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This research paper presents the planar distribution of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and liquid volume fraction in airblast sprays of Jatropha vegetable oil. The effect of ethanol blending at different gas to liquid mass ratios (GLRs) is presented. The planar SMD distributions are obtained using Structured Laser Illumination and Planar Imaging-Laser Sheet Drop sizing (SLIPI-LSD) and Particle/droplet Imaging Analysis (PDIA) techniques. The straight vegetable oil (SVO) spray showed poor atomization at GLR 1, which rose with increasing GLR. The blending of ethanol significantly improved the atomization of SVO even at GLR 1 condition. The liquid volume fraction distribution increased with higher GLR and with the increase in the percentage of ethanol in the blend. The impact of the increase in ethanol on drop size is small at GLR of 5. The E30 blend showed uniformly distributed liquid in the spray plane with uniform SMD distribution in the range of 50 $$\upmu $$ m at GLR 5.

With the fast growth of the global economy, energy supply and demand have a strong impact on social, economic, and environmental aspects. As a consequence, this has pushed the decision-makers to formulate objectives, guiding economic policies toward sustainable goals. The process is known as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that have been proposed by the United Nations. This being said, the energy sector is a vital domain with a vast potential for improvments in terms of technologies and ligistalations. Solar energy is among the most efficient solutions proposed to reduce the economic and environmental footprints of energy. In this frame, the current paper aims to localize solar energy within SDGs and analyze the contribution of the solar energy towards the achievement of the SDGs. Moreover, the current work highlights the contributions of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (MBR) Solar Park in the United Arab Emirates to achieving the SDGs. Indeed, the MBR Solar Park concept offers valuable insights of environmental impacts by deploying clean and affordable energy sources in place of conventional fossil fuel power plants that are still heavily used in the region. The MBR Solar Park operation has already mitigated 6.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent and this number will likely rise when all phases are installed and operational. Moreover, it has been shown that MBR Solar Park achieve several SDGs such SDG 8: decent work and economic growth, SDG 9: industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 11: sustainable cities and communities, and SDG 15: life on land.

Photoconductive antennas (PCAs) are among the most conventional devices used for emission as well as detection of terahertz (THz) radiation. However, due to their low optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies, applications of these devices in out-of-laboratory conditions are limited. In this paper, we report several factors of enhancement in THz emission efficiency from conventional PCAs by coating a nano-layer of dielectric (TiO2) on the active area between the electrodes of a semi-insulating GaAs-based device. Extensive experiments were done to show the effect of thicknesses of the TiO2 layer on the THz power enhancement with different applied optical power and bias voltages. Multiphysics simulations were performed to elucidate the underlying physics behind the enhancement of efficiency of the PCA. Additionally, this layer increases the robustness of the electrode gaps of the PCAs with high electrical insulation as well as protect it from external dust particles.

The cloud computing industry has set new goals for better service delivery and deployment, so anyone can access services such as computation, application, and storage anytime. Cloud computing promises new possibilities for approaching sustainable solutions to deploy and advance their services in this distributed environment. This work explores energy-efficient approaches and how cloud-based architecture can reduce energy consumption levels amongst enterprises leveraging cloud computing services. Adopting cloud-based networking, database, and server machines provide a comprehensive means of achieving the potential gains in energy efficiency that cloud computing offers. In energy-efficient cloud computing, virtualization is one aspect that can integrate several technologies to achieve consolidation and better resource utilization. Moreover, the Green Cloud Architecture for cloud data centers is discussed in terms of cost, performance, and energy consumption, and appropriate solutions for various application areas are provided.

The study aimed to determine Aluminum sludge composition and structure for its valorisation as an alternative natural material for heavy metals removal from wastewater for further reuse as treated water in different applications. The study was conducted to investigate the introduction of Al-bearing sludge composition. The physical and chemical properties were examined using X-ray diffraction tests (XRD), scanning electron microscope tests (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared tests (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller tests (BET). Furthermore, the heavy metal concentrations of synthetic wastewater were measured using the spectrophotometry method. The experimental procedure is based on testing different pH limits and amounts of aluminum sludge to find the optimum conditions for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) removal. The results demonstrated a high removal efficiency where its value reached up to 97.4% and 96.6% for Zn and Cu, respectively, in an acidic medium (pH = 6) using a relatively high amount of sludge (1400 mg). Nevertheless, a low efficiency was obtained in the strongly acidic medium (pH = 4) and a smaller sludge amount of about 480 mg.

