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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bersalli, German;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2016
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2016
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ibarra Ballesteros, Julián; Rueda-Ordóñez, Yesid,; Gelvez Arocha, Omar;

    The objective of this work was the design, modelling and sizing of a furnace for combustion of sugar cane leaves, with the purpose of obtaining energy in the form of heat from this residual biomass. From the physical-chemical characteristics of the biomass, a combustion analysis was carried out from the 15.72 MJ / kg of energy produced in the chemical reaction. For this, the equilibrium composition of the mixture and its respectiveadiabatic flame temperature were calculated. Then, the one-dimensional modelling of heat transfer was carried out, in which the thermodynamic properties of the combustion gases, the emissivity and the coefficients of heat transfer by internal and external forced convection were calculated. From this, the average temperature of the combustion gases and the heat losses through the walls of the enclosure were determined. An adiabaticflame temperature close to 772 °C was found and is dependent on the nature of the fuel and the excess of air set to 50%. Also, a low average temperature requires higher volume fireplaces due to the increase in residence time. Therefore, burners with low fuel consumption require greater insulation, since heat losses can be greater than 30%, considered significant for this process. Finally, the sizing of a burner for the combustionof biomass that requires the transfer of heat to a 100 kW steam generator is presented. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue el diseño, modelado y dimensionamiento de un horno para combustión de hojas de caña de azúcar, con el propósito de obtener energía en forma de calor a partir de esta biomasa residual. Por lo tanto, a partir de las características físico-químicas de labiomasa, se realizó un análisis de la combustión a partir de los 15.72 MJ/kg de energía producidos en la reacción química. Para ello, se calculó la composición de equilibrio de la mezcla y su respectiva temperatura de llama adiabática. Entonces, se realizó el modelamiento unidimensionalde transferencia de calor, en el que se calcularon las propiedades termodinámicas de los gases de combustión, la emisividad y los coeficientes de transferencia de calor por convección forzada interna y natural externa. A partir de esto, se determinaron la temperatura promedio de los gasesde combustión y las pérdidas de calor a través de las paredes del recinto. Se encontró una temperatura de llama adiabática cercana a los 772°C y es dependiente de la naturaleza del combustible y el exceso de aire que se estipuló en 50%. También, una temperatura promedio baja requiere de hogares de mayor volumen debido al aumento del tiempo de residencia. Por consiguiente, quemadores de bajo consumo de combustible requieren un mayor aislamiento, pues las pérdidas de calor pueden ser mayores que 30%, consideradas significativas para este proceso. Finalmente, se presenta el dimensionamiento de una hornilla para la combustión de biomasa que requiere transferir calor a un generador de vapor de 100 kW.

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  • Authors: FONT, XAVIER; RODRIGUEZ, ISABEL; TORRES-DELGADO, ANNA; MELENEZ ROMAN, JOSE FRANCISCO;

    This report is a policy briefing containing the main findings of the PhD project Co-Creation of Sustainability-Oriented Innovations (SOIs) in Tourism. This project was conducted in close partnership with the Barcelona City Council to co-design institutional innovations to address sustainability challenges in the city by widely engaging stakeholders in a participatory process. To enable an open participatory process, the project was nested in the Consell de Turisme i Ciutat, which gathers key public, private and civil society organizations to discuss the main tourism development issues in the city of Barcelona. The project gathers data by conducting individual interviews, and a series of stakeholder workshops to better understand the complexity of designing SOIs collectively. Amongst the main findings, this report identifies how individual and collective conceptual nuances of innovation and sustainability affect the stakeholders' ability to embark on sustainability innovations in tourism. Further, it describes collective objectives, drivers and barriers that stakeholders identified when developing SOIs. The report also offers an analysis of current tourism specific and non-tourism SOIs in Barcelona and potential ways in which these existing SOIs could be leveraged to facilitate systemic change. One of the key findings of the study is a collection of co-created SOIs by the stakeholders, which are analysed in terms of their sustainability impact and their type of innovation. These SOIs include a wide range of policy actions and interventions related to management, product development and marketing, education, incentives and monitoring and evaluation. Amongst these SOIs, during the project, the stakeholders decided to focus on expanding on four SOIs which could have a greater potential to create systemic change in the sustainable development of the city and thus in the tourism sector. These four SOIs are presented in this report as one-page business plans to facilitate its potential application. Finally, the study provides a series of recommendations to enhance collaboration and governance mechanisms to allow SOIs to thrive as collective actions that are powered by legitimacy, trust and a fair distribution of power. In this line, to empower stakeholders to utilize the findings of this project the report introduces the idea of creating a Sustainability Innovation LivingLab.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: A.Datas; C. del Cañizo; A. Ramos; A. B. Cristobal; +16 Authors

