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Countries are required to account for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their mitigation under the UNFCCC’s Paris Agreement, yet most countries are still developing their systems for the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of emissions in agriculture. Guidance from the IPCC exists to estimate impacts, yet implementation of MRV also requires tailoring to country needs and conditions. In the livestock sector, accurate, comparable, consistent, complete and transparent MRV systems that can capture changes in emissions and sequestration from a range of practices and agroecological conditions are essential to guide the transformation to a low emissions future. Many countries with livestock emissions are seeking advanced GHG accounting to better reflect national circumstances and track mitigation due to productivity changes. To help countries improve accounting, CCAFS and experts across the globe are working together with countries to identify cost-effective technically sound MRV and the guidance, tools, and platforms that support them. As part of its national accounting, China is now seeking to improve their MRV of emissions from livestock. This project supports that effort. The purpose of this study is to develop methods and systems for Tier II MRV of livestock emissions at provincial level (Hebei Province) in China. - The objectives of this project are: (1) Produce practical guidance; (2) Build capacity for Tier II MRV among province-level authorities; (3) Develop methods and that can be used to support Tier II MRV elsewhere.

It is generally accepted that climate has changed greatly on a global scale, and that the earth's climate has already warmed by some degrees over the past century. Ample evidence shows that there have been apparent changes in avian population dynamics, life-history traits and geographic ranges in response to global climate change. This paper briefly reviews the possible effects of climate change on avian biology and ecology all over the world, with emphasis on new findings from several long-term studies in Europe and North America, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how long-term changes in climate affect birds at both individual and population levels. The implications of such long-term studies for future bird studies in China is discussed with hope that this review can contribute to the preparation and plan for studies of climatic effects on birds in China in the future.

With the rapid human population growth and economic development, demand for animal products continues to increase and livestock production rapidly expands. Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from livestock research 7.52 billion tons CO2-eq per year, accounting for 50% of agricultural emissions and 18% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions (FAO, 2014), making it become an important source of GHG emissions. The Chinese livestock production emits 373 GHG of million tons CO2-eq. Methane (CH4) emitted from enteric fermentation is 10.74 million tons (equivalent to 225.6 million tons CO2-eq), accounting for 60.7% of total livestock GHG emissions. CH4 emitted from manure management is 3.33 million tons (equivalent to 69.9 million tons CO2-eq), accounting for 18.9% of total livestock GHG emissions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from manure management is 0.25 million tons (equivalent to 77.2 million tons CO2-eq), accounted for 20.4% of the total livestock GHG emissions (MEE, 2018). The enteric fermentation and manure management contribute 40% to agricultural GHG emissions. Expansion of livestock production results in high demand of feedstuffs, bringing greater pressure on natural resources. It is of particular concern that the livestock sector has already been a major user of natural resources. For example, approximately 35% of total cropland and 20% of green water have been used for animal feed production (Opio et al., 2013). Feed-related emissions represent about half of total emissions from livestock supply chains (Gerber et al., 2013). Therefore, it is very important to evaluate GHG emissions from the whole life cycle of livestock production. Besides improved manure utilization and water usage efficiency, management of carbon emissions and carbon footprint is highlighted as an important research topic. This project is expected to identify and execute appropriate interventions for reducing carbon footprint and economic cost of dairy production.

Integrated energy system and Energy Internet are two hot topics in the field of energy. In this paper, these two concepts and their focuses are summarized and analyzed. Typical research in the areas of integrated energy system and Energy Internet is reviewed. The research concerns and technologies of these two concepts are then outlined respectively. The differences and similarities of these two concepts and their future development are discussed.

In September 1992, I worked my last shift as an underground coal miner at Point of Ayr Colliery in the small North Wales coalfield. Yet I never really left the industry. As a researcher and academic my work has been underpinned by my own background as a coal miner and continued engagement with the collective memory of coal. The article reflects on this process using memory, autobiography, archival research and ethnography. Drawing on personal experiences of working in the coal industry between the years 1985-1992, it examines the shifting attitudes to health, safety and disability in one colliery, and how such responses were mediated by masculinity, humour, and the shifting industrial relations culture of the British coal industry. In 1989, the Labour Research Department published a pamphlet, The Hazards of Coal Mining, which became a crucial source for trade union officials in stressing the continued problems of miners’ health and safety. Yet the reception of the publication proved problematic in the context of colliery closures, new forms of coal extraction and payment, and an emphasis on increased production. This examination of miners’ attitudes to health and injury was complemented by ethnographic work in one Welsh mining community. The legacy of coal in this locality is still apparent with miners conveying both the physical and mental scars of exposure to dust, diesel and noise, yet working to create their own histories and representations of a mining past.