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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hirsjärvi, Irma; Arjoranta, Jonne; Ruotsalainen, Maria; Saresma, Tuija; +1 Authors

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Matomäki, Pekka;

    Pyöräilytyössä hyötysuhdetta (ulkoisen polkemistyön suhdetta kokonaisenergiankulutukseen)on helppo tutkia ja tällaiseen metaboliseen tehokkuuteen onkin määritelty monia erilaisia mittareita. Fysiologisten ja biomekaanisten muuttujien vaikutuksia näihin eri tavoin määritettyihin hyötysuhteisiin tunnetaan hyvinkin, mutta tätä ennen ei olla juurikaan tutkittu mitkä ovat eri tavoin määriteltyjen hyötysuhteiden keskinäiset suhteet. Tutkimukseen osallistui 14 perustervettä fyysisesti aktiivista 31 ± 6 vuotiasta mies- (n = 12)ja naistutkittavaa (n = 2). Tutkittaville laskettiin kuusi erilaista metabolisen tehokkuuden arvoa: vakioteholla (150 W) kokonais- ja nettohyötysuhde, kaksi työhyötysuhdetta sekä taloudellisuus ja lisäksi deltahyötysuhde työ-energiankulutus regressiosuoran kulmakertoimen käänteislukuna. Kävi ilmi, että kuusi tutkittua metabolisen tehokkuuden mittaria voidaan jakaa kolmeen ryhmään järjestyskorrelaatioiden ja faktorianalyysin mukaan. Ensimmäisessä ryhmässä ovat taloudellisuus sekä kokonais- ja nettohyötysuhde. Toisessa ovat deltahyötysuhde ja työhyötysuhde, jossa tyhjän kuorman polkemiseen käytetty energia on määritetty ekstrapoloimalla työ-energiankulutus regressiosuoraa. Kolmannessa on työhyötysuhde, jossa tyhjän kuorman polkemiseen käytetty energia on mitattu suoraan. Ryhmät eroavat toisistaan paitsi järjestyskorrelaatiolla mitattuna, myös tavoistaan reagoida fysiologisiin muuttujiin. Ensimmäisen ryhmän mittarit olivat alttiimpia mitattujen fysiologisten muuttujien vaikutuksille kuin toisen tai kolmannen ryhmän hyötysuhteet: paino (r = -0,68, p = 0,02) ja maksimaalinen hapenottokyky (ml/kg/min, r = 0,75, p = 0,005) korreloivat merkitsevästi kokonaishyötysuhteen kanssa, mutta ei muiden hyötysuhteiden. Työssä myös todistetaan, että teoreettisesti kaikki hyötysuhteet lähestyvät deltahyötysuhdetta poljettavan tehon kasvaessa rajatta; teoreettisesti kokonaishyötysuhde olisi tutkittavilla 0,5 %-yksikön päässä deltahyötysuhteesta 1350 ± 750 W teholla. Lisäksi deltahyötysuhteen tarkkuudelle annetaan kaksi keskenään hyvin korreloivaa kelpoisuuden mittaria: luottamusväli sekä lokaalin deltahyötysuhteen hajonta. Näillä mittareilla deltahyötysuhteen kelpoisuus on suhteellisen heikko (esimerkiksi 95 %:n luottamusvälin pituus oli 6,9 ± 5,2 %-yksikköä). Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös kirjallisuudessa käytettyä kahta eri tapaa mitata tyhjän kuorman polkemisen energiankulutusta ja huomataan molemmista löytyvän vastaamattomia ongelmia niiden perusteista. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella näyttäisi, että eri hyötysuhteet voidaan jaotella kolmeen eri ryhmään ja ne mittaavat toisistaan eriävällä tavalla mekaanista hyötysuhdetta. Näin ollen esimerkiksi deltahyötysuhteelle tehtyjen tutkimuksien tuloksia ei siis voitaisi suoraan laajentaa koskemaan muita hyötysuhteita. Lisäksi muiden hyötysuhteiden määritysten ongelmien ja epätarkkuuksien takia näyttäisi, että Ryhmä I voisi konsistenttisuudessaan ja yksiselitteisyydessään olla paras ryhmä edustamaan yksilön hyötysuhdetta. Siitäkin huolimatta, että se ei välttämättä riittävällä tarkkuudella kuvaa luurankolihaksen mekaanista hyötysuhdetta. Edelleen, tutkimus selittää aiemmin kirjallisuudessa havaitun deltahyötysuhteen heikohkon toistettavuudelle tilastollisesti teho-energiankulutus regressiosuoran epävarmuudella, minkä aiheuttaa todennäköisesti havaintopisteiden, tavallisesti 3-6, niukka määrä. Connections between cycling efficienciens. Because of its easiness, mechanical efficiency of cycling (the ratio between mechanical work and the expended energy) is widely studied and there are many differently defined indicators for this kind of metabolic effectiveness of body. Much is known about the effects of different physiological and biomechanical factors to these differently defined mechanical efficiencies. However, it has not been investigated before how these differently defined mechanical efficiencies interact with each other. Fourteen physically active men (n = 12) and women (n = 2), aged 31 ± 6 years, participated in this study. For each subject, we calculated six different metabolic effectiveness values for cycling work: At a given load (150 W) gross- and net efficiencies, two work efficiencies and economy and in addition we calculated delta efficiency from linear work-consumed energy regression line. We found that the studied six measurements of metabolic effectiveness can be divided into three groups based on rank correlation and factor analysis. Economy together with gross- and net efficiency belonged to Group I. In Group II there were delta efficiency and work efficiency, where the consumed energy of a zero load was extrapolated from work-consumed energy regression line. Finally, in Group III there was only work efficiency, where the consumed energy of a zero load was directly measured. Groups differed from each other not only by the rank correlation but also how they responded to physiological factors. Measures from Group I were more influenced by the investigated physiological factors than the measures from Groups II or III: For example, weight (r = -0,68, p = 0,02) and maximal oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min, r = 0,75, p = 0,005) correlated significantly with gross efficiency from Group I but not with any efficiencies from other groups. We also prove that theoretically every efficiencies asymptotically approaches delta efficiency as pedalled load increases to infinity; Theoretically gross efficiency was at 0.5 %-point neighbourhood of delta efficiency at 1350 ± 750 W load. In addition, we give two different well correlated measurements of fitness for delta efficiency: a confidence interval and a standard deviation of a local delta efficiency. Measured by these values, the fitness of a delta efficiency is relatively poor (for example, the length of a 95 % confidence interval was 6,9 ± 5,2 %-points). Lastly, we investigate two different ways to measure the energy consumption of a zero load used in the literature, and we conclude that the foundation of them both contain unanswered problems. Based on this study, it seems that cycling efficiencies can be divided into three separated groups and they measure differently mechanical efficiency. Straight conclusion from this is that results from, say, delta efficiency cannot be straightforwardly applied to other efficiencies. In addition, based on problems and imprecisions with other efficiencies, it seems that Group I could be the best indicator for mechanical efficiency because of its consistency and unambiguity. Moreover, this study explains previously noticed poor repeatability of a delta efficiency via uncertainty of a work-consumed energy regression line. This uncertainty in turn arises, presumably, because of using too few observation points (typically 3-6).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Veivo, Outi; Pollari, Pirjo; Toomar, Jaana; Mäntylä; +1 Authors