    AMADEUS es un proyecto europeo que investiga materiales y dispositivos de estado sólido para almacenar energía a muy alta temperatura. Usando aleados de silicio como materiales de cambio de fase se alcanzan calores latentes superiores a 1000 kWh/m3, propiciando la obtención de altísimas densidades energéticas. Dichos aleados suponen temperaturas de almacenamiento por encima de los 1000 ºC, muy por encima de las de los sistemas actuales de acumulación térmica. El artículo describe las actividades del proyecto y sus primeros resultados, explicando los principales retos de este nuevo sistema que combina la acumulación de energía en forma de calor en silicio fundido con dispositivos de estado sólido termiónicos y termofotovoltaicos para la posterior conversión en electricidad. AMADEUS is a H2020 project that researches on materials and solid-state devices for very high temperature energy storage and conversion. By exploring silicon-based alloys as new phase change materials (PCMs), latent heat higher than 1000 kWh/m3 is achievable, which implies a very high energy density. In addition, silicon-based PCMs lead to storage temperatures well beyond 1000 ºC, well beyond that of current state-of-the-art thermal energy storage (TES). This paper describes the project R&D activities and first results, and comments on challenges towards a new kind of systems combining latent heat energy storage in molten silicon with thermionic and thermophotovoltaic solid state heat-to-power conversion.

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    Conference object . 2018
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kolb, Mélanie;

    This study explores how to use techniques of prospective analysis in order to incorporate dynamic factors that put into risk the persistence of biodiversity into systematic conservation planning. Land use and cover change (LUCC) and climate change (CC) represent the main impacts and future threats to biodiversity and thus were the subject of analyses that provided information on prioritization for conservation actions. Since LUCC, CC and biodiversity loss, as well as the related socio-economic structures take place on a regional scale, this work is based on a large watershed in southern Mexico, the Grijalva-Usumacinta Basin. This basin is not only one of the most important areas for biological diversity, but is also renowned for its cultural complexity and hydrological importance and the multiple environmental and social problems that put biodiversity in peril. The main finding is that deforestation and forest degradation are the main LUCC processes and their high rates and strong future trends make it difficult to get to the point of forest transition in the near future, when deforestation and regeneration are balanced. Nevertheless, the scenario analysis shows that it is possible to influence LUCC trajectories in a substantial way in order to halt negative effects over biodiversity in the next decade. CC represents an additional threat to biodiversity difficult to evaluate, especially if the multiple synergistic effects between CC and LUCC are considered that could lead to much higher impacts. Anyway, the analysis showed that even until 2030 CC could have impacts on bioclimatic variables and species composition that could further hamper conservation efforts in the study area. Criteria for a proactive prioritization of sites for conservation are proposed based on scenarios of LUCC and CC. These criteria are used to identify “hot spots” (high probability of LUCC and severe CC impacts) and “refuges” (high probability of permanence and minor CC impacts). This joint analysis of CCUS and CC shows that there are differences between the conservation and the probable scenario; the effort needed to conserve the biodiversity contained in the priority sites in the conservation scenario is considerable less. The spatial pattern of hot spots and refuges of change is very similar across scenarios, despite the differences in absolute areas compromised by each. Este estudio explora cómo aplicar técnicas de análisis prospectivos para incorporar factores dinámicos que ponen en riesgo la persistencia de biodiversidad en la planeación sistemática de la conservación (PSC). El cambio de cobertura y uso del suelo (CCUS) y el cambio climático (CC) representan los impactos y amenazas futuras más importantes para la biodiversidad, por lo que fueron escogidos como sujetos de análisis que proveen información para la priorización para acciones de conservación. Como el CCUS, el CC, la pérdida de biodiversidad, así como las estructuras socio-económicas relacionadas, ocurren a una escala regional, este trabajo está basado en una cuenca grande en el sur de México. La cuenca Grijalva-Usumacinta no sólo es una de las áreas más biodiversas en el mundo, también es reconocida por su complejidad cultural y su importancia hidrológica. A la vez se han documentado diversos problemas ambientales y sociales que ponen en peligro la persistencia de la biodiversidad. El resultado principal es que la deforestación y la degradación forestal son los procesos dominantes de CCUS y sus altas tasas y fuertes tendencias hacia el futuro vuelven difícil de llegar al punto de la transición forestal, en el cual la deforestación y la regeneración son balanceadas. Sin embargo, el análisis de escenarios muestra que es posible influenciar las trayectorias de CCUS de manera sustancial para detener los efectos adversos en la biodiversidad en la próxima década. El CC representa una amenaza adicional para la biodiversidad difícil de evaluar, especialmente si se consideran los múltiples efectos sinérgicos entre el CC y el CCUS que podrían hacer que el impacto sea mucho mayor. Aun así, el análisis mostró que hasta el 2030 el CC podría tener impactos en las variables bioclimáticas y la composición de especies que podrían dificultar más los esfuerzos de conservación en el área de estudio. Se proponen criterios para una priorización proactiva de la conservación son propuestos basados en escenarios de CCUS y CC. Estos criterios son usados para identificar focos rojos (alta probabilidad de CCUS e impactos de CC severos) y refugios (alta probabilidad de permanencia natural e impactos de CC menores). Este análisis conjunto de CCUS y CC muestra que hay diferencias entre el escenario de conservación y el escenario probable; el esfuerzo necesario para conservar la biodiversidad dentro de los sitios prioritarios es considerablemente menor. Los patrones espaciales de los focos rojos de cambio y los refugios son muy similares en los dos escenarios, a pesar de la diferencia absoluta de áreas en cada uno. Dans les régions néo-tropicales, l’augmentation des taux de changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols et une forte déforestation durant la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle ont engendré une forte dégradation de l’environnement et une forte perte de biodiversité. Cette étude analyse les empreintes spatiales et les processus des changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols et de la déforestation pour le bassin versant du Grijalva-Usumacinta, l’un des plus importants du sud Mexique en matière hydrologique et de biodiversité, pour être confrontée aux discussions sur les changements forestiers émergents. Des cartes d’occupation et d’usages des sols de 1992, 2002 et 2007, dérivées d’images satellitaires et de photographies aériennes sont utilisées pour tester l’hypothèse d’un changement de trajectoires d’évolution à l’échelle régionale. Les probabilités et taux de changements ont été calculés pour les deux périodes 1992-2002 et 2002-2007, et les processus de changements dominants ont été identifiés. Les changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols sont complexes et ne peuvent s’expliquer par une histoire prédominante et linéaire de la déforestation. Deux des principaux résultats concernent (1) un taux anormalement élevé de dégradation des forêts primaires, équivalent à 1,7 fois la surface déforestée ; (2) les processus de déforestation se produisent principalement dans les forêts secondaires. Les activités agricoles, encouragées par les politiques publiques, sont les principaux moteurs de ces changements, parmi lesquelles le pâturage a le plus d'impact sur la déforestation. Les probabilités et taux de déforestation et de changement d’occupation et d’usages de sols ont stagné alors que la reforestation naturelle a augmenté. Bien que ces tendances sont essentielles pour le commencement de la transition forestière, la déforestation et la dégradation l'emportent bien sur la repousse de la végétation.

