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Abstract Motivated by the practical application of information and communication technologies (ICT)-based innovations in environmental and social responsibility (ESR) investment, this study investigates a sustainable power supply chain that consists of a traditional energy power generation firm (TEF), a renewable energy power generation firm (REF) and a downstream power distributor (PD). Each supply chain member can invest in ESR to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, and thereby gain economic benefits. To achieve higher power level for better ESR investment, the TEF may actively form an alliance with the REF or the PD, or not, which leads to three different alliance strategies, i.e., Strategy HA, Strategy VA, and Strategy NA, respectively. The results show that NA is the equilibrium strategy when the TEF’s investment cost is low while the PD’s investment cost is medium. However, when the TEF’s investment cost is medium while the PD’s investment cost is low, VA is the equilibrium strategy. Moreover, when the investment cost of the TEF and the REF are both low, HA is the equilibrium strategy. In the other cost intervals, the three power firms will not invest in ESR simultaneously, and consequently the alliance strategy has no effect on the revenue allocation. Therefore, the TEF forms no alliance with either the REF or the PD. By comparison with the unaligned case, we find that alliance not only benefits the TEF, but also the other firms in the power supply chain as well as the whole society resulting from the improved ESR investment, which achieves a “win-win-win” situation.

Alcohol use and sexual assault (SA) are common on college campuses. The purpose of this study is to examine if the association between alcohol use and SA differs by gender identity, sexual orientation, race, or ethnicity.A total of 3,243 college students aged 18-25 at two large, minority-serving, public universities in the southwest and southeast United States completed an online survey about alcohol and sexual behaviors. Two negative binomial regressions were conducted to examine main effects and interaction effects.Almost half of the sample reported a SA victimization history. The main effects negative binomial regression indicated that more drinks per week, older age, identifying as a cisgender woman (vs. cisgender man), identifying as a gender minority (vs. cisgender man), and identifying as a sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) were associated with more severe SA victimization. Participants who identified as Latine (vs. non-Latine White) reported less severe SA. The negative binomial regression assessing interactions indicated that the association between alcohol use and SA severity was stronger among cisgender women and gender minority identities than cisgender men, and Black identities than non-Latine White identities.Findings suggests that alcohol use is an important factor for SA severity among all students, but that the association is stronger among some with marginalized identities. Given that perpetrators target people who hold some marginalized identities, prevention programming could address cisnormative, heteronormative, and White normative ideas about alcohol and sex to attain social justice and health equity.

Abstract Measuring regional differences in fossil energy consumption is the first step to the study of natural resource allocation and utilization. This paper employs annual and cumulative consumption Gini indexes as well as the deviation index to discuss regional differences in the per capita consumption of fossil energy and related products across 30 Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2013. The results show that Chinese inter-provincial Gini ratio of fossil energy consumption is below 0.3 in recent years, and change in per capita energy consumption is the key factor behind the decline in the overall Gini index. Unlike existing studies based only on annual flows of energy consumption, this paper also focuses on cumulative energy consumption. Moreover, decomposing annual and cumulative consumption Gini coefficients by type, group, and incremental variation is rarely seen in other studies. Based on the above positive analysis, the paper provides some policymaking suggestions.

Abstract As the financial and physical markets for energy have increasingly become intertwined, energy trade is also covered by financial legislation. The European Commission wishes to strengthen this financial regulation of energy trade. It has put forward a set of regulatory proposals aimed at stabilizing financial markets and limiting volatility of energy prices. The most noteworthy are EMIR, MAD, REMIT and the revised MiFID. Key elements are transparency, new trading venues, central clearing obligations and mandatory transaction reporting. This article evaluates the likely outcomes for energy markets, given the new incentives for market parties. It argues that although there is no ground to exempt particular energy market participants such as energy companies from financial legislation, increased regulation will not necessarily bring about the effects the Commission desires. The causal link between derivatives trading and volatility of energy prices is not known precisely and many of the economic effects of the proposed legislation are theoretically and empirically ambiguous. Moreover, potentially conflicting instruments and objectives risk policy inconsistency.

Abstract Using theatre as a tool, women, who are doubly marginalized by poverty and gender inequity, can begin to empower their voices to participate in public discussions of appropriate sustainable energy development projects. By intentionally creating situations through theatre in which the voices of those who are poor are encouraged to discuss and critique the energy solutions being introduced into their lives, we not only have a better development project, we also move closer to true participatory development. During interventions I have done in Panama and Guatemala focused on instigating community discussions about fuel-efficient cook stoves, community-performed skits with talk-back sessions led by a community leader have proven to be effective for engaging the community in a lively discussion. By providing a Vocal Empowerment Workshop for the women the day before the community event, I was able to share tools for vocal empowerment that supported the women’s participation in this discussion.