    Suomen kouluissa opiskellaan yhä vähemmän ja yhä harvempia vieraita kieliä. Valinnaisten kielten opiskelun suosio on laskenut, ja kielitaito on vaarassa jäädä pelkän englannin varaan. Erilaisia toimenpiteitä, kuten kielen opetuksen varhentaminen, on jo tehty. Ne eivät kuitenkaan ole juurikaan lisänneet muiden vieraiden kielten opiskelun suosiota, vaan valtaosa oppilaista ja opiskelijoista opiskelee edelleen vain englantia kotimaisten kielten lisäksi. Kysyimme kieltenopettajilta, millaisia keinoja eri kouluasteilla on jo ollut käytössä valintojen monipuolistamiseksi sekä millaisilla konkreettisilla keinoilla kielivalintoja vielä voitaisiin monipuolistaa. Aineisto on kerätty tammi-helmikuussa 2021 Webropol-kyselyllä, joka oli suunnattu eri koulutusasteiden kielten opettajille. Tulokset osoittavat, että oppilaitoksissa on jo tehty monia sellaisia toimenpiteitä, joihin opettajat ja koulut itse voivat vaikuttaa. Tulevaisuudessa kielivalintojen monipuolistamiseen toivotaan paikallisten toimien sijaan laajempia koulutuspoliittisia ratkaisuja. Studying optional languages is in decline in Finland. Often, English is the only language that is studied alongside Finnish and Swedish, the compulsory national languages. Measures such as starting the study of foreign languages earlier have not had a significant effect on the situation. In this paper, we discuss language teachers’ (n=349) views on what has been done and what could and should be done to increase studying optional languages. The data were collected in January-February 2021 via a Webropol questionnaire that was distributed to language teachers at a range of institutions from pre-primary to adult education. The results show that teachers and schools have taken numerous measures to try to attract students. However, rather than local measures, the participants called for nationwide educational policies that would address the issue. peerReviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VIRTAarrow_drop_down
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    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Jyväskylä University Digital Archive
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Jyväskylä University Digital Archive
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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    Authors: Kuuttila, Kirsi; Laakso, Lauri; Hirvensalo, Mirja;

    In the past few decades, social dancing has gained increased popularity in Finland. There is, however, little research available on social dancing as health or fitness enhancing exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical activity and load involved in social dancing and related factors. The physical load on dancers was measured in one dance evening in January 2011 with heart rate monitors and physical activity with pedometers. Background information was collected by means of an electronic questionnaire. A total of 58 recreational dancers participated in the study. In the three-hour social dance session, the average heart rate of the participants was 116 ± 16 bpm, the maximum rate being 160 ± 15 bpm. Men’s average energy consumption was 2043 ± 562 kcal/3h and women’s 1631 ± 624 kcal/3h. The average active dancing time was two and a half hours, and the number of steps was 8522 ± 2778. Both the energy consumption and the number of steps was higher among those who estimated their physical condition poorer than average compared with those who estimated their physical condition better than average (p = 0,021, p = 0,022). The higher the amount of time a participant told he/she spent dancing every month, the higher was his/her number of steps, average heart beat and energy consumption (p < 0,001, p = 0,031, p = 0,038). The more different dance styles a participant told he/she did during a dance evening the higher was his/her heart beat. There was no statistically significant connection between the gender or dancing skills and physical load. The study showed that for most of the participants, social dancing met the criteria of the weekly health enhancing recommendation, i.e. 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise. The number of steps during the evening was also significant in view of physical activity Lavatanssi on kasvattanut suosiotaan viime vuosikymmeninä. Terveys- ja kuntoliikuntamuotona sitä on tutkittu varsin vähän. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää lavatanssin fyysistä aktiivisuutta ja kuormittavuutta sekä niihin yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Yhden tanssi-illan aikana tammikuussa 2011 tanssijoiden fyysistä kuormittavuutta mitattiin sykemittareilla ja fyysistä aktiivisuutta selvitettiin askelmittareilla. Taustatietoja kerättiin sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella. Tutkimukseen osallistui 58 vapaaehtoisesti ilmoittautunutta tanssinharrastajaa. Kolmen tunnin lavatanssi-illan aikana tutkittavien keskisyke oli 116 ± 16 bpm, korkein syke 160 ± 15 bpm, ja energiankulutus miehillä 2043 ± 562 kcal/3h ja naisilla 1631 ± 624 kcal/3h. Aktiivista tanssiaikaa kertyi kaksi ja puoli tuntia ja otettuja askelia 8522 ± 2778. Oman fyysisen kuntonsa heikommaksi arvioivien ryhmässä sekä energiankulutus että otettujen askelten määrä olivat suurempia kuin oman kuntonsa paremmaksi kokevien ryhmässä (p = 0,021, p = 0,022). Askelmäärä, keskisyke ja energiankulutus olivat sitä korkeampia, mitä enemmän henkilö ilmoitti käyttävänsä aikaa tanssimiseen kuukaudessa (p < 0,001, p = 0,031, p = 0,038). Tanssi-illan korkein syke oli sitä korkeampi, mitä useampaa tanssilajia lavoilla tutkittava yleensä ilmoitti tanssivansa. Sukupuolella ja tanssitaidolla ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä fyysiseen kuormittavuuteen. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että lavatanssiliikunta riittää täyttämään viikoittaisen terveysliikuntasuosituksen 150 minuutin reippaan tai 75 minuutin rasittavan kestävyysliikuntasuosituksen useimmilla tutkittavilla. Tanssi-illan aikana myös askelia kertyi fyysisen aktiivisuuden kannalta huomattava määrä. peerReviewed

