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Dr. Martín-Gamboa would like to thank the Regional Government of Madrid for financial support (2019-T2/AMB-15713). Ana Cláudia Dias would like to thank FCT/MCTES for the contract CEECIND/02174/2017 and for the financial support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/50017/2020) through national funds. A key goal in sustainable supply chain management is the minimisation of risk across supply chains. However, this is jeopardised by underdeveloped aspects such as social risk management, especially in the case of energy systems as they involve complex supply chains. This article constitutes the first time that Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is used to lay the foundation for a methodological framework to define, assess and prioritise strategies oriented towards the minimisation of social life-cycle impacts across the supply chain of energy products. This framework combines S-LCA, a novel approach to the definition of alternative supply chain strategies, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It was demonstrated through a case study of bioelectricity in Portugal by defining and assessing fifteen strategies on the specific supply chains of oil and fertilisers to check their suitability to enhance the system's social life-cycle performance. The weighted sum method (WSM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were used as MCDA tools to further support decision-making by prioritising strategies. According to the results for a set of six social indicators, the strategies proposed on the supply of oil and nitrogen-based fertilisers were deemed suitable trade-off solutions to mitigate the social life-cycle impact of the bioelectricity system.

Dr. Martín-Gamboa would like to thank the Regional Government of Madrid for financial support (2019-T2/AMB-15713). Ana Cláudia Dias would like to thank FCT/MCTES for the contract CEECIND/02174/2017 and for the financial support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/50017/2020) through national funds. A key goal in sustainable supply chain management is the minimisation of risk across supply chains. However, this is jeopardised by underdeveloped aspects such as social risk management, especially in the case of energy systems as they involve complex supply chains. This article constitutes the first time that Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is used to lay the foundation for a methodological framework to define, assess and prioritise strategies oriented towards the minimisation of social life-cycle impacts across the supply chain of energy products. This framework combines S-LCA, a novel approach to the definition of alternative supply chain strategies, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It was demonstrated through a case study of bioelectricity in Portugal by defining and assessing fifteen strategies on the specific supply chains of oil and fertilisers to check their suitability to enhance the system's social life-cycle performance. The weighted sum method (WSM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were used as MCDA tools to further support decision-making by prioritising strategies. According to the results for a set of six social indicators, the strategies proposed on the supply of oil and nitrogen-based fertilisers were deemed suitable trade-off solutions to mitigate the social life-cycle impact of the bioelectricity system.

The European seafood and aquaculture sectors are facing important challenges in terms of environmental threats (climate change, marine debris, resources depletion), social development (worker rights, consumer's awareness) or economic growth (market and nonmarket goods and services, global competitiveness). These issues are forcing all stakeholders, from policy-makers to citizens and industries, to move to more sustainable policies, practices and processes. Consequently, an improvement in collaborations among different parties and beyond borders is required to create more efficient networks along the supply chain of seafood and aquaculture sectors. To achieve this, a â nexus thinkingâ approach (i.e. the analysis of actions in connected systems) combined with a life cycle thinking appears as an excellent opportunity to facilitate the transition to a circular economy.

The European seafood and aquaculture sectors are facing important challenges in terms of environmental threats (climate change, marine debris, resources depletion), social development (worker rights, consumer's awareness) or economic growth (market and nonmarket goods and services, global competitiveness). These issues are forcing all stakeholders, from policy-makers to citizens and industries, to move to more sustainable policies, practices and processes. Consequently, an improvement in collaborations among different parties and beyond borders is required to create more efficient networks along the supply chain of seafood and aquaculture sectors. To achieve this, a â nexus thinkingâ approach (i.e. the analysis of actions in connected systems) combined with a life cycle thinking appears as an excellent opportunity to facilitate the transition to a circular economy.