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    Authors: Valdivia, Corinne; Jiménez, Elizabeth; Romero, A.;

    Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

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    Authors: Hernández-Chaverri, Rodolfo A; Buenrostro-Figueroa, José J.; Prado-Barragán, Lilia A.;

    Introducción. La biomasa lignocelulósica que proviene de residuos agrícolas, cultivos dedicados a la dendroenergía, residuos biológicos lignocelulósicos como subproductos de alimentos, sobras de cocina de hogares, restaurantes y locales comerciales, así como algas cultivadas, pueden ser considerados materias primas para el desarrollo de la bioeconomía. Dado que su composición se basa mayoritariamente en celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina; materiales de base para la producción de diversos productos de valor agregado a partir de bloques de bioconstrucción en procesos integrados de bio-refinería. Objetivo. Establecer la importancia del uso de la biomasa como materia prima para su incorporación en los modelos de economía circular en los procesos de biorrefinería, tales como consideraciones de manejo de biomasa y pretratamiento de biomasa, el potencial intrínseco para la obtención de sustancias de valor comercial en función de la cadena de carbono. Desarrollo. Aproximadamente el 90 % de la materia seca lignocelulósica consiste en celulosa (30-60 %), hemicelulosa (20-40 %) y lignina (10-25 %) interrelacionados en una heteromatriz, mientras que el resto consiste en cenizas y extractos. Se estima que el potencial de generación de energía a base de biomasa oscila en Costa Rica cerca a los 600 MW y se han identificado proyectos activos que generan cerca de 122 MW. Conclusión. El aprovechamiento de la biomasa es un elemento importante para ser incorporado en la producción de bioenergía y desarrollo de una industria química renovable que conlleve a la consecución de objetivos enmarcados en el desarrollo de un modelo bio-económico, donde Costa Rica ha iniciado su incursión paralela al avance del siglo XXI. Introduction. The lignocellulosic biomass that comes from agricultural residues, crops dedicated to wood energy, lignocellulosic biological residues as food by-products, kitchen scraps from homes, restaurants, and commercial premises, as well as cultivated algae, can be considered raw materials for the development of the bioeconomy. Since its composition is mainly based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; they can be used to produce various value-added products from bio-construction blocks in integrated bio-refinery processes. Objective. To stablish the importance of using biomass as a raw material for its incorporation in circular economy models in biorefinery processes, such as considerations of biomass management and pretreatment of biomass, the intrinsic potential for obtaining substances of commercial value depending on the carbon chain. Development. Approximately 90 % of lignocellulosic dry matter consists of cellulose (30-60 %), hemicellulose (20-40 %), and lignin (10-25 %) interrelated in a heteromatrix, while the remainder consists of ash and extracts. It is estimated that the biomass-based power generation potential in Costa Rica ranges close to 600 MW and active projects that generate about 122 MW have been identified. Conclusion. The use of biomass is an important element to be incorporated into the production of bioenergy and the development of a renewable chemical industry that leads to the achievement of objectives framed in the development of a bio-economic model, where Costa Rica has begun its parallel incursion to the advance of the 21st century.