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    Authors: Kaarkoski, Miina;

    Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuuspoliittisia merkityksiä Suomessa poliittisen kielenkäytön analyysimenetelmin. Turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikassa uhkakuvat sekä niiden tärkeysjärjestys ja merkitys ovat poliittisen kamppailun kohteena. Käsitteellisellä tasolla esimerkiksi ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuuspoliittinen merkitys määräytyy poliittisissa debateissa, joissa esitetään argumentteja politiikan linjanvedosta, ratkaisuista ja resursseista. Poliittiseen kielenkäyttöön, käsitteisiin ja argumentteihin keskittyvä analyysimenetelmä on tapa analysoida, missä merkityksissä ja yhteyksissä ilmastonmuutosta on parlamentaarisessa poliittisessa puheessa ja politiikkaa linjaavissa asiakirjoissa käsitelty kansalliseen turvallisuuteen liittyvänä ilmiönä. Ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuusvaikutusten merkitys on Suomen politiikassa tullut laajemmin hyväksytyksi, mutta puolustuspoliittinen keskustelu on keskittynyt vakiintuneisiin instituutioihin kuten yleiseen asevelvollisuuteen. Ilmastonmuutos on poliittisessa puheessa pyritty siirtämään varsinaisen puolustuspolitiikan ulkopuoliseksi ja kansallista varautumista koskevaksi kysymykseksi. Meanings given to climate change as a threat to national and international security have caused both national and international political controversies in security and defence policy. This article demonstrates that analysis of political language deepens the study of climate change as a security issue. Analysis of political debates, argumentation and conceptualisation of climate change and its security implications brings out, for example, competing ideas on how to allocate resources and how to organise national defense, as well as ideological differences. This article focuses on the case of Finland where political support for conscription and non-alignment in defence policy have traditionally been strong. By using Finnish governmental security and defence policy reports and parliamentary debates, this empirical study analyses politicisation of climate change as a security threat that called for developing new policies and cooperation between public authorities instead of debating principles of defence policy. peerReviewed

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    Authors: Tuukkanen, Sanna;

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    Authors: Pelkonen, Pinja;

    Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a top-tier predatory bird that functions as a good indicator species of the ecosystem state. Golden eagle requires a large home range for hunting and nesting; therefore, they are often short for space. In Finland, most of the golden eagle population is focussed on Northern Finland (approx. 80 %), thereby it is even more important to conserve the species habitat in Central Finland. Due to pressures for clean energy, wind power plants are becoming more popular in rural areas. This often leads to conflicts regarding land use, for either nature conservation or for clean energy production. The aim of this study was to use species distribution modelling to discover areas of high suitability for the species, so that in the future these areas could be avoided by wind park projects. The environmental data was from public sources and the nesting data was provided by Central Finland Centre for Economic Development (ELY Centre). The methods were based on predicting potential habitat by the values exhibited in the known species locations. With maximum entropy species distribution modelling we could detect potential species habitat and nesting sites. Also, with resource selection function modelling we could detect active areas near the nest that the existing golden eagle pairs used frequently. Together these results gave a good idea of the most crucial areas to the species currently, and of the potential areas for species distribution in future. In the results we also demonstrated some of the current conflicts for space, as there were already wind power plans in golden eagle areas of high suitability and use. The goal is that the study results will be used to e.g. guide wind power county zoning and provide locations for new man-made nests. Hopefully, by allocating areas more specifically, we can avoid wind power planning in unsuitable areas and be more considerate of golden eagle habitats. Maakotka (Aquila chrysaetos) on Suomessa erityisesti suojeltava ja vaarantunut petolintulaji. Lajia pidetään hyvänä luonnonmukaisen ekosysteemin indikaattorina, koska se vaatii laajan ja monimuotoisen reviirin. Suomen maakotkakannasta suurin osa (n. 80 %) keskittyy Pohjois-Suomeen, ja tämän takia lajin elinympäristön suojeleminen myös Keski-Suomessa on tärkeää. Suuri uhka lajille tällä hetkellä on tuulivoima. Tuulivoimalahankkeet ovat yleistyneet mm. uusiutuvan energian tarpeen, ja tuulivoiman hyvän sähkön tuottavuuden takia. Tuulivoimaloita rakennetaan usein kauas asutuksesta luonnonmukaiselle syrjäseudulle, josta syntyy kaavoituskonflikteja luonnonsuojelun ja energiantuotannon välille. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli mallintaa maakotkille sopivia elinympäristöjä Keski-Suomessa maksimientropiamallinnuksen ja reviirimallinnuksen (resurssienvalintafunktion) avulla, jotta tulevaisuudessa voitaisiin välttää tuulivoimapuistoja näillä alueilla. Ympäristömuuttujia avoimista lähteistä käytettiin ennustamaan lajille sopivaa elinympäristöä jo tiedettyjen lajin pesäpaikkojen avulla. Maksimientropiamallinnuksen avulla pystyttiin erottamaan lajille sopivia elinympäristöjä Keski-Suomessa. Lisäksi tutkittiin maakotkien reviirienkäytönastetta kirjallisuudessa käytetyllä reviirimallilla. Näin voitiin erottaa myös aktiivisesti käytetty ydinreviiri, tunnettujen pesien ympäriltä. Yhdessä nämä tulokset antoivat selkeän kuvan maakotkien tämänhetkisistä ja potentiaalisista elinympäristöistä Keski-Suomessa. Lisäksi tuloksissa korostui tuulivoimahankkeiden sijoittuminen usein maakotkille sopivaan elinympäristöön. Tutkielman tulosta voidaan soveltaa mm. maakuntakaavan laatimisessa, uusien tekopesien pystytyksessä ja muissa lajin suojelutoimissa. Toivottavasti tutkimustulokset edesauttavat maakotkien elinympäristöjen huomioimista, ja helpottavat kuntia ja tuulivoimatoimijoita sopivien hankealueiden määrittämisessä Keski-Suomessa. ei tietoa saavutettavuudesta unknown accessibility

