• Energy Research
• IE close

The charged-particle production ratios $\bar{p}/p$, $K^-/K^+$, $��^-/��^+$, $(p + \bar{p})/(��^+ + ��^-)$, $(K^+ + K^-)/(��^+ + ��^-)$ and $(p + \bar{p})/(K^+ + K^-)$ are measured with the LHCb detector using $0.3 {\rm nb^{-1}}$ of $pp$ collisions delivered by the LHC at $\sqrt{s} = 0.9$ TeV and $1.8 {\rm nb^{-1}}$ at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The measurements are performed as a function of transverse momentum $p_{\rm T}$ and pseudorapidity $��$. The production ratios are compared to the predictions of several Monte Carlo generator settings, none of which are able to describe adequately all observables. The ratio $\bar{p}/p$ is also considered as a function of rapidity loss, $��y \equiv y_{\rm beam} - y$, and is used to constrain models of baryon transport. Incorrect entries in Table 2 corrected. No consequences for rest of paper

By means of integral transform techniques, the paper establishes a new set of self- and mutual-impedance formulas relating to coils on ferromagnetic cores of circular cross-section. If the core is straight and infinitely long, the formulas are expressed in terms of convergent integrals that may be evaluated numerically. In the case of closed cores, e.g. toroidal cores, the formulas formally reduce to convergent series that may be truncated according to the degree of accuracy required. The formulas follow directly from the solution of Maxwell's equations and therefore offer the ultimate in accuracy.

We report the detection of a $γ$-ray bubble spanning at least 100$\rm deg^2$ in ultra high energy (UHE) up to a few PeV in the direction of the star-forming region Cygnus X, implying the presence Super PeVatron(s) accelerating protons to at least 10 PeV. A log-parabola form with the photon index $Γ(E) = (2.71 \pm 0.02) + (0.11 \pm 0.02) \times \log_{10} (E/10 \ {\rm TeV})$ is found fitting the gamma-ray energy spectrum of the bubble well. UHE sources, `hot spots' correlated with very massive molecular clouds, and a quasi-spherical amorphous $γ$-ray emitter with a sharp central brightening are observed in the bubble. In the core of $\sim 0.5^{\circ}$, spatially associating with a region containing massive OB association (Cygnus OB2) and a microquasar (Cygnus X-3), as well as previously reported multi-TeV sources, an enhanced concentration of UHE $γ$-rays are observed with 2 photons at energies above 1 PeV. The general feature of the bubble, the morphology and the energy spectrum, are reasonably reproduced by the assumption of a particle accelerator in the core, continuously injecting protons into the ambient medium.

The development of efficient, low‐cost, non‐noble metal‐oxide‐based nanohybrid materials for overall water splitting is a critical strategy for enhancing clean energy use and addressing environmental issues. In this study, an interfacial engineering strategy for the development of bimetallic Co–Ni nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) using ultrasonication followed by coprecipitation is conveyed. These nanoparticles demonstrate high efficacy as bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline conditions. Co–Ni nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride demonstrate an increased surface area via ultrasonication and subsequent coprecipitation. The g‐C3N4 combined with Co–Ni nanoparticles leads to the development of bifunctional catalysts that exhibit significant efficiency in both HER and OER, and their interfacial properties are investigated for the first time. The chemical composition and morphology of g‐C3N4 integrated with Co–Ni nanoparticles significantly influence the modulation of redox‐active sites and the facilitation of electron transfer, resulting in improved splitting efficiency. The interactions between the Co–Ni bimetal and g‐C3N4 demonstrate exceptional electrochemical performance for water splitting. Consequently, the 20% 20–Co–Ni–graphitic carbon nitride electrode demonstrated superior HER performance, comparable to the other electrodes. In the results, it is indicated that an increased molar ratio of Co and Ni incorporated in graphitic carbon nitride significantly improves HER performance.