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    Authors: Giles-Carnero, Rosa; Mora Ruiz, Manuela;

    Esta Comunicación pretende poner de manifiesto cómo ante un modelo de producción, distribución y consumo de energía sostenible, fundamentalmente eléctrica, las políticas europeas de lucha contra el cambio climático y energética, están diseñando un modelo alternativo mediante el impulse de las energías renovables, especialmente mediante el concepto de sistema de apoyo que establece la Directiva 2009/28/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 23 de abril, de fomento de las energías renovables, punto de inflexión en la ordenación de este campo. La necesidad de adaptar el modelo establecido en nuestro Ordenamiento a las exigencias europeas y revisar las estrategias de fomento seguidas hasta ahora, permiten afirmar que la ordenación de las energías renovables de manera específica, con introducción de las variables ambiental y de ordenación del territorio, puede ofrecer un espacio de colaboración público-privada necesario, a través de la articulación de concretos sistemas de apoyo.

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    Authors: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia; Guibert, Martine; Berdolini, José Luis;

    Mientras el proceso de agriculturización se profundiza en los países de América latina, la producción de biocombustibles toma un papel cada vez mayor, en el cruce entre agregación de valor y generación de energía, con la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria como telón de fondo. En Argentina, los volúmenes de soja cosechados siguen una fuerte progresión ascendente que compromete la sostenibilidad del sistema agropecuario. Una parte creciente de esos cultivos se destinan a la producción de biocombustibles. No obstante, el país depende cada vez más de combustibles fósiles importados para su aprovisionamiento energético. Desde principios de los años 2000 y con la sanción de la Ley nacional de biocombustibles Nº 26.093, del año 2006 y su reglamentación del año 2007, se intenta desarrollar tres mercados de biocombustibles: uno para la exportación, otro para el comercio interno y otro para el autoconsumo. En los tres casos, el mayor número de iniciativas buscan aprovechar las capacidades de producción de aceite crudo de soja.

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    Authors: Barrera, Victor H.; Alwang, Jeffrey R.; Cruz Collaguazo, E. P.;

    De acuerdo al Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), en la microcuenca del río Illangama, alrededor del 76% de la población es pobre y sus ingresos están entre US$120 y 160 por mes, aún después de adoptar sistemas complejos con un alto potencial de producción. El más importante de ellos es el sistema papa-leche que aporta la mayor proporción de ingresos familiares y garantiza su seguridad alimentaria. Desde este punto de vista, se realizó un análisis de la viabilidad socio-económica y ambiental del sistema con el propósito de establecer su eficiencia y flexibilidad bajo nuevas condiciones. Este análisis se basa en la información compilada de diferentes fuentes, niveles y escalas, mediante estudios de campo, investigación experimental y observación de parcelas de productores. Los resultados evidencian que el sistema tiene el más alto potencial de productividad en el área y es viable adoptar porque incrementa la producción y los ingresos. Representa la mejor opción debido a que los productores disponen de los medios de producción y mano de obra familiar, lo cual permitirá que el sistema sea sostenible. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, si el sistema es manejado adecuadamente con la implementación de alternativas tecnológicas, amigables con el ambiente, detendría el avance de la frontera agrícola hacia áreas de páramo. El sistema es una opción que los gobiernos locales deberían impulsar para preservar el ecosistema páramo. (Resumen de autores) Published version LTRA-3 (Watershed-based NRM for Small-scale Agriculture)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bersalli, German;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2016
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2016
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ibarra Ballesteros, Julián; Rueda-Ordóñez, Yesid,; Gelvez Arocha, Omar;

