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SummaryThis article seeks to advance the understanding of the relationship between industrial ecology (IE) and business model innovation for sustainability as a means and driver of new value creation and competitive advantage by expanding the understanding of industrial symbiosis (IS) and internal symbiosis. This is explored through the case study of British Sugar, which, at the time of writing, is the UK's largest sugar producer by market share. Over the past three decades, the company has systematically sought opportunities to turn waste streams and emissions from their core production processes into useful and positive inputs to new product lines. Their core business is still sugar, but the business model has evolved to offer a broad range of additional synergistic and profitable product lines, including animal feed, electricity, tomatoes, and bioethanol. The research explores the temporal dimension of dynamic business model innovation, framing it in the context of a continuous evolutionary process rather than a discrete design activity. The case will be of interest as an additional contribution to the growing literature on IS; in offering an approach for linking the themes of IE literature and sustainable business model innovation more concretely in research and practice; and, by presenting the case as an evolutionary innovation process, the article furthers the emerging literature on business model innovation for sustainability.

SummaryThis article seeks to advance the understanding of the relationship between industrial ecology (IE) and business model innovation for sustainability as a means and driver of new value creation and competitive advantage by expanding the understanding of industrial symbiosis (IS) and internal symbiosis. This is explored through the case study of British Sugar, which, at the time of writing, is the UK's largest sugar producer by market share. Over the past three decades, the company has systematically sought opportunities to turn waste streams and emissions from their core production processes into useful and positive inputs to new product lines. Their core business is still sugar, but the business model has evolved to offer a broad range of additional synergistic and profitable product lines, including animal feed, electricity, tomatoes, and bioethanol. The research explores the temporal dimension of dynamic business model innovation, framing it in the context of a continuous evolutionary process rather than a discrete design activity. The case will be of interest as an additional contribution to the growing literature on IS; in offering an approach for linking the themes of IE literature and sustainable business model innovation more concretely in research and practice; and, by presenting the case as an evolutionary innovation process, the article furthers the emerging literature on business model innovation for sustainability.

Purpose – Improving the energy efficiency of the existing residential building stock has been identified as a key policy aim in many countries. The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on investment decisions in domestic energy efficiency and presents a model that is both grounded in microeconomic theory and empirically tractable. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops a modified and extended version of an existing microeconomic model to embed the retrofit investment decision in a residential property market context, taking into account tenants’ willingness to pay and cost-reducing synergies. A simple empirical test of the link between energy efficiency measures and housing market dynamics is then conducted. Findings – The empirical data analysis for England indicates that where house prices are low, energy efficiency measures tend to increase the value of a house more in relative terms compared to higher-priced regions. Second, where housing markets are tight, landlords and sellers will be successful even without investing in energy efficiency measures. Third, where wages and incomes are low, the potential gains from energy savings make up a larger proportion of those incomes compared to more affluent regions. This, in turn, acts as a further incentive for an energy retrofit. Finally, the UK government has been operating a subsidy scheme which allows all households below a certain income threshold to have certain energy efficiency measures carried out for free. In regions, where a larger proportion of households are eligible for these subsidies,the authors also expect a larger uptake. Originality/value – While the financial metrics of retrofit measures are by now well understood, most of the existing studies tend to view these investments in isolation, not as part of a larger bundle of considerations by landlords and owners of how energy retrofits might influence a property’s rent, price and appreciation rate. In this paper, the authors argue that establishing this link is crucial for a better understanding of the retrofit investment decision.