La identificación de idiomas (LID) se refiere a la tarea de identificar un idioma desconocido a partir de las expresiones de la prueba. En este documento, un nuevo conjunto de características, a saber,,se desarrolla T-MFCC mediante la fusión de Teager Energy Operator (TEO) y los conocidos coeficientes cepstrales de frecuencia Mel (MFCC). La efectividad del conjunto de características recién derivado se demuestra para identificar idiomas indios perceptualmente similares como el hindi y el urdu. Se ha utilizado la estructura modificada del clasificador polinómico de 2 a y 3 a aproximación de orden para el problema de la TAPA. Los resultados se han comparado con el conjunto de características de última generación, a saber,,MFCC y resultó ser eficaz (un aumento promedio del 21,66%) en la mayoría de los casos. Esto puede deberse al hecho de que el T-MFCC representa el efecto combinado de las propiedades del flujo de aire en el tracto vocal (que se sabe que dependen del lenguaje y del hablante) y el proceso de percepción humana para la audición. L'identification de la langue (LID) fait référence à la tâche d'identifier une langue inconnue à partir des énoncés du test. Dans cet article, un nouvel ensemble de fonctionnalités, à savoir.,le T-MFCC en fusionnant Teager Energy Operator (TEO) et les coefficients cepstraux de fréquence Mel bien connus (MFCC) est développé. L'efficacité de l'ensemble de fonctionnalités nouvellement dérivées est démontrée pour identifier les langues indiennes perceptuellement similaires telles que l'hindi et l'ourdou. La structure modifiée du classificateur polynomial de l'approximation du 2 ème et 3 ème ordre a été utilisée pour le problème du COUVERCLE. Les résultats ont été comparés à un ensemble de fonctionnalités de pointe, à savoir.,MFCC et jugée efficace (un saut moyen de 21,66 %) dans la majorité des cas. Cela peut être dû au fait que le T-MFCC représente l'effet combiné des propriétés du flux d'air dans le tractus vocal (qui sont connues pour être dépendantes du langage et du locuteur) et du processus de perception humaine de l'audition. Language Identification (LID) refers to the task of identifying an unknown language from the test utterances. In this paper, a new feature set, viz.,T-MFCC by amalgamating Teager Energy Operator (TEO) and well-known Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) is developed. The effectiveness of the newly derived feature set is demonstrated for identifying perceptually similar Indian languages such as Hindi and Urdu. The modified structure of polynomial classifier of 2 nd and 3 rd order approximation has been used for the LID problem. The results have been compared with state-of-the art feature set, viz.,MFCC and found to be effective (an average jump 21.66%) in majority of the cases. This may be due to the fact that the T-MFCC represents the combined effect of airflow properties in the vocal tract (which are known to be language and speaker dependent) and human perception process for hearing. يشير تحديد اللغة (LID) إلى مهمة تحديد لغة غير معروفة من نطق الاختبار. في هذه الورقة، مجموعة ميزات جديدة، أي.،تم تطوير T - MFCC من خلال دمج مشغل طاقة Teager (TEO) ومعاملات تردد MEL cepstral المعروفة (MFCC). يتم توضيح فعالية مجموعة الميزات المشتقة حديثًا لتحديد اللغات الهندية المتشابهة إدراكيًا مثل الهندية والأردية. تم استخدام البنية المعدلة لمُصنِّف متعدد الحدود لتقريب الترتيب الثاني والثالث لمشكلة الغطاء. تمت مقارنة النتائج مع مجموعة الميزات الحديثة، أي.،MFCC ووجد أنها فعالة (قفزة متوسطة بنسبة 21.66 ٪) في معظم الحالات. قد يكون هذا بسبب حقيقة أن T - MFCC يمثل التأثير المشترك لخصائص تدفق الهواء في المجرى الصوتي (المعروف أنه يعتمد على اللغة والمتحدث) وعملية الإدراك البشري للسمع.

