• Energy Research
• 12. Responsible consumption close
• 3. Good health close
• GB close
• DE close
• EU close

Abstract An orange and an apple juice each containing 250–385 ppm tin were under suspicion of having caused an outbreak of food poisoning in Kuwait in 1967 but did not cause any toxic signs when fed to pigeons, cats and dogs. One cat out of 11 vomited when fed an orange juice containing 540 ppm tin derived from the container, and with juices containing 1370 ppm tin, 20–30% of the cats vomited but none of the dogs was affected. Fruit juices containing 2000 ppm tin caused vomiting in up to 40% of the cats. Modification of orange juices with a high tin content by addition of nitrate or ethanol or by adjustment of the pH from 3 to 6 did not affect the incidence of vomiting. No toxic signs were produced in rats given fruit juices containing added tin salts up to a level of 995 ppm or in rats and cats given aqueous solutions of tin salts (up to 1200 ppm tin) in citric acid. Solid foods containing tin derived from the containers up to the highest level obtainable (470 ppm) had no toxic effect when fed to dogs and cats. Five human volunteers showed no toxic signs after drinking fruit juices containing 498, 540 or 730 ppm tin derived from the containers, but all five had some gastro-intestinal disturbance after drinking a fruit juice containing 1370 ppm tin. A repeat experiment with the latter juice had no effect in four of the volunteers and only mild symptoms in the fifth. In rats and cats, there was no evidence of tin absorption 24 hr after ingestion of fruit juices containing high levels of tin. No tin was recovered from the urine and in the rats 99% was recovered from the faeces. Only minute amounts of tin could be found in the body, apart from the alimentary tract, of a rat that had been given orange juice with a high tin content ad lib. instead of drinking water for 7 days. It is concluded that toxic signs follow the drinking of tin-containing fruit juices by man and cats only with tin levels of approximately 1400 ppm and above, that there is no evidence from these experiments that toxicity is due to the absorption of tin and that the most likely cause is local irritation of the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract.

Abstract An orange and an apple juice each containing 250–385 ppm tin were under suspicion of having caused an outbreak of food poisoning in Kuwait in 1967 but did not cause any toxic signs when fed to pigeons, cats and dogs. One cat out of 11 vomited when fed an orange juice containing 540 ppm tin derived from the container, and with juices containing 1370 ppm tin, 20–30% of the cats vomited but none of the dogs was affected. Fruit juices containing 2000 ppm tin caused vomiting in up to 40% of the cats. Modification of orange juices with a high tin content by addition of nitrate or ethanol or by adjustment of the pH from 3 to 6 did not affect the incidence of vomiting. No toxic signs were produced in rats given fruit juices containing added tin salts up to a level of 995 ppm or in rats and cats given aqueous solutions of tin salts (up to 1200 ppm tin) in citric acid. Solid foods containing tin derived from the containers up to the highest level obtainable (470 ppm) had no toxic effect when fed to dogs and cats. Five human volunteers showed no toxic signs after drinking fruit juices containing 498, 540 or 730 ppm tin derived from the containers, but all five had some gastro-intestinal disturbance after drinking a fruit juice containing 1370 ppm tin. A repeat experiment with the latter juice had no effect in four of the volunteers and only mild symptoms in the fifth. In rats and cats, there was no evidence of tin absorption 24 hr after ingestion of fruit juices containing high levels of tin. No tin was recovered from the urine and in the rats 99% was recovered from the faeces. Only minute amounts of tin could be found in the body, apart from the alimentary tract, of a rat that had been given orange juice with a high tin content ad lib. instead of drinking water for 7 days. It is concluded that toxic signs follow the drinking of tin-containing fruit juices by man and cats only with tin levels of approximately 1400 ppm and above, that there is no evidence from these experiments that toxicity is due to the absorption of tin and that the most likely cause is local irritation of the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract.

Global fossil fuel reserves are declining due to differential uses, especially for power generation. Everybody can help to do their bit for the environment by using solar energy. Geographically, Bangladesh is a potential zone for harnessing solar energy. In March 2021, the renewable generation capacity in Bangladesh amounted to 722.592 MW, including 67.6% from solar, 31.84% from hydro, and 0.55% from other energy sources, including wind, biogas, and biomass, where 488.662 MW of power originated from over 6 million installed solar power systems. Concurrently, over 42% of rural people still suffer from a lack of electricity, where solar energy can play a vital role. This paper highlights the present status of various forms of solar energy progress in Bangladesh, such as solar parks, solar rooftops, solar irrigation, solar charging stations, solar home systems, solar-powered telecoms, solar street lights, and solar drinking water, which can be viable alternative sources of energy. This review will help decision-makers and investors realize Bangladesh’s up-to-date solar energy scenario and plan better for the development of a sustainable society.

