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La consommation d'éthanol est l'un des agents causals communs impliqués dans le développement de l'ulcère gastrique. Le stress oxydatif joue un rôle majeur dans l'induction et le développement de l'ulcération gastrique. Les NADPH oxydases (NOX) et le facteur 2 lié au facteur érythroïde 2 nucléaire (Nrf2) sont des acteurs clés des ulcères induits par l'éthanol. Le groupe de haute mobilité Box 1 (HMGB1), une protéine nucléaire omniprésente, intervient dans diverses fonctions inflammatoires. Cependant, le rôle du HMGB1 dans l'ulcère gastrique induit par l'éthanol n'est pas encore élucidé. La cétone de framboise (RK) est un composé phénolique naturel aux propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires. Dans la présente étude, de l'éthanol absolu (7,5 ml/kg) a été utilisé pour induire une ulcération gastrique chez le rat. La cétone de framboise (RK) (50 mg/kg) a été administrée par voie orale une heure avant l'administration d'éthanol absolu. Il est intéressant de noter que l'ulcère gastrique induit par l'éthanol était associé à une régulation négative de Nrf2, qui était corrélée à une régulation positive de NOX-1, 2 NOX-4 et HMGB1, et était significativement inversée par le prétraitement RK. Le prétraitement RK a fourni 80 % de gastroprotection. Les propriétés gastroprotectrices de la RK ont été médiées par des activités antioxydantes, anti-inflammatoires (suppression de NF-kB et du facteur de nécrose tumorale-α) et antiapoptotiques (réduction du rapport Bax/Bcl2). Les propriétés gastroprotectrices de la RK ont été confirmées par un examen histopathologique. En conclusion, cette étude est la première à fournir des preuves du rôle de HMGB1 dans l'ulcère gastrique induit par l'éthanol, et de la diaphonie de Nrf2, NOXs et HMGB1. Il démontre également que la RK représente une activité gastroprotectrice prometteuse comparable à l'oméprazole. El consumo de etanol es uno de los agentes causales comunes implicados en el desarrollo de úlceras gástricas. El estrés oxidativo juega un papel importante en la inducción y el desarrollo de la ulceración gástrica. Las NADPH oxidasas (NOX) y el factor 2 relacionado con el factor eritroide nuclear 2 (Nrf2) son actores clave en las úlceras inducidas por etanol. La caja de grupo de alta movilidad 1 (HMGB1), una proteína nuclear ubicua, media varias funciones inflamatorias. Sin embargo, el papel de HMGB1 en la úlcera gástrica inducida por etanol aún no se ha dilucidado. La cetona de frambuesa (RK) es un compuesto fenólico natural con propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias. En el presente estudio, se utilizó etanol absoluto (7,5 ml/kg) para inducir la ulceración gástrica en ratas. La cetona de frambuesa (RK) (50 mg/kg) se administró por vía oral una hora antes de la administración de etanol absoluto. Curiosamente, la úlcera gástrica inducida por etanol se asoció con la regulación negativa de Nrf2, que se correlacionó con la regulación positiva de NOX-1, 2 NOX-4 y HMGB1, y se revirtió significativamente mediante el pretratamiento con RK. El pretratamiento con RK proporcionó un 80% de gastroprotección. Las propiedades gastroprotectoras de RK estuvieron mediadas por actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias (supresión de NF-kB y factor de necrosis tumoral-α) y antiapoptóticas (reducción de la relación Bax/Bcl2). Las propiedades gastroprotectoras de RK se confirmaron mediante un examen histopatológico. En conclusión, este estudio es el primero en proporcionar evidencia del papel de HMGB1 en la úlcera gástrica inducida por etanol y la diafonía de Nrf2, NOXs y HMGB1. También demuestra que RK representa una actividad gastroprotectora prometedora comparable al omeprazol. Ethanol consumption is one of the common causative agents implicated in gastric ulcer development. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the induction and development of gastric ulceration. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) are key players in ethanol-induced ulcers. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, mediates various inflammation functions. However, the role of HMGB1 in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer is not yet elucidated. Raspberry Ketone (RK) is a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, absolute ethanol (7.5 ml/kg) was used to induce gastric ulceration in rats. Raspberry Ketone (RK) (50 mg/kg) was given orally one hour before the administration of absolute ethanol. Interestingly, ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was associated with Nrf2 downregulation, which was correlated with NOX-1, 2 NOX-4, and HMGB1 upregulation, and was significantly reversed by RK pre-treatment. RK pre-treatment provided 80% gastroprotection. Gastroprotective properties of RK were mediated via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (suppression of NF-kB and tumor necrosis factor-α), and antiapoptotic activities (reduction of Bax/Bcl2 ratio). Gastroprotective properties of RK were confirmed by histopathological examination. In conclusion, this study is the first to provide evidence to the role of HMGB1 in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, and the crosstalk of Nrf2, NOXs and HMGB1. It also demonstrates that RK represents a promising gastroprotective activity comparable to omeprazole. استهلاك الإيثانول هو أحد العوامل المسببة الشائعة المتورطة في تطور قرحة المعدة. يلعب الإجهاد التأكسدي دورًا رئيسيًا في تحريض وتطور تقرح المعدة. تعد أكسيدازات NADPH (NOXs) والعامل النووي 2 المرتبط بالعامل 2 (Nrf2) لاعبين رئيسيين في القرحة الناجمة عن الإيثانول. يتوسط صندوق المجموعة 1 عالي الحركة (HMGB1)، وهو بروتين نووي في كل مكان، وظائف الالتهاب المختلفة. ومع ذلك، لم يتم بعد توضيح دور HMGB1 في قرحة المعدة التي يسببها الإيثانول. كيتون التوت (RK) هو مركب فينولي طبيعي له خصائص مضادة للأكسدة ومضادة للالتهابات. في هذه الدراسة، تم استخدام الإيثانول المطلق (7.5 مل/كجم) للحث على تقرح المعدة في الفئران. تم إعطاء كيتون التوت (RK) (50 مجم/كجم) عن طريق الفم قبل ساعة واحدة من إعطاء الإيثانول المطلق. ومن المثير للاهتمام أن قرحة المعدة الناجمة عن الإيثانول ارتبطت بتخفيض تنظيم Nrf2، والذي كان مرتبطًا بزيادة تنظيم NOX -1 و 2 NOX -4 و HMGB1، وتم عكسها بشكل كبير عن طريق المعالجة المسبقة لـ RK. يوفر العلاج المسبق للمسكنات العلاجية حماية للمعدة بنسبة 80 ٪. تم التوسط في خصائص الجهاز الهضمي لـ RK عن طريق مضادات الأكسدة، ومضادات الالتهابات (قمع NF - kB وعامل نخر الورم- α)، والأنشطة المضادة للجهاز الهضمي (تقليل نسبة BAX/Bcl2). تم تأكيد خصائص حماية الجهاز الهضمي لـ RK من خلال الفحص النسيجي المرضي. في الختام، هذه الدراسة هي الأولى التي تقدم دليلاً على دور HMGB1 في قرحة المعدة التي يسببها الإيثانول، والتداخل بين Nrf2 و NOXs و HMGB1. كما يوضح أن RK يمثل نشاطًا واعدًا لحماية الجهاز الهضمي مشابهًا لأوميبرازول.