Currently, most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are attributed to cities, as they are the global centers of business, residential and cultural activity, cities are expected to play a leading role in proposing climate change mitigation actions. To do so, it is important to have tools that allow the carbon footprint of cities to be assessed as accurately as possible. This study aims to quantify the carbon footprint (CF) associated with the activities developed in a Spanish city (Cadiz, Southwest Spain) by means of two available environmental methodologies, namely Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EEIOA) and Life Cycle assessment (LCA). When EEIOA is considered, two downscaling factors were proposed for the analysis due to the nature of the data handled (monetary data), based on the incomes (DF1) and expenditures (DF2) per inhabitant at city level. Regarding LCA, the rates of consumption of goods and production of waste per inhabitant have been processed to estimate the CF. The CF scores identified were 5.25 and 3.83 tCO2-eq·inhabitant-1·year-1 for DF1 and DF2 respectively, according to EEIOA, and 5.43 tCO2-eq·inhabitant-1·year-1, considering LCA. Therefore, a similarity can be concluded between the results obtained with both methodologies despite the inherent differences. Considering the results, the downscaling procedure based on income per inhabitant should be preferred, pointing to EEIOA as a good alternative to LCA for evaluating the CF at city level, requiring less time and effort. In contrast, EEIOA reports more limitations when critical flows were identified, which LCA can solve. Finally, this study can be of great interest to policy makers and city governments to know the CF and the main flows that contribute and in this way, can develop new policies and city models for reducing GHG emission new policies and city models for reducing GHG emission and addressing climate change.

Currently, most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are attributed to cities, as they are the global centers of business, residential and cultural activity, cities are expected to play a leading role in proposing climate change mitigation actions. To do so, it is important to have tools that allow the carbon footprint of cities to be assessed as accurately as possible. This study aims to quantify the carbon footprint (CF) associated with the activities developed in a Spanish city (Cadiz, Southwest Spain) by means of two available environmental methodologies, namely Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis (EEIOA) and Life Cycle assessment (LCA). When EEIOA is considered, two downscaling factors were proposed for the analysis due to the nature of the data handled (monetary data), based on the incomes (DF1) and expenditures (DF2) per inhabitant at city level. Regarding LCA, the rates of consumption of goods and production of waste per inhabitant have been processed to estimate the CF. The CF scores identified were 5.25 and 3.83 tCO2-eq·inhabitant-1·year-1 for DF1 and DF2 respectively, according to EEIOA, and 5.43 tCO2-eq·inhabitant-1·year-1, considering LCA. Therefore, a similarity can be concluded between the results obtained with both methodologies despite the inherent differences. Considering the results, the downscaling procedure based on income per inhabitant should be preferred, pointing to EEIOA as a good alternative to LCA for evaluating the CF at city level, requiring less time and effort. In contrast, EEIOA reports more limitations when critical flows were identified, which LCA can solve. Finally, this study can be of great interest to policy makers and city governments to know the CF and the main flows that contribute and in this way, can develop new policies and city models for reducing GHG emission new policies and city models for reducing GHG emission and addressing climate change.

Abstract An environmental assessment of the life cycle of broiler chicken production from a cradle-to-slaughterhouse gate perspective was carried out with the aim of identifying the environmental hotspots of the system. To do so, broiler chicken production in Portugal was investigated in detail. Inventory data for the different production stages (chicken farm- and slaughterhouse-related activities) was gathered in collaboration with an integrated Portuguese chicken company. Results showed that the chicken farm is the main factor responsible for the environmental impacts analysed. Specifically, both feed production and on-farm emissions were the main environmental hotspots . Concerning the slaughterhouse-related activities, the production of electricity and packaging materials presented a significant contribution at this stage. The environmental results were compared with other published Life Cycle Assessment studies of chicken production in other countries, with special attention paid to the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions. A number of improvement actions are proposed to reduce the environmental impacts of poultry litter management and feed production. Moreover, studies of pork, beef and fish (sardines) were also included for comparison using a functional unit based on an identical protein content. The results (excluding subsequent packaging) showed that the production of broiler chicken could be preferable in comparison to other types of meat due to its lower global warming potential. On the contrary, sardines presented a reduction of 88% in comparison with the chicken profile; however, the availability of sardines for consumption may be limited throughout the year due to EU fishing protocols concerning sea stocks protection.