    The objective of this work was the design, modelling and sizing of a furnace for combustion of sugar cane leaves, with the purpose of obtaining energy in the form of heat from this residual biomass. From the physical-chemical characteristics of the biomass, a combustion analysis was carried out from the 15.72 MJ / kg of energy produced in the chemical reaction. For this, the equilibrium composition of the mixture and its respectiveadiabatic flame temperature were calculated. Then, the one-dimensional modelling of heat transfer was carried out, in which the thermodynamic properties of the combustion gases, the emissivity and the coefficients of heat transfer by internal and external forced convection were calculated. From this, the average temperature of the combustion gases and the heat losses through the walls of the enclosure were determined. An adiabaticflame temperature close to 772 °C was found and is dependent on the nature of the fuel and the excess of air set to 50%. Also, a low average temperature requires higher volume fireplaces due to the increase in residence time. Therefore, burners with low fuel consumption require greater insulation, since heat losses can be greater than 30%, considered significant for this process. Finally, the sizing of a burner for the combustionof biomass that requires the transfer of heat to a 100 kW steam generator is presented. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue el diseño, modelado y dimensionamiento de un horno para combustión de hojas de caña de azúcar, con el propósito de obtener energía en forma de calor a partir de esta biomasa residual. Por lo tanto, a partir de las características físico-químicas de labiomasa, se realizó un análisis de la combustión a partir de los 15.72 MJ/kg de energía producidos en la reacción química. Para ello, se calculó la composición de equilibrio de la mezcla y su respectiva temperatura de llama adiabática. Entonces, se realizó el modelamiento unidimensionalde transferencia de calor, en el que se calcularon las propiedades termodinámicas de los gases de combustión, la emisividad y los coeficientes de transferencia de calor por convección forzada interna y natural externa. A partir de esto, se determinaron la temperatura promedio de los gasesde combustión y las pérdidas de calor a través de las paredes del recinto. Se encontró una temperatura de llama adiabática cercana a los 772°C y es dependiente de la naturaleza del combustible y el exceso de aire que se estipuló en 50%. También, una temperatura promedio baja requiere de hogares de mayor volumen debido al aumento del tiempo de residencia. Por consiguiente, quemadores de bajo consumo de combustible requieren un mayor aislamiento, pues las pérdidas de calor pueden ser mayores que 30%, consideradas significativas para este proceso. Finalmente, se presenta el dimensionamiento de una hornilla para la combustión de biomasa que requiere transferir calor a un generador de vapor de 100 kW.

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  • Authors: FONT, XAVIER; RODRIGUEZ, ISABEL; TORRES-DELGADO, ANNA; MELENEZ ROMAN, JOSE FRANCISCO;

    This report is a policy briefing containing the main findings of the PhD project Co-Creation of Sustainability-Oriented Innovations (SOIs) in Tourism. This project was conducted in close partnership with the Barcelona City Council to co-design institutional innovations to address sustainability challenges in the city by widely engaging stakeholders in a participatory process. To enable an open participatory process, the project was nested in the Consell de Turisme i Ciutat, which gathers key public, private and civil society organizations to discuss the main tourism development issues in the city of Barcelona. The project gathers data by conducting individual interviews, and a series of stakeholder workshops to better understand the complexity of designing SOIs collectively. Amongst the main findings, this report identifies how individual and collective conceptual nuances of innovation and sustainability affect the stakeholders' ability to embark on sustainability innovations in tourism. Further, it describes collective objectives, drivers and barriers that stakeholders identified when developing SOIs. The report also offers an analysis of current tourism specific and non-tourism SOIs in Barcelona and potential ways in which these existing SOIs could be leveraged to facilitate systemic change. One of the key findings of the study is a collection of co-created SOIs by the stakeholders, which are analysed in terms of their sustainability impact and their type of innovation. These SOIs include a wide range of policy actions and interventions related to management, product development and marketing, education, incentives and monitoring and evaluation. Amongst these SOIs, during the project, the stakeholders decided to focus on expanding on four SOIs which could have a greater potential to create systemic change in the sustainable development of the city and thus in the tourism sector. These four SOIs are presented in this report as one-page business plans to facilitate its potential application. Finally, the study provides a series of recommendations to enhance collaboration and governance mechanisms to allow SOIs to thrive as collective actions that are powered by legitimacy, trust and a fair distribution of power. In this line, to empower stakeholders to utilize the findings of this project the report introduces the idea of creating a Sustainability Innovation LivingLab.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: A.Datas; C. del Cañizo; A. Ramos; A. B. Cristobal; +16 Authors