There is an ongoing debate about the potential of localized conservation efforts to address the ecological challenges brought about by global climate shifts. Among these challenges, biological invasion negatively affects ecosystem health and biodiversity. In this study, we assessed the potential impact of global climate changes and human activities on the spread of the invasive species Broussonetia papyrifera in Pakistan's subtropical region. Jackknife analysis indicated that, among the climatic variables studied, the maximum temperature of the warmest month (bio05) made the most significant contribution, accounting for 25.6 % of the model's predictive capacity. Potential highly invaded regions are located in the territory of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Attock, Nowshera, Swabi, Haripur, and Mardan. Some patches were also found to be invaded in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Abbottabad, Buner, Tor Ghar, and Peshawar) and Punjab (Narowal, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, and Chakwal). Specifically, based on all four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios for the 2050 s and 2070 s, the highly invaded regions of B. papyrifera are predicted to shift Northern Punjab, Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Northern Kashmir. Based on the SSPs 245 and 585 scenarios, the majority of highly invaded regions are projected to expand by 2050. Similarly, within these regions, the potentially invaded land area is estimated to increase to 2.74 % under SSPs 585 in the 2050 s, 5.29 % under SSPs 245 in the 2070 s, and 6.27 % under SSPs 585 in the 2070 s. Applying circuit theory and ecological resistance, a surface connectivity map of the species revealed that Rawalpindi and Sargodha in Punjab had the most prominent corridors, with rates being highest where ecological patches continually merged. This study is the first to predict B. papyrifera distribution in Pakistan under current and future climate change scenarios. Implementing nationwide guidelines comprehensively may curb the spread of invasive species and protect native plant diversity from extinction. The findings of this study will aid in timely monitoring and surveillance of B. papyrifera and in formulating integrated management plans at the national level to prevent its invasion, spread, and potential harm to newly projected regions.