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    Authors: Ugas, Outi;

    Muotoilun arvoa on mitattu yleensä lopputulosta ja ulkoisia hyötyjä arvioiden. Se, miten muotoilija itse määrittelee työnsä tavoitteet, on jäänyt vähäisemmälle huomiolle. Tässä tutkielmassa esitetään mittauskehikko muotoilijoiden omalle työlleen asettamien tavoitteiden mittaamista, kuvailua, vertailua ja toimialan kehityksen seurantaa varten. Mitattavan ilmiön hypoteesi käsittää seitsemän ulottuvuutta: kolme ekologisen kestävyyden periaatetta ja yhden sosiaalisen kestävyyden periaatteen sekä loppukäyttäjän tarpeet, muotoilijan omat tarpeet ja ulkoiset vaatimukset. Tutkielman alussa kuvaillaan muotoilualaa ja sen muutoksia Suomessa sekä arvojen merkitystä muotoilijan työssä. Teorialuku jäsentelee muotoiluajattelun kehitystä ja muotoilun arvon määritelmiä eri vuosikymmeninä. Tutkimuskysymyksen muotoilu ja ilmiöiden tarkastelukulma perustuu strategisen kestävän kehityksen viitekehykseen (Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, FSSD). Tutkimuksen pohja-ajatus on, että muotoiluprosessi on sarja toisiaan seuraavia päätöksiä: tavoitteellista toimintaa jotain tietoista tai tiedostamatonta päämäärää kohti. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty Suomessa ja Meksikossa vuosina 2011–2012. Aineistosta laskettiin keski- ja hajontalukujen lisäksi useampia faktorianalyyseja. Tuote- ja palvelumuotoilijoiden välisiä eroja tarkasteltaessa ilmeni, että ympäristönäkökulman ottaminen ei heikennä muotoilijan kykyä huomioida käyttäjän tarpeet. Elinkaariymmärryksen lisäksi tuloksissa nousivat esiin muotoilijoiden käsitykset omasta osaamistasostaan sekä suhtautuminen kompromissitilanteisiin. Faktorianalyysien tuloksista selvisi esimerkiksi että käyttäjän tarpeiden huomioinnin vaihtelua selittävät yhteisöllisyys, ilmaisun vapaus ja perusturvallisuus. Käyttäjän ja muotoilijan tarpeiden huomiointia kuvaavat neljä faktoria: muotoilijan oma luovuus ja oppiminen, käyttäjän ilmaisunvapaus, molempien kiintymyksen ja huvin tarpeet sekä molempien ymmärtämisen ja osallistumisen tarpeet. Otoksien välisiä eroja tutkittiin vertaamalla osajoukoista tuotettuja faktoreita keskenään. Näin pystytään kuvailemaan eri populaatioita vivahteikkaammin kuin esimerkiksi keskiarvojen ja -hajontojen avulla. Faktorianalyysi osoittautuikin kiinnostavaksi tavaksi yhdistää muotoilussa yleisesti käytetty laadullinen tutkimusote määrällisiin menetelmiin. Näin voidaan synnyttää monipuolista uutta tietoa ja tutkimusaineistoa toimialan kehittämiseksi. The most common way to define the value of design is to evaluate the outcome and external benefits of design work. Little attention has been paid to how designers themselves define success in their work. This study introduces a survey framework to measure and describe success in professional design practice, from the perspective of the designers themselves. The hypothesis behind the measurement framework consists of seven dimensions: three principles about environmental sustainability and one about socio-ethical sustainability, end user needs, a designer’s own needs and external requirements. The work is based on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). The underlying assumption in the survey framework was that design is target-oriented action towards some goal, conscious and/or unconscious. The main focus of this research was to determine the dimensions of this goal, not specifically the definition of the goal itself. The survey material was collected in Finland and Mexico in 2011-2012. The analysis shows that a designer’s ability to consider environmental aspects does not undermine the ability to take into account the end user's needs. Furthermore, the variation in how designers pay attention to user needs can be explained by three factors: a sense of community, freedom of expression and basic security. The factors describing how a designer considers her own needs in relation to user needs are (1) the designer’s own creativity and learning, (2) the user’s freedom of expression, (3) the need for affection and leisure of both designer and user and (4) the understanding and participation of both designer and user. The study suggests that comparison of factors and their loadings between two groups, such as Finnish and Mexican designers can derive a richer description of two populations than for instance a comparison of factor scores or averages. The findings indicate that factor analysis was a compelling way to combine a quantitative research approach with more commonly used qualitative design research methods. Such a method can provide new information and versatile research material for the development of the design industry and education.