Purpose – Improving the energy efficiency of the existing residential building stock has been identified as a key policy aim in many countries. The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on investment decisions in domestic energy efficiency and presents a model that is both grounded in microeconomic theory and empirically tractable. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops a modified and extended version of an existing microeconomic model to embed the retrofit investment decision in a residential property market context, taking into account tenants’ willingness to pay and cost-reducing synergies. A simple empirical test of the link between energy efficiency measures and housing market dynamics is then conducted. Findings – The empirical data analysis for England indicates that where house prices are low, energy efficiency measures tend to increase the value of a house more in relative terms compared to higher-priced regions. Second, where housing markets are tight, landlords and sellers will be successful even without investing in energy efficiency measures. Third, where wages and incomes are low, the potential gains from energy savings make up a larger proportion of those incomes compared to more affluent regions. This, in turn, acts as a further incentive for an energy retrofit. Finally, the UK government has been operating a subsidy scheme which allows all households below a certain income threshold to have certain energy efficiency measures carried out for free. In regions, where a larger proportion of households are eligible for these subsidies,the authors also expect a larger uptake. Originality/value – While the financial metrics of retrofit measures are by now well understood, most of the existing studies tend to view these investments in isolation, not as part of a larger bundle of considerations by landlords and owners of how energy retrofits might influence a property’s rent, price and appreciation rate. In this paper, the authors argue that establishing this link is crucial for a better understanding of the retrofit investment decision.

The EU carbon price lies well below estimates of the social cost of carbon and “target-consistent” carbon prices needed to deliver ambitious targets such as the 40% reduction target for 2030. In light of this, the UK introduced a carbon price floor (CPF) for its electricity sector in 2013 and the new Dutch Government has recently made a similar commitment, while successive French Governments have called for an EU-wide CPF. This paper analyzes the impacts and design of a power-sector CPF, both at the EU and national level, using a political-economy approach. We find a good case for introducing such a price-based instrument into the EU ETS. We suggest that a CPF should be designed to “top up” the EUA price to €25-30/tCO2, rising annually at 3-5% above inflation, at least until 2030. We argue that the new EU Market Stability Reserve enhances the value of a CPF in terms of delivering climate benefits, and discuss the potential for a regional CPF in North-West Europe. We also review international policy experience with price floors (and ceilings).

The EU carbon price lies well below estimates of the social cost of carbon and “target-consistent” carbon prices needed to deliver ambitious targets such as the 40% reduction target for 2030. In light of this, the UK introduced a carbon price floor (CPF) for its electricity sector in 2013 and the new Dutch Government has recently made a similar commitment, while successive French Governments have called for an EU-wide CPF. This paper analyzes the impacts and design of a power-sector CPF, both at the EU and national level, using a political-economy approach. We find a good case for introducing such a price-based instrument into the EU ETS. We suggest that a CPF should be designed to “top up” the EUA price to €25-30/tCO2, rising annually at 3-5% above inflation, at least until 2030. We argue that the new EU Market Stability Reserve enhances the value of a CPF in terms of delivering climate benefits, and discuss the potential for a regional CPF in North-West Europe. We also review international policy experience with price floors (and ceilings).

The brushless doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) (BDFIG) shows commercial promise for wind power generation because of its lower maintenance needs compared to the widely used DFIG. From power grid codes, installed wind turbines are sometimes required to be capable of operating under unbalanced grid conditions. This paper presents a novel controller for BDFIG-based wind generators operated with asymmetrical voltage supplies. Two synchronous reference frames, the positive and the negative, are introduced for applying a vector control scheme to separately control two sequences arising from the unbalanced voltage. Different control strategies are discussed for reducing the consequent oscillations. It is demonstrated that the proposed controller shows a significant performance improvement over the conventional controller and is effective to cope with potentially unbalanced conditions.

The brushless doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) (BDFIG) shows commercial promise for wind power generation because of its lower maintenance needs compared to the widely used DFIG. From power grid codes, installed wind turbines are sometimes required to be capable of operating under unbalanced grid conditions. This paper presents a novel controller for BDFIG-based wind generators operated with asymmetrical voltage supplies. Two synchronous reference frames, the positive and the negative, are introduced for applying a vector control scheme to separately control two sequences arising from the unbalanced voltage. Different control strategies are discussed for reducing the consequent oscillations. It is demonstrated that the proposed controller shows a significant performance improvement over the conventional controller and is effective to cope with potentially unbalanced conditions.