A process for the production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion (AD) of date palm tree waste (DPTW) was developed. The effects of different substrate pretreatments and operating conditions on the yield of biogas and on the chemical composition of DPTW before and after AD were studied. The best results were obtained using alkali pretreatment, with a particle size of 2 to 5 mm, a C:N ratio of 30:1, a digestion temperature of 40 °C, an initial pH of 7.0, and a volatile solids concentration of approximately 10%. The production of flammable biogas containing up to 50% methane started after about one week of operation and continued for approximately 11 weeks. The highest average biogas yield obtained was 342.2 L gas/kg of volatile solids fed to the digester. The highest maximum and average volumetric biogas production rates obtained were 674.5 and 404.4 L/m3 of digester volume per day, respectively. After digestion, there was up to a 58% reduction in the organic matter content of the substrate. Reductions in the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and soluble organic compounds were 68.7, 73.4, and 71.9%, respectively, while the ash and lignin contents remained mostly constant. The remaining sludge contained nutrient minerals and some organic matter which qualifies it as a potential soil fertilizer for crop production.

We have effectively synthesized ZnS, FeSe2, and their nanocomposite using a straightforward and affordable solvothermal process. We also investigated for the first time their ideal electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. The ZnS and FeSe2 positive electrodes exhibit capacitances of 266.2 F g−1 and 294.3 F g−1, respectively, with fascinating nanostructures and morphology. Their respective nanocomposites, AZ-1, AZ-2, and AZ-3, deliver capacitances of 356.8, 444.4, and 326.1 F g−1 with significant rate performance in aqueous solution in a three-electrode assembly. The lowest ESR and Rct values of AZ-2 electrodes, which improved conductivity and charge transport kinetics and created a synergistic effect between ZnS and FeSe2 electrodes, are responsible for their exceptional capacitative performance. We built an asymmetric supercapacitor (AZ-2/AC) with an optimal voltage of 1.6 V, which demonstrated great power density (6250 W kg−1) and energy density (33 Wh kg−1) with remarkable cycling stability (88.1%) in an aqueous electrolyte after 12,000 cycles. As a result, FeSe2-based nanocomposites are strong contenders for realizing high energy and power delivery for practical applications.

The increasing usage of chemical control agents, as well as fungicides to manage plant diseases, causes human and environmental health problems. Macroalgae represent a reservoir for a tremendous variety of secondary metabolites that display a wide range of biological activities. However, their anti-phytopathogenic properties are still being studied. The current study was conducted to investigate whether or not the macroalgae Ulva fasciata extract exhibits antifungal and antiviral activities. In this regard, the organic extracts of U. fasciata were tested for their capabilities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and three molecularly identified fungal isolates, Fusarium verticillioides, Alternaria tenuissima, and Botrytis cinerea with accession numbers OP363619, OP363620, and OP363621, respectively. Among the three tested extract concentrations, 100 µg/mL had the best biological activity against B. cinerea and TMV, with 69.26%and 81.25% inhibition rates, respectively. The HPLC analysis of chemical profiling of the extract showed the presence of a number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds widely known to display many biological activities. In this line, the 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the highest phenolic compound (12.3 µg/mL) present in the extract, followed by ferulic acid (9.05 µg/mL). The 7-hydroxyflavone (12.45 µg/mL) was the highest flavonoid in the organic extract of U. faciata followed by rutin, which recorded a concentration of 7.62 µg/ mL. The results of this study show that the U. fasciata extract has antiviral and antifungal properties, which makes it a possible source of natural antimicrobial agents.

The integration of clean energy sources (CESs) into modern power systems has been studied using various power converter topologies. The challenges of integrating various CESs are facilitated by the proper design of multi-port power converter (MPPC) architecture. In this study, a brand-new two-stage MPPC is suggested as a solution to the intermittent nature and slow response (SR) of CESs. The suggested system combines a DC\DC and a DC\AC converter and storage unit, and the suggested circuit additionally incorporates a number of CESs (PV\wind\fuel cell (FC)). This article discusses the power management and control technique for an integrated four-port MPPC that links three input ports (PV, wind, and FC), a bidirectional battery port, and an isolated output port. One of the recent optimization techniques (Harris Hawk’s algorithm) is applied to optimize the system’s controller gains. By intelligently combining CESs with complementary characteristics, the adverse effects of intermittency are significantly mitigated, leading to an overall enhancement in system resilience and efficiency. Furthermore, integrating CESs with storage units not only addresses SR challenges but also effectively combats intermittent energy supply. The proposed system exhibits improved dynamic capabilities, allowing it to efficiently distribute excess energy to the load or absorb surplus energy from external sources. This dual functionality not only optimizes system operation but also contributes to a reduction in system size and cost, concurrently enhancing reliability. A comprehensive investigation into operational principles and meticulous design considerations are provided, elucidating the intricate mechanics of the suggested MPPC system. Employing MATLAB/Simulink, the proposed architecture and its control mechanisms undergo rigorous evaluation, affirming the feasibility and efficacy of this innovative system.