    AMADEUS es un proyecto europeo que investiga materiales y dispositivos de estado sólido para almacenar energía a muy alta temperatura. Usando aleados de silicio como materiales de cambio de fase se alcanzan calores latentes superiores a 1000 kWh/m3, propiciando la obtención de altísimas densidades energéticas. Dichos aleados suponen temperaturas de almacenamiento por encima de los 1000 ºC, muy por encima de las de los sistemas actuales de acumulación térmica. El artículo describe las actividades del proyecto y sus primeros resultados, explicando los principales retos de este nuevo sistema que combina la acumulación de energía en forma de calor en silicio fundido con dispositivos de estado sólido termiónicos y termofotovoltaicos para la posterior conversión en electricidad. AMADEUS is a H2020 project that researches on materials and solid-state devices for very high temperature energy storage and conversion. By exploring silicon-based alloys as new phase change materials (PCMs), latent heat higher than 1000 kWh/m3 is achievable, which implies a very high energy density. In addition, silicon-based PCMs lead to storage temperatures well beyond 1000 ºC, well beyond that of current state-of-the-art thermal energy storage (TES). This paper describes the project R&D activities and first results, and comments on challenges towards a new kind of systems combining latent heat energy storage in molten silicon with thermionic and thermophotovoltaic solid state heat-to-power conversion.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kolb, Mélanie;

    This study explores how to use techniques of prospective analysis in order to incorporate dynamic factors that put into risk the persistence of biodiversity into systematic conservation planning. Land use and cover change (LUCC) and climate change (CC) represent the main impacts and future threats to biodiversity and thus were the subject of analyses that provided information on prioritization for conservation actions. Since LUCC, CC and biodiversity loss, as well as the related socio-economic structures take place on a regional scale, this work is based on a large watershed in southern Mexico, the Grijalva-Usumacinta Basin. This basin is not only one of the most important areas for biological diversity, but is also renowned for its cultural complexity and hydrological importance and the multiple environmental and social problems that put biodiversity in peril. The main finding is that deforestation and forest degradation are the main LUCC processes and their high rates and strong future trends make it difficult to get to the point of forest transition in the near future, when deforestation and regeneration are balanced. Nevertheless, the scenario analysis shows that it is possible to influence LUCC trajectories in a substantial way in order to halt negative effects over biodiversity in the next decade. CC represents an additional threat to biodiversity difficult to evaluate, especially if the multiple synergistic effects between CC and LUCC are considered that could lead to much higher impacts. Anyway, the analysis showed that even until 2030 CC could have impacts on bioclimatic variables and species composition that could further hamper conservation efforts in the study area. Criteria for a proactive prioritization of sites for conservation are proposed based on scenarios of LUCC and CC. These criteria are used to identify “hot spots” (high probability of LUCC and severe CC impacts) and “refuges” (high probability of permanence and minor CC impacts). This joint analysis of CCUS and CC shows that there are differences between the conservation and the probable scenario; the effort needed to conserve the biodiversity contained in the priority sites in the conservation scenario is considerable less. The spatial pattern of hot spots and refuges of change is very similar across scenarios, despite the differences in absolute areas compromised by each. Este estudio explora cómo aplicar técnicas de análisis prospectivos para incorporar factores dinámicos que ponen en riesgo la persistencia de biodiversidad en la planeación sistemática de la conservación (PSC). El cambio de cobertura y uso del suelo (CCUS) y el cambio climático (CC) representan los impactos y amenazas futuras más importantes para la biodiversidad, por lo que fueron escogidos como sujetos de análisis que proveen información para la priorización para acciones de conservación. Como el CCUS, el CC, la pérdida de biodiversidad, así como las estructuras socio-económicas relacionadas, ocurren a una escala regional, este trabajo está basado en una cuenca grande en el sur de México. La cuenca Grijalva-Usumacinta no sólo es una de las áreas más biodiversas en el mundo, también es reconocida por su complejidad cultural y su importancia hidrológica. A la vez se han documentado diversos problemas ambientales y sociales que ponen en peligro la persistencia de la biodiversidad. El resultado principal es que la deforestación y la degradación forestal son los procesos dominantes de CCUS y sus altas tasas y fuertes tendencias hacia el futuro vuelven difícil de llegar al punto de la transición forestal, en el cual la deforestación y la regeneración son balanceadas. Sin embargo, el análisis de escenarios muestra que es posible influenciar las trayectorias de CCUS de manera sustancial para detener los efectos adversos en la biodiversidad en la próxima década. El CC representa una amenaza adicional para la biodiversidad difícil de evaluar, especialmente si se consideran los múltiples efectos sinérgicos entre el CC y el CCUS que podrían hacer que el impacto sea mucho mayor. Aun así, el análisis mostró que hasta el 2030 el CC podría tener impactos en las variables bioclimáticas y la composición de especies que podrían dificultar más los esfuerzos de conservación en el área de estudio. Se proponen criterios para una priorización proactiva de la conservación son propuestos basados en escenarios de CCUS y CC. Estos criterios son usados para identificar focos rojos (alta probabilidad de CCUS e impactos de CC severos) y refugios (alta probabilidad de permanencia natural e impactos de CC menores). Este análisis conjunto de CCUS y CC muestra que hay diferencias entre el escenario de conservación y el escenario probable; el esfuerzo necesario para conservar la biodiversidad dentro de los sitios prioritarios es considerablemente menor. Los patrones espaciales de los focos rojos de cambio y los refugios son muy similares en los dos escenarios, a pesar de la diferencia absoluta de áreas en cada uno. Dans les régions néo-tropicales, l’augmentation des taux de changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols et une forte déforestation durant la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle ont engendré une forte dégradation de l’environnement et une forte perte de biodiversité. Cette étude analyse les empreintes spatiales et les processus des changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols et de la déforestation pour le bassin versant du Grijalva-Usumacinta, l’un des plus importants du sud Mexique en matière hydrologique et de biodiversité, pour être confrontée aux discussions sur les changements forestiers émergents. Des cartes d’occupation et d’usages des sols de 1992, 2002 et 2007, dérivées d’images satellitaires et de photographies aériennes sont utilisées pour tester l’hypothèse d’un changement de trajectoires d’évolution à l’échelle régionale. Les probabilités et taux de changements ont été calculés pour les deux périodes 1992-2002 et 2002-2007, et les processus de changements dominants ont été identifiés. Les changements d’occupation et d’usages des sols sont complexes et ne peuvent s’expliquer par une histoire prédominante et linéaire de la déforestation. Deux des principaux résultats concernent (1) un taux anormalement élevé de dégradation des forêts primaires, équivalent à 1,7 fois la surface déforestée ; (2) les processus de déforestation se produisent principalement dans les forêts secondaires. Les activités agricoles, encouragées par les politiques publiques, sont les principaux moteurs de ces changements, parmi lesquelles le pâturage a le plus d'impact sur la déforestation. Les probabilités et taux de déforestation et de changement d’occupation et d’usages de sols ont stagné alors que la reforestation naturelle a augmenté. Bien que ces tendances sont essentielles pour le commencement de la transition forestière, la déforestation et la dégradation l'emportent bien sur la repousse de la végétation.