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    Authors: Hylkilä, Ilari;

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    Authors: Salo, Miikka;

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    VIRTA
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      VIRTA
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hirsjärvi, Irma; Arjoranta, Jonne; Ruotsalainen, Maria; Saresma, Tuija; +1 Authors

    nonPeerReviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Matomäki, Pekka;

    Pyöräilytyössä hyötysuhdetta (ulkoisen polkemistyön suhdetta kokonaisenergiankulutukseen)on helppo tutkia ja tällaiseen metaboliseen tehokkuuteen onkin määritelty monia erilaisia mittareita. Fysiologisten ja biomekaanisten muuttujien vaikutuksia näihin eri tavoin määritettyihin hyötysuhteisiin tunnetaan hyvinkin, mutta tätä ennen ei olla juurikaan tutkittu mitkä ovat eri tavoin määriteltyjen hyötysuhteiden keskinäiset suhteet. Tutkimukseen osallistui 14 perustervettä fyysisesti aktiivista 31 ± 6 vuotiasta mies- (n = 12)ja naistutkittavaa (n = 2). Tutkittaville laskettiin kuusi erilaista metabolisen tehokkuuden arvoa: vakioteholla (150 W) kokonais- ja nettohyötysuhde, kaksi työhyötysuhdetta sekä taloudellisuus ja lisäksi deltahyötysuhde työ-energiankulutus regressiosuoran kulmakertoimen käänteislukuna. Kävi ilmi, että kuusi tutkittua metabolisen tehokkuuden mittaria voidaan jakaa kolmeen ryhmään järjestyskorrelaatioiden ja faktorianalyysin mukaan. Ensimmäisessä ryhmässä ovat taloudellisuus sekä kokonais- ja nettohyötysuhde. Toisessa ovat deltahyötysuhde ja työhyötysuhde, jossa tyhjän kuorman polkemiseen käytetty energia on määritetty ekstrapoloimalla työ-energiankulutus regressiosuoraa. Kolmannessa on työhyötysuhde, jossa tyhjän kuorman polkemiseen käytetty energia on mitattu suoraan. Ryhmät eroavat toisistaan paitsi järjestyskorrelaatiolla mitattuna, myös tavoistaan reagoida fysiologisiin muuttujiin. Ensimmäisen ryhmän mittarit olivat alttiimpia mitattujen fysiologisten muuttujien vaikutuksille kuin toisen tai kolmannen ryhmän hyötysuhteet: paino (r = -0,68, p = 0,02) ja maksimaalinen hapenottokyky (ml/kg/min, r = 0,75, p = 0,005) korreloivat merkitsevästi kokonaishyötysuhteen kanssa, mutta ei muiden hyötysuhteiden. Työssä myös todistetaan, että teoreettisesti kaikki hyötysuhteet lähestyvät deltahyötysuhdetta poljettavan tehon kasvaessa rajatta; teoreettisesti kokonaishyötysuhde olisi tutkittavilla 0,5 %-yksikön päässä deltahyötysuhteesta 1350 ± 750 W teholla. Lisäksi deltahyötysuhteen tarkkuudelle annetaan kaksi keskenään hyvin korreloivaa kelpoisuuden mittaria: luottamusväli sekä lokaalin deltahyötysuhteen hajonta. Näillä mittareilla deltahyötysuhteen kelpoisuus on suhteellisen heikko (esimerkiksi 95 %:n luottamusvälin pituus oli 6,9 ± 5,2 %-yksikköä). Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös kirjallisuudessa käytettyä kahta eri tapaa mitata tyhjän kuorman polkemisen energiankulutusta ja huomataan molemmista löytyvän vastaamattomia ongelmia niiden perusteista. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella näyttäisi, että eri hyötysuhteet voidaan jaotella kolmeen eri ryhmään ja ne mittaavat toisistaan eriävällä tavalla mekaanista hyötysuhdetta. Näin ollen esimerkiksi deltahyötysuhteelle tehtyjen tutkimuksien tuloksia ei siis voitaisi suoraan laajentaa koskemaan muita hyötysuhteita. Lisäksi muiden hyötysuhteiden määritysten ongelmien ja epätarkkuuksien takia näyttäisi, että Ryhmä I voisi konsistenttisuudessaan ja yksiselitteisyydessään olla paras ryhmä edustamaan yksilön hyötysuhdetta. Siitäkin huolimatta, että se ei välttämättä riittävällä tarkkuudella kuvaa luurankolihaksen mekaanista hyötysuhdetta. Edelleen, tutkimus selittää aiemmin kirjallisuudessa havaitun deltahyötysuhteen heikohkon toistettavuudelle tilastollisesti teho-energiankulutus regressiosuoran epävarmuudella, minkä aiheuttaa todennäköisesti havaintopisteiden, tavallisesti 3-6, niukka määrä. Connections between cycling efficienciens. Because of its easiness, mechanical efficiency of cycling (the ratio between mechanical work and the expended energy) is widely studied and there are many differently defined indicators for this kind of metabolic effectiveness of body. Much is known about the effects of different physiological and biomechanical factors to these differently defined mechanical efficiencies. However, it has not been investigated before how these differently defined mechanical efficiencies interact with each other. Fourteen physically active men (n = 12) and women (n = 2), aged 31 ± 6 years, participated in this study. For each subject, we calculated six different metabolic effectiveness values for cycling work: At a given load (150 W) gross- and net efficiencies, two work efficiencies and economy and in addition we calculated delta efficiency from linear work-consumed energy regression line. We found that the studied six measurements of metabolic effectiveness can be divided into three groups based on rank correlation and factor analysis. Economy together with gross- and net efficiency belonged to Group I. In Group II there were delta efficiency and work efficiency, where the consumed energy of a zero load was extrapolated from work-consumed energy regression line. Finally, in Group III there was only work efficiency, where the consumed energy of a zero load was directly measured. Groups differed from each other not only by the rank correlation but also how they responded to physiological factors. Measures from Group I were more influenced by the investigated physiological factors than the measures from Groups II or III: For example, weight (r = -0,68, p = 0,02) and maximal oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min, r = 0,75, p = 0,005) correlated significantly with gross efficiency from Group I but not with any efficiencies from other groups. We also prove that theoretically every efficiencies asymptotically approaches delta efficiency as pedalled load increases to infinity; Theoretically gross efficiency was at 0.5 %-point neighbourhood of delta efficiency at 1350 ± 750 W load. In addition, we give two different well correlated measurements of fitness for delta efficiency: a confidence interval and a standard deviation of a local delta efficiency. Measured by these values, the fitness of a delta efficiency is relatively poor (for example, the length of a 95 % confidence interval was 6,9 ± 5,2 %-points). Lastly, we investigate two different ways to measure the energy consumption of a zero load used in the literature, and we conclude that the foundation of them both contain unanswered problems. Based on this study, it seems that cycling efficiencies can be divided into three separated groups and they measure differently mechanical efficiency. Straight conclusion from this is that results from, say, delta efficiency cannot be straightforwardly applied to other efficiencies. In addition, based on problems and imprecisions with other efficiencies, it seems that Group I could be the best indicator for mechanical efficiency because of its consistency and unambiguity. Moreover, this study explains previously noticed poor repeatability of a delta efficiency via uncertainty of a work-consumed energy regression line. This uncertainty in turn arises, presumably, because of using too few observation points (typically 3-6).

