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Abstract Hydropower investment is a priority in many developing countries, as a means to increase electrification rates and promote national development. However, neglect of dam-affected people's needs, can make them vulnerable to the multifaceted impacts of such projects. Using the case of Cambodia's first large dam, the Kamchay dam, this paper reveals social priorities of affected communities and institutional actors linked to environmental and social implications of large hydropower projects using a preference ranking method. Qualitative research revealed concerns among dam-affected communities which included energy access, livelihood changes, environmental impacts, access to natural resources and compensation. Results also reveal divergence between national and local priorities, which in turn brings about an unequal distribution of costs and benefits of the Kamchay Dam between urban and rural areas. The paper provides recommendations to policy-makers, NGOs and international organizations regarding governance issues, consultation processes and mitigation measures.

Rural electrification (RE) has gained prominence over the past two decades as an effective means for improving living conditions. This growth has largely been driven by socio-economic and political imperatives to improve rural livelihood and by technological innovation. Based on a content analysis of 232 scholarly articles, the literature is categorized into four focal lenses: technology, institutional, viability and user-centric. We find that the first two dominate the RE debate. The viability lens has been used less frequently, whilst the user-centric lens began to engage scholars as late as 2007. We provide an overview of the technological, institutional and viability lenses, and elaborate upon the user-centric lens in greater detail. For energy policy and practice, we combine the four lenses to develop a business model framework that policy makers, practitioners and investors could use to assess RE projects or to design future rural electrification strategies.

Improving access to affordable modern energy is critical to improving living standards in the developing world. Rural households in India, in particular, are almost entirely reliant on traditional biomass for their basic cooking energy needs. This has adverse effects on their health and productivity, and also causes environmental degradation. This study presents a new generic modelling approach, with a focus on cooking fuel choices, and explores response strategies for energy poverty eradication in India. The modelling approach analyzes the determinants of fuel consumption choices for heterogeneous household groups, incorporating the effect of income distributions and traditionally more intangible factors such as preferences and private discount rates. The methodology is used to develop alternate future scenarios that explore how different policy mechanisms such as fuel subsidies and micro-financing can enhance the diffusion of modern, more efficient, energy sources in India.

Abstract The biomass-based heat entrepreneurships and heating cost reductions can generate long-term socioeconomic benefits on a local and regional economy. This analysis focuses on a small community, called Eno, located in predominantly rural region of North Karelia and demonstrate previously unknown socioeconomic impacts of energy cost reduction. We ask in this paper what type of long-term income and employment impacts heat entrepreneurship has from start-up to growth and maturity production stages. According to the socio-economic impact analyses, the total employment impacts of the Eno Energy Cooperative in 2000–2015 were approximately 160 FTE's and the total income impact in the same period was about 6.7 million euros. Results proved that besides to traditional socioeconomic impacts, the energy cost savings, and their induced impacts, can increase and even double the development benefits of bioenergy utilization. Previously known direct, indirect, and induced impacts of the investments and production are only a part of the socioeconomic impact of bioenergy production. These impacts are often analysed without understanding the profitability of bioenergy systems, and public and private benefits of reduced energy costs. This paper concludes with generic discussion on socio-economic impacts of bioenergy, which can be utilised in local policy advocacy.

This study proposes a hypothesis that there are three types of decline in energy intensity, and one of the declines in energy intensity may be due to the restricted utilization of combustible renewables and wastes. This study uses this hypothesis to explain the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries. Finally a model for sustainable energy consumption is suggested.

Abstract This article compares the development of transport and energy use with a focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the EU15 countries between 1960 and 2000, and separately by each individual EU country between 1970 and 2000. Based on a review on the literature, immaterialisation can be defined as the reduction of energy intensity and transport intensity; dematerialisation can be defined as the reduction in carbon intensity of energy production and the carbon intensity of transport; decarbonisation can be defined as the reduction in (total and transport) carbon intensity of the whole economy. Although there is a clear pattern of reduction in energy intensity of the economy and carbon intensity of energy production, a similar pattern cannot be found in transport. Neither the transport intensity of the economy nor the carbon intensity of transport has been reduced. In particular, freight transport intensity has grown between 1985 and 2000. Data presented by country have shown even more variation. The EU15 countries were aggregated into six groups by cluster analysis to establish the different patterns on each of the three measures. It is concluded that the EU15 countries will have problems in achieving the EU White Paper target of decoupling transport growth from economic growth and the Kyoto target of reducing total CO2 emissions by 8% from the 1990 level between 2008 and 2012. However, there are some weak signals suggesting a more sustainable passenger transport system.

The Smart Meter Implementation Program (SMIP) lays the legal framework in the United Kingdom so that a smart gas and electricity meter, along with an in-home display, can be installed in every household by 2020. Intended to reduce national household energy consumption by 5-15%, the SMIP represents arguably the world’s largest and most expensive smart meter rollout. However, a series of obstacles and delays has restricted implementation, and progress has been far more sluggish than envisioned. To explore why, this study utilizes a mixed methods approach to investigate the socio-technical challenges facing the SMIP, with a strong emphasis on the “social” side of the equation. It first explains its two primary sources of data, a systematic review of the academic literature coupled with participant observation of seven major SMIP events in the UK during 2015-2016. It then offers a history of the SMIP rollout, including a summary of 67 potential benefits as well as the often-discussed technical challenges, before delving into pertinent non-technical challenges, specifically vulnerability as well as consumer resistance and ambivalence. The article argues that the dominant focus on technical problems may obscure societal issues that the implementation program must address. In doing so, the paper not only presents a critique of the UK’s implementation program for smart meters, it also offers a review of academic studies on consumer responses to smart meters, an analysis of the intersection between smart meters and other social concerns such as poverty or the marginalization of rural areas, and the generation of lessons for other smart meter programs.

Abstract Using survey data from the Afrobarometer, we document that respondents who live in areas where more people report having paid a bribe to access household services are more likely to have access to electricity. The existing literature suggests three mechanisms that could explain why more corruption increases access to electricity. Corruption could incentivize firms to operate in the shadow economy and facilitate them doing so. Corruption could reduce enforcement of the law for electricity theft. Finally, corruption could lower firms’ costs by allowing them to reduce the burden of red tape and or ignore standards. The data do not support the first two of these mechanisms suggesting that corruption is “greasing the wheels” for firms in the electricity sector. Supporting this conclusion is the fact that this relationship between corruption and access is only statistically significant in countries where the ease of getting electricity is low and there is private participation in the electricity sector.