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    Authors: Valdivia, Corinne; Jiménez, Elizabeth; Romero, A.;

    Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

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    Authors: Hernández-Chaverri, Rodolfo A; Buenrostro-Figueroa, José J.; Prado-Barragán, Lilia A.;

    Introducción. La biomasa lignocelulósica que proviene de residuos agrícolas, cultivos dedicados a la dendroenergía, residuos biológicos lignocelulósicos como subproductos de alimentos, sobras de cocina de hogares, restaurantes y locales comerciales, así como algas cultivadas, pueden ser considerados materias primas para el desarrollo de la bioeconomía. Dado que su composición se basa mayoritariamente en celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina; materiales de base para la producción de diversos productos de valor agregado a partir de bloques de bioconstrucción en procesos integrados de bio-refinería. Objetivo. Establecer la importancia del uso de la biomasa como materia prima para su incorporación en los modelos de economía circular en los procesos de biorrefinería, tales como consideraciones de manejo de biomasa y pretratamiento de biomasa, el potencial intrínseco para la obtención de sustancias de valor comercial en función de la cadena de carbono. Desarrollo. Aproximadamente el 90 % de la materia seca lignocelulósica consiste en celulosa (30-60 %), hemicelulosa (20-40 %) y lignina (10-25 %) interrelacionados en una heteromatriz, mientras que el resto consiste en cenizas y extractos. Se estima que el potencial de generación de energía a base de biomasa oscila en Costa Rica cerca a los 600 MW y se han identificado proyectos activos que generan cerca de 122 MW. Conclusión. El aprovechamiento de la biomasa es un elemento importante para ser incorporado en la producción de bioenergía y desarrollo de una industria química renovable que conlleve a la consecución de objetivos enmarcados en el desarrollo de un modelo bio-económico, donde Costa Rica ha iniciado su incursión paralela al avance del siglo XXI. Introduction. The lignocellulosic biomass that comes from agricultural residues, crops dedicated to wood energy, lignocellulosic biological residues as food by-products, kitchen scraps from homes, restaurants, and commercial premises, as well as cultivated algae, can be considered raw materials for the development of the bioeconomy. Since its composition is mainly based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; they can be used to produce various value-added products from bio-construction blocks in integrated bio-refinery processes. Objective. To stablish the importance of using biomass as a raw material for its incorporation in circular economy models in biorefinery processes, such as considerations of biomass management and pretreatment of biomass, the intrinsic potential for obtaining substances of commercial value depending on the carbon chain. Development. Approximately 90 % of lignocellulosic dry matter consists of cellulose (30-60 %), hemicellulose (20-40 %), and lignin (10-25 %) interrelated in a heteromatrix, while the remainder consists of ash and extracts. It is estimated that the biomass-based power generation potential in Costa Rica ranges close to 600 MW and active projects that generate about 122 MW have been identified. Conclusion. The use of biomass is an important element to be incorporated into the production of bioenergy and the development of a renewable chemical industry that leads to the achievement of objectives framed in the development of a bio-economic model, where Costa Rica has begun its parallel incursion to the advance of the 21st century.

