero targets being discussed and adopted could make the Paris goal possible if further countries follow suit.