We present a three-region model for the time-averaged behaviour of established turbulent axisymmetric fountains at high source Froude numbers $(Fr_{0})$ in which we uniquely account for entrainment of ambient fluid both laterally and at the fountain top. High-$Fr_{0}$ ‘forced’ fountains, as originally investigated experimentally by Turner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 26 (4), 1966, pp. 779–792), are characterised by an upflow, a counterflow and a fountain top where the flow reverses direction. Through the inclusion of the flow-reversal region and by accounting for fountain-top entrainment, which is neglected in all existing models, close agreement is achieved between our solutions and existing experimental data. Moreover, our predictions of the fluxes within the fountain are in accord with scaling arguments deduced in recent studies. Our model reveals five key ratios that characterise the fountain asymptote to constant values in the high-$Fr_{0}$ limit. These are the ratios of the (1) initial and mean rise heights, (2) vertical extents of the fountain top and upflow regions, (3) fluxes of volume entrained into the fountain top and entrained laterally into the counterflow, (4) forces of inertia and buoyancy acting on the counterflow at the level of the source and (5) average times taken for fluid to rise through the upflow and fall through the counterflow. Attributing the invariance of these ratios to the global self-preserving behaviour of the fountain, we propose a threshold source Froude number for which a continuous negatively buoyant release may be regarded as giving rise to a ‘forced’ fountain.

We present a three-region model for the time-averaged behaviour of established turbulent axisymmetric fountains at high source Froude numbers $(Fr_{0})$ in which we uniquely account for entrainment of ambient fluid both laterally and at the fountain top. High-$Fr_{0}$ ‘forced’ fountains, as originally investigated experimentally by Turner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 26 (4), 1966, pp. 779–792), are characterised by an upflow, a counterflow and a fountain top where the flow reverses direction. Through the inclusion of the flow-reversal region and by accounting for fountain-top entrainment, which is neglected in all existing models, close agreement is achieved between our solutions and existing experimental data. Moreover, our predictions of the fluxes within the fountain are in accord with scaling arguments deduced in recent studies. Our model reveals five key ratios that characterise the fountain asymptote to constant values in the high-$Fr_{0}$ limit. These are the ratios of the (1) initial and mean rise heights, (2) vertical extents of the fountain top and upflow regions, (3) fluxes of volume entrained into the fountain top and entrained laterally into the counterflow, (4) forces of inertia and buoyancy acting on the counterflow at the level of the source and (5) average times taken for fluid to rise through the upflow and fall through the counterflow. Attributing the invariance of these ratios to the global self-preserving behaviour of the fountain, we propose a threshold source Froude number for which a continuous negatively buoyant release may be regarded as giving rise to a ‘forced’ fountain.

AbstractSalt marshes can play a vital role in mitigating the effects of global environmental change by dissipating incident storm wave energy and, through accretion, tracking increasing water depths consequent upon sea level rise. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nutrient availability are two key variables that can affect the biological processes that contribute to marsh surface elevation gain. We measured the effects of CO2 concentrations and nutrient availability on surface elevation change in intact mixed‐species blocks of UK salt marsh using six open‐top chambers receiving CO2‐enriched (800 ppm) or ambient (400 ppm) air. We found more rapid surface elevation gain in elevated CO2 conditions: an average increase of 3.4 mm over the growing season relative to ambient CO2. Boosted regression analysis to determine the relative influence of different parameters on elevation change identified that a 10% reduction in microbial activity in elevated CO2‐grown blocks had a positive influence on elevation. The biomass of Puccinellia maritima also had a positive influence on elevation, while other salt marsh species (e.g. Suaeda maritima) had no influence or a negative impact on elevation. Reduced rates of water use by the vegetation in the high CO2 treatment could be contributing to elevation gain, either directly through reduced soil shrinkage or indirectly by decreasing microbial respiration rates due to lower redox levels in the soil. Eutrophication did not influence elevation change in either CO2 treatment despite doubling aboveground biomass. The role of belowground processes (transpiration, root growth and decomposition) in the vertical adjustment of European salt marshes, which are primarily minerogenic in composition, could increase as atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise and should be considered in future wetland models for the region. Elevated CO2 conditions could enhance resilience in vulnerable systems such as those with low mineral sediment supply or where migration upwards within the tidal frame is constrained.