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    Authors: Giles-Carnero, Rosa; Mora Ruiz, Manuela;

    Esta Comunicación pretende poner de manifiesto cómo ante un modelo de producción, distribución y consumo de energía sostenible, fundamentalmente eléctrica, las políticas europeas de lucha contra el cambio climático y energética, están diseñando un modelo alternativo mediante el impulse de las energías renovables, especialmente mediante el concepto de sistema de apoyo que establece la Directiva 2009/28/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 23 de abril, de fomento de las energías renovables, punto de inflexión en la ordenación de este campo. La necesidad de adaptar el modelo establecido en nuestro Ordenamiento a las exigencias europeas y revisar las estrategias de fomento seguidas hasta ahora, permiten afirmar que la ordenación de las energías renovables de manera específica, con introducción de las variables ambiental y de ordenación del territorio, puede ofrecer un espacio de colaboración público-privada necesario, a través de la articulación de concretos sistemas de apoyo.

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    Authors: Carrizo, Silvina Cecilia; Guibert, Martine; Berdolini, José Luis;

    Mientras el proceso de agriculturización se profundiza en los países de América latina, la producción de biocombustibles toma un papel cada vez mayor, en el cruce entre agregación de valor y generación de energía, con la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria como telón de fondo. En Argentina, los volúmenes de soja cosechados siguen una fuerte progresión ascendente que compromete la sostenibilidad del sistema agropecuario. Una parte creciente de esos cultivos se destinan a la producción de biocombustibles. No obstante, el país depende cada vez más de combustibles fósiles importados para su aprovisionamiento energético. Desde principios de los años 2000 y con la sanción de la Ley nacional de biocombustibles Nº 26.093, del año 2006 y su reglamentación del año 2007, se intenta desarrollar tres mercados de biocombustibles: uno para la exportación, otro para el comercio interno y otro para el autoconsumo. En los tres casos, el mayor número de iniciativas buscan aprovechar las capacidades de producción de aceite crudo de soja.

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    Authors: Barrera, Victor H.; Alwang, Jeffrey R.; Cruz Collaguazo, E. P.;

    De acuerdo al Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), en la microcuenca del río Illangama, alrededor del 76% de la población es pobre y sus ingresos están entre US$120 y 160 por mes, aún después de adoptar sistemas complejos con un alto potencial de producción. El más importante de ellos es el sistema papa-leche que aporta la mayor proporción de ingresos familiares y garantiza su seguridad alimentaria. Desde este punto de vista, se realizó un análisis de la viabilidad socio-económica y ambiental del sistema con el propósito de establecer su eficiencia y flexibilidad bajo nuevas condiciones. Este análisis se basa en la información compilada de diferentes fuentes, niveles y escalas, mediante estudios de campo, investigación experimental y observación de parcelas de productores. Los resultados evidencian que el sistema tiene el más alto potencial de productividad en el área y es viable adoptar porque incrementa la producción y los ingresos. Representa la mejor opción debido a que los productores disponen de los medios de producción y mano de obra familiar, lo cual permitirá que el sistema sea sostenible. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, si el sistema es manejado adecuadamente con la implementación de alternativas tecnológicas, amigables con el ambiente, detendría el avance de la frontera agrícola hacia áreas de páramo. El sistema es una opción que los gobiernos locales deberían impulsar para preservar el ecosistema páramo. (Resumen de autores) Published version LTRA-3 (Watershed-based NRM for Small-scale Agriculture)

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