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Government regulations and responsible customers’ behavior are key drivers for businesses to adopt respectful management strategies towards the environment and reduce the overall carbon emissions of their supply chains.Under a strict carbon emissions legislation and the increased awareness of customers about carbon emissions issues, companies are now pushed to improve their environmental performance to achieve better profits. Thus, they need to make optimal decisions within their Supply Chain Management to reduce the carbon emissions that are generated from their various activities.In this context, we identify the issue of the low carbon supply chain management. In this thesis, our objective is first to study this problem and to identify its key drivers. We then aim to review the literature and to study how quantitative models have addressed this problem and its related constraints. We therefore develop new models of low carbon supply design problems under the carbon tax legislation, which is recognized to be one of the relevant applied carbon legislations. In our proposed models, we particularly emphasize on the features of this carbon regulation that have been ignored within the literature. We first study strategic decisions of the company taking into consideration the non-homogeneous carbon tax scheme between countries. We then, study the investment decision of the company under a progressive carbon tax strategy. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we study the impact of such carbon legislations schemes on strategic decisions of the company and its performances. We aim to provide companies with a decision support tool to help them make optimal strategic decisions under this carbon legislation. We also provide recommendations to governments, as to which carbon tax legislations are the most efficient. Finally, we initiate the development of stochastic models to study the strategic investment problem in such an environmental context. We first consider a random customer demand, and then a dynamic and ...

La taxe carbone a été discutée en France depuis de nombreuses années. Un long processus a combiné des rapports publics, des études à partir de modèles économiques et des conférences réunissant experts et parties-prenantes. Il a permis de dégager progressivement un consensus, sur les principes et sur les valeurs à retenir. Les derniers moments précédant la décision ont vu émerger de vives controverses. Les décisions prises finalement peuvent s'inscrire dans le consensus progressivement construit, à condition cependant que la croissance du prix du carbone dans les années à venir permette de respecter les trajectoires d'émission conformes aux engagements internationaux de la France. The carbon tax has been discussed in France since now many years. A long lasting process of public reports, modelling studies and conferences attended by experts and stakeholders allowed to progressively develop a consensus on the principles and level of taxation to be retained. However a vivid controversy developed in the very last moments before the decision was taken. The choices finally made may be consistent with the pre-existing consensus, provided however that the growth in the carbon price in the coming years really impulses the changes in emission trajectories required by France's international commitments.

This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies. ; Cette thèse s'interroge sur les conditions de réalisation d'une civilisation industrielle décarbonée et durable, en étudiant certains aspects de sa faisabilité physique et de son acceptabilité politique. Le Chapitre I étudie l'évolution du taux de retour énergétique dans différents scénarios prospectifs, et prédit que l'efficacité globale du secteur de l'électricité à fournir un surplus d'énergie serait réduite de moitié dans un scénario 100% renouvelable. Le Chapitre 2 souligne l'importance de la recyclabilité des métaux dans un modèle ...

Résumé Même si l’Union européenne mène clairement la lutte mondiale contre le changement climatique et en dépit de la réduction des émissions dues à la crise mondiale et la récession européenne, les objectifs ambitieux affichés dans la stratégie « 20-20-20 d’ici 2020 » et le « paquet climat-énergie » sont sans doute hors de portée si une politique plus résolue et cohérente de taxation du carbone n’est pas rapidement mise en place au niveau de l’UE. Dans cet article, nous détaillons et discutons les différentes options en présence pour améliorer l’efficacité de la taxation du carbone dans l’UE.

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I investigated the impact of economic and non-monetary instruments on sustainable grocery consumption. I tested whether these instruments reduce carbon footprint of shopping baskets and increase CO2 knowledge in an experimental online grocery shop. In the first empirical chapter, I disentangled the price effect and psychological impact of carbon tax by testing the effect of price adjustments, injunctive norms, and tax salience on basket CO2. In the second experiment, the impact of traffic lights carbon labels were also tested. Over two experiments, little or no impact of carbon tax on consumption was found. However, I found that carbon labels decreased basket CO2. While tax signposts did not improve knowledge, carbon labels and norms did. In the second empirical chapter, I decomposed the psychological and price effect of bonus-malus tax by testing the effect of price adjustments, tax salience, and tax justification messages on basket CO2. In the second experiment, I tested whether carbon labels had an impact on basket CO2 and knowledge. Over two experiments, no effect of bonus-malus on basket CO2 was found. However, carbon labels decreased basket CO2 and improved knowledge. I found evidence for the impact of tax signposts on knowledge. Additionally, in these first two empirical chapters, it was found that knowledge was a mediator of the relationship between labels and consumption. In the third empirical chapter, I investigated the impact of goal setting techniques and of the provision of carbon footprint information about the products and the basket on consumption and compared their effectiveness. Over three experiments, it was found that goal-setting techniques were effective in reducing basket CO2. Multiple visits ameliorated knowledge, in the goal setting condition, even though it did not decrease basket CO2. While colour coded labels, on their own, did not have an impact on basket CO2, numerical labels did, after combing the data of two experiments. ; Dans cette thèse, j’ai examiné les effets des instruments ...