Global fossil fuel reserves are declining due to differential uses, especially for power generation. Everybody can help to do their bit for the environment by using solar energy. Geographically, Bangladesh is a potential zone for harnessing solar energy. In March 2021, the renewable generation capacity in Bangladesh amounted to 722.592 MW, including 67.6% from solar, 31.84% from hydro, and 0.55% from other energy sources, including wind, biogas, and biomass, where 488.662 MW of power originated from over 6 million installed solar power systems. Concurrently, over 42% of rural people still suffer from a lack of electricity, where solar energy can play a vital role. This paper highlights the present status of various forms of solar energy progress in Bangladesh, such as solar parks, solar rooftops, solar irrigation, solar charging stations, solar home systems, solar-powered telecoms, solar street lights, and solar drinking water, which can be viable alternative sources of energy. This review will help decision-makers and investors realize Bangladesh’s up-to-date solar energy scenario and plan better for the development of a sustainable society.

Abstract The Renewable energy power generation capacity has been rapidly increasing in China recently. Meanwhile, the contradiction between power supply and demand is becoming increasingly more prominent due to the intermittence of renewable energies. On the other hand, on the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China needs immediate attention. Power-to-Gas (PtG), a chemical energy storage technology, can convert surplus electricity into combustible gases. Subsurface energy storage can meet the requirements of long term storage with its large capacity. This paper provides a discussion of the entire PtG energy storage technology process and the current research progress. Based on the comparative study of different geological storage schemes for synthetic methane, their respective research progress and limitations are noted. In addition, a full investigation of the distribution and implementation of global PtG and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects is performed. Subsequently, the opportunities and challenges of the development of this technology in China are discussed based on techno-economic and ecological effects analysis. While PtG is expected to be a revolutionary technology that will replace traditional power systems, the main issues of site selection, energy efficiency and the economy still need to be adequately addressed. Additionally, based on the comprehensive discussion of the results of the analysis, power-to-gas and subsurface energy storage implementation strategies, as well as outlook in China are presented.

Abstract The Renewable energy power generation capacity has been rapidly increasing in China recently. Meanwhile, the contradiction between power supply and demand is becoming increasingly more prominent due to the intermittence of renewable energies. On the other hand, on the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China needs immediate attention. Power-to-Gas (PtG), a chemical energy storage technology, can convert surplus electricity into combustible gases. Subsurface energy storage can meet the requirements of long term storage with its large capacity. This paper provides a discussion of the entire PtG energy storage technology process and the current research progress. Based on the comparative study of different geological storage schemes for synthetic methane, their respective research progress and limitations are noted. In addition, a full investigation of the distribution and implementation of global PtG and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects is performed. Subsequently, the opportunities and challenges of the development of this technology in China are discussed based on techno-economic and ecological effects analysis. While PtG is expected to be a revolutionary technology that will replace traditional power systems, the main issues of site selection, energy efficiency and the economy still need to be adequately addressed. Additionally, based on the comprehensive discussion of the results of the analysis, power-to-gas and subsurface energy storage implementation strategies, as well as outlook in China are presented.

The failure to fully internalize externalities from production and consumption, including on future generations, is supposed to be at the core of the perceived failure to ensure (ecological) sustainability within the realm of antitrust enforcement. While some argue that sustainability should constitute a goal in itself that must be balanced against economic efficiency in antitrust analysis, we instead want to explore whether and how sustainability can be incorporated into a consumer welfare approach. We make a key distinction between what we term an individualistic and a collective consumer welfare analysis. Within an individualistic consumer welfare analysis, consumers’ willingness-to-pay is measured ceteris paribus, holding other consumers’ choices fixed. In a collective consumer welfare analysis, consumers may express their willingness-to-pay also for the choices of others and, thereby, also for the reduction of externalities on themselves. Borrowing from environmental and resource economics, we also discuss more indirect ways of incorporating such externalities. And we critically assess the possibility of ‘laundering’ consumers’ sustainability preferences in the light of supposed biases and cognitive limitations. Finally, we relate our analysis to the Draft Horizontal Guidelines of the European Commission, published in March 2022. antitrust, consumer welfare, conjoint analysis, contingent valuation, Draft EU Horizontal Guidelines, environmental economics, externalities, laundering preferences, sustainability, willingness-to-pay

The failure to fully internalize externalities from production and consumption, including on future generations, is supposed to be at the core of the perceived failure to ensure (ecological) sustainability within the realm of antitrust enforcement. While some argue that sustainability should constitute a goal in itself that must be balanced against economic efficiency in antitrust analysis, we instead want to explore whether and how sustainability can be incorporated into a consumer welfare approach. We make a key distinction between what we term an individualistic and a collective consumer welfare analysis. Within an individualistic consumer welfare analysis, consumers’ willingness-to-pay is measured ceteris paribus, holding other consumers’ choices fixed. In a collective consumer welfare analysis, consumers may express their willingness-to-pay also for the choices of others and, thereby, also for the reduction of externalities on themselves. Borrowing from environmental and resource economics, we also discuss more indirect ways of incorporating such externalities. And we critically assess the possibility of ‘laundering’ consumers’ sustainability preferences in the light of supposed biases and cognitive limitations. Finally, we relate our analysis to the Draft Horizontal Guidelines of the European Commission, published in March 2022. antitrust, consumer welfare, conjoint analysis, contingent valuation, Draft EU Horizontal Guidelines, environmental economics, externalities, laundering preferences, sustainability, willingness-to-pay