Abstract Many developing countries rely on hydropower to improve energy access and to meet their growing demands for energy. However, the social justice concerns accompanying hydropower development are in danger of being overlooked. This study focuses on arguably the most pressing social problem associated with hydropower development, namely, the displacement and resettlement of communities. Employing a case study based approach, this study investigates the extent to which hydropower development-induced resettlement process and its impacts on the resettled households respond to three different tenets of energy justice, i.e., distributional, recognition, and procedural justice. Based on fieldwork conducted at the Hongjiang and Wanmipo Hydropower Stations in Hunan Province, China for two months in 2008, this paper demonstrates that although hydropower development generated significant economic and developmental benefits by alleviating power shortages, improving grid stability, and increasing local tax revenues, these benefits came at the cost of the social exclusion of more than 20,000 resettlers. Specifically, the resettled communities experienced 1) distributional injustice from hydropower due to the low affordability of electricity and water, reduced access to land and food, and an unbalanced distribution of costs and benefits from hydropower development; 2) recognition injustice due to the lack of fairness, transparency, and accountability on the part of the hydropower developer and at all levels of government in energy decision-making; and 3) procedural injustice due to the very limited participatory rights in the decision-making process before, during, and after resettlement and the lack of viable channels through which to seek redress and remedies.

The major purpose of this study is to assess racial disparity and energy poverty index by measuring energy poverty index by using data envelopment analysis and regression equation from South Asia (2001-2018). An energy poverty index is quantifying the size and scope of energy poverty, and DEA is used to investigate the relevance of socioeconomic position to multidimensional energy poverty. In multidimensional energy poverty, location, house ownership position, number of dependents, and the age of the main caregiver have an important positive impact. Our research has shown that Bhutan is the most susceptible nation with an energy poverty index of (0.02), Maldives (0.03), and Bangladesh (0.11), while India (0.86) and Pakistan (0.49) are the least likely to be energy poor as regards energy poverty. Of the total energy production, 78% is based on traditional fuels, followed by 12% based on petroleum products. The Gini index indicates a positive association with the energy poverty index at a 5% significance level. This signifies that these socioeconomic indicators positively contribute to the energy poverty index level. This study developed more synchronized policies to eradicate energy poverty and can provide a way forward for policymakers to develop strategies to implement them suitably in the regional power sector.

Abstract In the case of a developing country like India, foreign trade can play a vital role because it may help in generating employment opportunities by channelizing the finished goods and natural resources. However, the excessive production of tradable goods and imports of carbon-intense resources may have a harmful impact on biodiversity in the long run. The current situation of India appears to fall in the same category because India's exports of manufactured goods and imports of crude oil have witnessed a sharp rise. Besides, the country's carbon emissions have increased persistently, especially after liberal trade policy regime (i.e. after 1991). To validate this argument, in the present study, we examined the temporal impact of exports and oil prices on carbon emissions in India from 1980 to 2018. Technological innovation and income inequality are considered as the controlled variables. The empirical results calculated using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach reveal that the upward-tick in exports and technological innovation led to an increase in carbon emissions. On other hand, downside movements in exports, increased oil prices, and increased income inequality helped reduce the level of carbon emissions in the long run. The study confirmed a nonlinear association between carbon emissions and its considered determinants. By taking a cue from the computed results, we proposed an SDG-based policy framework, which may help policymakers achieve economic and environmental targets in the coming years.

Abstract:  Non‐human primates are widely used in research, yet relatively few studies have addressed potential pharmacokinetic differences between males and females. The present study examined the relationship between total body water, sex, age, and weight in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Ethanol‐naïve, adolescent rhesus macaques (n = 119) were administered ethanol (males, 2.1 g/kg; females, 2.0 g/kg) intravenously, and blood samples for blood ethanol concentration obtained at 5, 10, and 60 minutes following the end of the infusion. Non‐linear regression was used to compare and contrast a series of pharmacokinetic models examining the relationship between weight, sex, age, Vd and zero‐order elimination rate. Vd (mean ± SEM) for male rhesus was 0.771 ± 0.008 l/kg and for females was 0.730 ± 0.008 l/kg, different at P < 0.00001. There were no sex differences in the rate of zero‐order ethanol elimination, estimated to be 0.0032 ± 0.0004 g/kg/minute. The data reported here may be useful in designing and interpreting pharmacokinetic studies using rhesus monkeys.