This PhD dissertation aims at better understanding some features of the market for building energy performance in the residential sector and at evaluating the effectiveness of three policy interventions to encourage energy retrofit: Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), tax credit for energy retrofit, and energy taxation. The first chapter of the thesis surveys the literature on building energy performance certification: there is strong evidence that households value building energy performance when buying or renting a dwelling. The second chapter provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of EPCs and shows that EPCs can decrease or increase energy consumption depending on the time horizon and the heterogeneity of energy demand in the population. The third chapter develops a simulation based on the aforementioned model and suggests that EPCs need to be supplemented by other policy instruments to reduce energy consumption. Relying on French micro-panel data, the fourth chapter econometrically analyzes the impact of a tax credit rate increase for energy retrofit and finds that it can substantially boost expenditures for investments targeted by the tax credit. The last chapter econometrically analyzes how energy prices affect households’ decisions to invest in building energy performance and does not find any statistical evidence of an effect of an increase in energy fuel price. ; Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à mieux comprendre certaines caractéristiques du marché de la performance énergétique des bâtiments dans le secteur résidentiel et à évaluer l'efficacité de trois interventions publiques visant à encourager la rénovation énergétique : Diagnostic de performance énergétique (DPE), crédit d'impôt pour le développement durable (CIDD) et taxation de l'énergie. Le premier chapitre de la thèse passe en revue la littérature sur la certification de la performance énergétique des bâtiments et conclut que les ménages la valorisent lorsqu'ils achètent ou louent un logement. Le deuxième chapitre présente une ...

The four chapters of this thesis aim to better understand citizens' attitudes towards environmental policies. The first chapter assesses the redistributive impact of the French carbon tax. It shows that the carbon tax is regressive, but could be made progressive if its revenue were returned uniformly to all households. However, the policy would generate significant horizontal redistributive effects and penalize a large share of modest households. Based on a new survey with a large representative sample, the second chapter co-authored with Adrien Fabre shows that the French are opposed to the carbon tax even if its revenue is returned to them uniformly. This rejection goes hand in hand with strongly rooted pessimistic perceptions of the effects of the policy, which can be explained by the respondents' mistrust. Our analysis shows, however, that when households are convinced of the objective effects of the policy - on their purchasing power, on the environment, and in redistributive terms - their support increases very significantly. The third chapter, based on the same survey, is more descriptive. It aims to assess French attitudes towards climate change and the prospects for French climate policy after the Yellow Vest crisis. The fourth chapter, more theoretical, uses a model to study how environmental disasters affect consumption, investment and environmental protection decisions according to people's attitude to risk. ; Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse visent à mieux comprendre l'attitude des citoyens vis-à-vis des politiques environnementales. Le premier chapitre évalue l’impact redistributif de la taxe carbone française. Il montre que la taxe carbone est régressive, mais pourrait être rendue progressive si son revenu était retourné de manière uniforme à tous les ménages. Toutefois, la politique générerait d’importants effets redistributifs horizontaux et pénaliserait une part importante des ménages modestes. A partir d’une nouvelle enquête sur un échantillon représentatif, le deuxième chapitre co-écrit ...

The gilets jaunes (“yellow vests”)[1] movement offers a striking opportunity to ask whether the Sustainable Development Goals for achieving an energy transition and reducing income inequalities are fundamentally incompatible. Our answer is no! Both objectives must and can be met simultaneously: the political acceptability of environmental policies, such as carbon pricing and subsidies for green technologies, crucially hinges upon their distributional effects. While the concept of the ‘just (fair) transition to low-carbon energy’ for workers has figured in the climate debate at the annual COP meetings[2], the issue of how to spread the cost burden of this transition among end-consumers remains somewhat out of the frame. Clear guidelines on the design of energy transition policies that have adverse effects on low-income households are still needed in France.[3] To give some context, the yellow vests movement began in November 2018 in response to a programmed rise in carbon taxes, which coincided with a 25% increase in car fuel prices (see the figure below) and followed previous hikes in oil prices and fuel taxes. The government ended up cancelling this measure in December in response to street pressure.

AbstractBorder Carbon Adjustments (BCAs) may play an important role in lowering the economic costs of greenhouse gas mitigation and in overcoming political-economy constraints on the use of carbon taxes or equivalent measures. A carbon tax plus a full BCA could deal with the competitiveness challenges arising from carbon taxes by using the WTO's National Treatment principle to apply equal levies on domestic production and on imports, and by symmetrically rebating the carbon tax on exports in the manner of a value-added tax (VAT) export rebate. This approach would shift the base for carbon taxation from production to demand and potentially achieve substantial reductions in the cost of cutting emissions. It would avoid the massive measurement and compliance problems associated with BCAs based on foreign emission intensities. By contrast, import-only BCAs distort prices of importables relative to exportables; create divisive trade conflicts and deterioration in the terms of trade for developing countries; and likely require development of complex sets of import preferences.