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Veivo, Outi; Pollari, Pirjo; Toomar, Jaana; Mäntylä; +1 Authors

    Suomen kouluissa opiskellaan yhä vähemmän ja yhä harvempia vieraita kieliä. Valinnaisten kielten opiskelun suosio on laskenut, ja kielitaito on vaarassa jäädä pelkän englannin varaan. Erilaisia toimenpiteitä, kuten kielen opetuksen varhentaminen, on jo tehty. Ne eivät kuitenkaan ole juurikaan lisänneet muiden vieraiden kielten opiskelun suosiota, vaan valtaosa oppilaista ja opiskelijoista opiskelee edelleen vain englantia kotimaisten kielten lisäksi. Kysyimme kieltenopettajilta, millaisia keinoja eri kouluasteilla on jo ollut käytössä valintojen monipuolistamiseksi sekä millaisilla konkreettisilla keinoilla kielivalintoja vielä voitaisiin monipuolistaa. Aineisto on kerätty tammi-helmikuussa 2021 Webropol-kyselyllä, joka oli suunnattu eri koulutusasteiden kielten opettajille. Tulokset osoittavat, että oppilaitoksissa on jo tehty monia sellaisia toimenpiteitä, joihin opettajat ja koulut itse voivat vaikuttaa. Tulevaisuudessa kielivalintojen monipuolistamiseen toivotaan paikallisten toimien sijaan laajempia koulutuspoliittisia ratkaisuja. Studying optional languages is in decline in Finland. Often, English is the only language that is studied alongside Finnish and Swedish, the compulsory national languages. Measures such as starting the study of foreign languages earlier have not had a significant effect on the situation. In this paper, we discuss language teachers’ (n=349) views on what has been done and what could and should be done to increase studying optional languages. The data were collected in January-February 2021 via a Webropol questionnaire that was distributed to language teachers at a range of institutions from pre-primary to adult education. The results show that teachers and schools have taken numerous measures to try to attract students. However, rather than local measures, the participants called for nationwide educational policies that would address the issue. peerReviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VIRTAarrow_drop_down
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    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Jyväskylä University Digital Archive
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VIRTAarrow_drop_down
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      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Jyväskylä University Digital Archive
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
      Data sources: VIRTA
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    Authors: Kuuttila, Kirsi; Laakso, Lauri; Hirvensalo, Mirja;

    In the past few decades, social dancing has gained increased popularity in Finland. There is, however, little research available on social dancing as health or fitness enhancing exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical activity and load involved in social dancing and related factors. The physical load on dancers was measured in one dance evening in January 2011 with heart rate monitors and physical activity with pedometers. Background information was collected by means of an electronic questionnaire. A total of 58 recreational dancers participated in the study. In the three-hour social dance session, the average heart rate of the participants was 116 ± 16 bpm, the maximum rate being 160 ± 15 bpm. Men’s average energy consumption was 2043 ± 562 kcal/3h and women’s 1631 ± 624 kcal/3h. The average active dancing time was two and a half hours, and the number of steps was 8522 ± 2778. Both the energy consumption and the number of steps was higher among those who estimated their physical condition poorer than average compared with those who estimated their physical condition better than average (p = 0,021, p = 0,022). The higher the amount of time a participant told he/she spent dancing every month, the higher was his/her number of steps, average heart beat and energy consumption (p < 0,001, p = 0,031, p = 0,038). The more different dance styles a participant told he/she did during a dance evening the higher was his/her heart beat. There was no statistically significant connection between the gender or dancing skills and physical load. The study showed that for most of the participants, social dancing met the criteria of the weekly health enhancing recommendation, i.e. 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise. The number of steps during the evening was also significant in view of physical activity Lavatanssi on kasvattanut suosiotaan viime vuosikymmeninä. Terveys- ja kuntoliikuntamuotona sitä on tutkittu varsin vähän. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää lavatanssin fyysistä aktiivisuutta ja kuormittavuutta sekä niihin yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Yhden tanssi-illan aikana tammikuussa 2011 tanssijoiden fyysistä kuormittavuutta mitattiin sykemittareilla ja fyysistä aktiivisuutta selvitettiin askelmittareilla. Taustatietoja kerättiin sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella. Tutkimukseen osallistui 58 vapaaehtoisesti ilmoittautunutta tanssinharrastajaa. Kolmen tunnin lavatanssi-illan aikana tutkittavien keskisyke oli 116 ± 16 bpm, korkein syke 160 ± 15 bpm, ja energiankulutus miehillä 2043 ± 562 kcal/3h ja naisilla 1631 ± 624 kcal/3h. Aktiivista tanssiaikaa kertyi kaksi ja puoli tuntia ja otettuja askelia 8522 ± 2778. Oman fyysisen kuntonsa heikommaksi arvioivien ryhmässä sekä energiankulutus että otettujen askelten määrä olivat suurempia kuin oman kuntonsa paremmaksi kokevien ryhmässä (p = 0,021, p = 0,022). Askelmäärä, keskisyke ja energiankulutus olivat sitä korkeampia, mitä enemmän henkilö ilmoitti käyttävänsä aikaa tanssimiseen kuukaudessa (p < 0,001, p = 0,031, p = 0,038). Tanssi-illan korkein syke oli sitä korkeampi, mitä useampaa tanssilajia lavoilla tutkittava yleensä ilmoitti tanssivansa. Sukupuolella ja tanssitaidolla ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä fyysiseen kuormittavuuteen. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että lavatanssiliikunta riittää täyttämään viikoittaisen terveysliikuntasuosituksen 150 minuutin reippaan tai 75 minuutin rasittavan kestävyysliikuntasuosituksen useimmilla tutkittavilla. Tanssi-illan aikana myös askelia kertyi fyysisen aktiivisuuden kannalta huomattava määrä. peerReviewed