Distributed generators (DGs) play an important role to reduce the real power loss and to improve the voltage stability of the power system. However, proper placement and sizing of DGs in the distribution network is a vital issue, as any improper location and size of DGs may increase the overall system loss. In this study, a novel chaotic symbiotic organisms search (CSOS) algorithm is proposed to find out the optimal location and sizes of real power DGs in a radial distribution system (RDS) considering constant load models. This DG siting and sizing problem is associated with real power loss minimisation and voltage stability improvement objectives. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is tested on benchmark test functions as well as on 33-, 69- and 118-bus RDS. The simulation results obtained by the proposed CSOS algorithm are compared with the results offered by the basic SOS and other nature inspired algorithms to establish the superiority of the proposed CSOS algorithm over the others in terms of quality of solution and convergence mobility.

The basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers cover 2.20 million km2 and are inhabited by more than a billion people. The region is under extreme pressures of population and poverty, unregulated utilization of the resources and low levels of productivity. The needs are: (1) development policies that are regionally differentiated to ensure resource sustainability and high productivity; (2) immediate development and implementation of policies for sound groundwater management and energy use; (3) improvement of the fragile food security and to broaden its base; and (4) policy changes to address land fragmentation and improved infrastructure. Meeting these needs will help to improve productivity, reduce rural poverty and improve overall human development.

Abstract Global primary energy consumption will continue to increase with a high rate to 2050, which will be a big challenge for countries to meet both global and regional energy demand. Pumped storage stations (PSS) integrated to a hybrid power system (HPS) with solar and wind power for China are under construction to tussle with this challenge. Historically, modeling of a PSS integrated HPS has been ignored the interaction effect between the shaft vibration and the governing strategies, which will increase the dynamic risk of PSS disconnected immediately to HPS. Here we unify the models of the hydro-turbine governing system and hydro-turbine generator units with a novel expression of hydraulic forces. We quantize all the parameter’s interaction contributions of PSS integration to HPS and validate this model with the existing models. Finally, we show the feasibility of PSS’s model in integrating of a HPS under steady and fault scenarios.

This work has been published in Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 215 (2020) 110603 (DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110603). Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) based solar cell technology has experienced rapid development with demonstrated cell efficiency reaching ̴ 9.2% for devices with substrate configuration, hence necessitating more intense research investigation for further progress. Though the effect of crystallographic orientation in this non-cubic material on device performance is now well understood, the influence of composition and intrinsic defects remains debatable. In this work we describe the fabrication and device characteristics of Sb2Se3 solar cells designed in the substrate configuration of (SLG/Mo/Sb2Se3/CdS/i-ZnO+ITO). Notably, Sb2Se3 absorber layers with predominant (hk0) orientation were deposited in a single step by e-beam evaporation of pre synthesized bulk source material. As grown precursor Sb2Se3 thin films were subjected to reactive thermal annealing (RTA) treatment in the presence of Se source at different temperatures for enhancing their crystalline quality and balancing their stoichiometry. Analysis of the completed solar cells indicated improved efficiencies post RTA process, with the best performing devices exhibiting a power conversion efficiency (η) of ~ 4.34% for an absorber annealed at a temperature of 350 °C. The improved efficiency is ascribed to the observed changes in chemical composition of the absorber layer and the possible formation of related beneficial antisite defects. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS)" and the Government of Catalonia's Agency for Business Competitiveness(ACCIÓ). This research was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under the WINCOST (ENE2016-80788-C5-1-R) project, and by the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF, FEDER Programa Competitivitat de Catalunya 2007-2013). Authors from IREC and the University of Barcelona belong to the SEMS (Solar Energy and Materials Systems) Consolidated Research Group of the 'Generalitat de Catalunya' (Ref. 2017 SGR 862). Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is very well acknowledged for funding the research activities at SRM IST through the project "Development of Lithium Ion Batteries and Computational Studies for Solar Absorber Layers, (Grant No. 31/03/2014-15/PVSE-R&D).