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    Authors: Kaarkoski, Miina;

    Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuuspoliittisia merkityksiä Suomessa poliittisen kielenkäytön analyysimenetelmin. Turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikassa uhkakuvat sekä niiden tärkeysjärjestys ja merkitys ovat poliittisen kamppailun kohteena. Käsitteellisellä tasolla esimerkiksi ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuuspoliittinen merkitys määräytyy poliittisissa debateissa, joissa esitetään argumentteja politiikan linjanvedosta, ratkaisuista ja resursseista. Poliittiseen kielenkäyttöön, käsitteisiin ja argumentteihin keskittyvä analyysimenetelmä on tapa analysoida, missä merkityksissä ja yhteyksissä ilmastonmuutosta on parlamentaarisessa poliittisessa puheessa ja politiikkaa linjaavissa asiakirjoissa käsitelty kansalliseen turvallisuuteen liittyvänä ilmiönä. Ilmastonmuutoksen turvallisuusvaikutusten merkitys on Suomen politiikassa tullut laajemmin hyväksytyksi, mutta puolustuspoliittinen keskustelu on keskittynyt vakiintuneisiin instituutioihin kuten yleiseen asevelvollisuuteen. Ilmastonmuutos on poliittisessa puheessa pyritty siirtämään varsinaisen puolustuspolitiikan ulkopuoliseksi ja kansallista varautumista koskevaksi kysymykseksi. Meanings given to climate change as a threat to national and international security have caused both national and international political controversies in security and defence policy. This article demonstrates that analysis of political language deepens the study of climate change as a security issue. Analysis of political debates, argumentation and conceptualisation of climate change and its security implications brings out, for example, competing ideas on how to allocate resources and how to organise national defense, as well as ideological differences. This article focuses on the case of Finland where political support for conscription and non-alignment in defence policy have traditionally been strong. By using Finnish governmental security and defence policy reports and parliamentary debates, this empirical study analyses politicisation of climate change as a security threat that called for developing new policies and cooperation between public authorities instead of debating principles of defence policy. peerReviewed

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    Authors: Tuukkanen, Sanna;

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    Authors: Pelkonen, Pinja;

    Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a top-tier predatory bird that functions as a good indicator species of the ecosystem state. Golden eagle requires a large home range for hunting and nesting; therefore, they are often short for space. In Finland, most of the golden eagle population is focussed on Northern Finland (approx. 80 %), thereby it is even more important to conserve the species habitat in Central Finland. Due to pressures for clean energy, wind power plants are becoming more popular in rural areas. This often leads to conflicts regarding land use, for either nature conservation or for clean energy production. The aim of this study was to use species distribution modelling to discover areas of high suitability for the species, so that in the future these areas could be avoided by wind park projects. The environmental data was from public sources and the nesting data was provided by Central Finland Centre for Economic Development (ELY Centre). The methods were based on predicting potential habitat by the values exhibited in the known species locations. With maximum entropy species distribution modelling we could detect potential species habitat and nesting sites. Also, with resource selection function modelling we could detect active areas near the nest that the existing golden eagle pairs used frequently. Together these results gave a good idea of the most crucial areas to the species currently, and of the potential areas for species distribution in future. In the results we also demonstrated some of the current conflicts for space, as there were already wind power plans in golden eagle areas of high suitability and use. The goal is that the study results will be used to e.g. guide wind power county zoning and provide locations for new man-made nests. Hopefully, by allocating areas more specifically, we can avoid wind power planning in unsuitable areas and be more considerate of golden eagle habitats. Maakotka (Aquila chrysaetos) on Suomessa erityisesti suojeltava ja vaarantunut petolintulaji. Lajia pidetään hyvänä luonnonmukaisen ekosysteemin indikaattorina, koska se vaatii laajan ja monimuotoisen reviirin. Suomen maakotkakannasta suurin osa (n. 80 %) keskittyy Pohjois-Suomeen, ja tämän takia lajin elinympäristön suojeleminen myös Keski-Suomessa on tärkeää. Suuri uhka lajille tällä hetkellä on tuulivoima. Tuulivoimalahankkeet ovat yleistyneet mm. uusiutuvan energian tarpeen, ja tuulivoiman hyvän sähkön tuottavuuden takia. Tuulivoimaloita rakennetaan usein kauas asutuksesta luonnonmukaiselle syrjäseudulle, josta syntyy kaavoituskonflikteja luonnonsuojelun ja energiantuotannon välille. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli mallintaa maakotkille sopivia elinympäristöjä Keski-Suomessa maksimientropiamallinnuksen ja reviirimallinnuksen (resurssienvalintafunktion) avulla, jotta tulevaisuudessa voitaisiin välttää tuulivoimapuistoja näillä alueilla. Ympäristömuuttujia avoimista lähteistä käytettiin ennustamaan lajille sopivaa elinympäristöä jo tiedettyjen lajin pesäpaikkojen avulla. Maksimientropiamallinnuksen avulla pystyttiin erottamaan lajille sopivia elinympäristöjä Keski-Suomessa. Lisäksi tutkittiin maakotkien reviirienkäytönastetta kirjallisuudessa käytetyllä reviirimallilla. Näin voitiin erottaa myös aktiivisesti käytetty ydinreviiri, tunnettujen pesien ympäriltä. Yhdessä nämä tulokset antoivat selkeän kuvan maakotkien tämänhetkisistä ja potentiaalisista elinympäristöistä Keski-Suomessa. Lisäksi tuloksissa korostui tuulivoimahankkeiden sijoittuminen usein maakotkille sopivaan elinympäristöön. Tutkielman tulosta voidaan soveltaa mm. maakuntakaavan laatimisessa, uusien tekopesien pystytyksessä ja muissa lajin suojelutoimissa. Toivottavasti tutkimustulokset edesauttavat maakotkien elinympäristöjen huomioimista, ja helpottavat kuntia ja tuulivoimatoimijoita sopivien hankealueiden määrittämisessä Keski-Suomessa. ei tietoa saavutettavuudesta unknown accessibility

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    Authors: Ugas, Outi;

    Muotoilun arvoa on mitattu yleensä lopputulosta ja ulkoisia hyötyjä arvioiden. Se, miten muotoilija itse määrittelee työnsä tavoitteet, on jäänyt vähäisemmälle huomiolle. Tässä tutkielmassa esitetään mittauskehikko muotoilijoiden omalle työlleen asettamien tavoitteiden mittaamista, kuvailua, vertailua ja toimialan kehityksen seurantaa varten. Mitattavan ilmiön hypoteesi käsittää seitsemän ulottuvuutta: kolme ekologisen kestävyyden periaatetta ja yhden sosiaalisen kestävyyden periaatteen sekä loppukäyttäjän tarpeet, muotoilijan omat tarpeet ja ulkoiset vaatimukset. Tutkielman alussa kuvaillaan muotoilualaa ja sen muutoksia Suomessa sekä arvojen merkitystä muotoilijan työssä. Teorialuku jäsentelee muotoiluajattelun kehitystä ja muotoilun arvon määritelmiä eri vuosikymmeninä. Tutkimuskysymyksen muotoilu ja ilmiöiden tarkastelukulma perustuu strategisen kestävän kehityksen viitekehykseen (Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, FSSD). Tutkimuksen pohja-ajatus on, että muotoiluprosessi on sarja toisiaan seuraavia päätöksiä: tavoitteellista toimintaa jotain tietoista tai tiedostamatonta päämäärää kohti. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty Suomessa ja Meksikossa vuosina 2011–2012. Aineistosta laskettiin keski- ja hajontalukujen lisäksi useampia faktorianalyyseja. Tuote- ja palvelumuotoilijoiden välisiä eroja tarkasteltaessa ilmeni, että ympäristönäkökulman ottaminen ei heikennä muotoilijan kykyä huomioida käyttäjän tarpeet. Elinkaariymmärryksen lisäksi tuloksissa nousivat esiin muotoilijoiden käsitykset omasta osaamistasostaan sekä suhtautuminen kompromissitilanteisiin. Faktorianalyysien tuloksista selvisi esimerkiksi että käyttäjän tarpeiden huomioinnin vaihtelua selittävät yhteisöllisyys, ilmaisun vapaus ja perusturvallisuus. Käyttäjän ja muotoilijan tarpeiden huomiointia kuvaavat neljä faktoria: muotoilijan oma luovuus ja oppiminen, käyttäjän ilmaisunvapaus, molempien kiintymyksen ja huvin tarpeet sekä molempien ymmärtämisen ja osallistumisen tarpeet. Otoksien välisiä eroja tutkittiin vertaamalla osajoukoista tuotettuja faktoreita keskenään. Näin pystytään kuvailemaan eri populaatioita vivahteikkaammin kuin esimerkiksi keskiarvojen ja -hajontojen avulla. Faktorianalyysi osoittautuikin kiinnostavaksi tavaksi yhdistää muotoilussa yleisesti käytetty laadullinen tutkimusote määrällisiin menetelmiin. Näin voidaan synnyttää monipuolista uutta tietoa ja tutkimusaineistoa toimialan kehittämiseksi. The most common way to define the value of design is to evaluate the outcome and external benefits of design work. Little attention has been paid to how designers themselves define success in their work. This study introduces a survey framework to measure and describe success in professional design practice, from the perspective of the designers themselves. The hypothesis behind the measurement framework consists of seven dimensions: three principles about environmental sustainability and one about socio-ethical sustainability, end user needs, a designer’s own needs and external requirements. The work is based on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). The underlying assumption in the survey framework was that design is target-oriented action towards some goal, conscious and/or unconscious. The main focus of this research was to determine the dimensions of this goal, not specifically the definition of the goal itself. The survey material was collected in Finland and Mexico in 2011-2012. The analysis shows that a designer’s ability to consider environmental aspects does not undermine the ability to take into account the end user's needs. Furthermore, the variation in how designers pay attention to user needs can be explained by three factors: a sense of community, freedom of expression and basic security. The factors describing how a designer considers her own needs in relation to user needs are (1) the designer’s own creativity and learning, (2) the user’s freedom of expression, (3) the need for affection and leisure of both designer and user and (4) the understanding and participation of both designer and user. The study suggests that comparison of factors and their loadings between two groups, such as Finnish and Mexican designers can derive a richer description of two populations than for instance a comparison of factor scores or averages. The findings indicate that factor analysis was a compelling way to combine a quantitative research approach with more commonly used qualitative design research methods. Such a method can provide new information and versatile research material for the development of the design industry and education.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hylkilä, Ilari;

    ei tietoa saavutettavuudesta unknown accessibility

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Salo, Miikka;

    ei tietoa saavutettavuudesta unknown accessibility

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
    Data sources: VIRTA
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    This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Jyväskylä University...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
      Data sources: VIRTA
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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