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Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.CCCR-IITM.IITM-ESM.ssp126' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The IITM-ESM climate model, released in 2015, includes the following components: aerosol: prescribed MAC-v2, atmos: IITM-GFSv1 (T62L64, Linearly Reduced Gaussian Grid; 192 x 94 longitude/latitude; 64 levels; top level 0.2 mb), land: NOAH LSMv2.7.1, ocean: MOM4p1 (tripolar, primarily 1deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 50 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: TOPAZv2.0, seaIce: SISv1.0. The model was run by the Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India (CCCR-IITM) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Project: High Resolution dynamically downscaled CMIP5 climate data over India - The datasets in this project are developed as a part of a project associated with the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India, and the National Mission for Clean Ganga, Government of India. We have dynamically downscaled a coarser resolution CMIP5 GCM (CESMv1) climate data using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the current (2006-2015) and future (2091-2100) RCP8.5 emission scenario to produce a 10km resolution dataset over India. This dataset is expected to be of massive value to fine-scale regional modelling based climate change adaptive and mitigative studies in fields of water resources, energy, agriculture, and forestry over India. This project is financially supported by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, through grant number TE-16015/02/2019/NMCG. Summary: The Bias Corrected CESMv1 data for mid-century (2041-2050) for RCP8.5 emission scenario at coarser resolution has been downscaled to 10km resolution over India using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The climate variables included are 2m Temperature (t2m), relative humidity (rh), wind speed (wspd), total precipitation (prec), mean surface shortwave flux (sw), top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation (lw), mean surface latent (lhf) and sensible (shf) heat fluxes along with the latitude, longitude, and time information. The dataset covers the Indian National Territory region at a 369 x 369 grid. The data is available at three temporal resolutions: Daily TS, Monthly TS, and Monthly Climatology. The dataset has been structured into a total of 30 files (10 variables x 3 temporal resolutions) packed in self-explanatory NetCDF format. The daily, monthly, and monthly climatology files contain 369x369x3650, 369x369x30, and 369x369x12 data points, respectively. The entire dataset is about 30 GB in size. The precipitation files in the older version contained hourly accumulated values for every day. This version contains the correct daily accumulated, monthly accumulated and monthly climatology precipitation data.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.CCCR-IITM.IITM-ESM.historical' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The IITM-ESM climate model, released in 2015, includes the following components: aerosol: prescribed MAC-v2, atmos: IITM-GFSv1 (T62L64, Linearly Reduced Gaussian Grid; 192 x 94 longitude/latitude; 64 levels; top level 0.2 mb), land: NOAH LSMv2.7.1, ocean: MOM4p1 (tripolar, primarily 1deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 50 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), ocnBgchem: TOPAZv2.0, seaIce: SISv1.0. The model was run by the Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune, Maharashtra 411 008, India (CCCR-IITM) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Anaerobic fermentation inside the digestor is the continuous process which results in the formation of useful biogas fuel. All feedstocks are not easily decomposable thereby necessitating the design of an “optional in-line pre-digestor assembly”. Initially a 2 m3 modified fixed dome ‘Deenbandhu’ type biogas plant was commissioned with cattle dung, bypassing the pre-digestor assembly. In a phased manner, cattle dung was substituted with poultry litter as feedstock. Gradually increasing the substitution @ of 10% per fortnight, complete substitution of cattle dung could be attained in 18 week time. Poultry droppings assorted with paddy husk from deep litter system of poultry housings were used as feedstock. As paddy husk were indecomposable inside the digestor, an in-line pre-digestor assembly was used to remove the unwanted paddy husk by water dissolution technique. Enzymatic hydrolysis initiated in the pre-digestion tank in the 24 hours residence time improved the digestibility of the feedstock for generating biogas. The process of cattle dung substitution with poultry litter was complete in 18 weeks duration. Daily gas production was recorded with the help of wet type gas flow meter. The gas produced was continuously used for domestic cooking. The total solid (TS) content of the poultry litter based feedstock slurry was maintained at around the same TS (9 - 10%) as that of cattle dung (dung to water at 1:1 ratio) slurry. With 100% use of poultry droppings at 10.3 % TS, average gas production level was 208.5 lit per kg of TS.

Chapter 1 : Principles of Renewable Energy & Solar Energy 01 - 50 Chapter 2 : Wind Energy 01– 29 Chapter 3 : Ocean Thermal Energy 01 - 27 Chapter 4 : Storage of Energy 01 - 52 Chapter 5 : Geothermal Energy Sources 01 - 25

The relevance of energy in the growth and development process necessitate giving serious attention to the planning, production and consumption of energy. This is usually referred to as energy planning and analysis or modelling carried out in recent years using sophisticated and computerized models. These models rely heavily on future assumptions regarding the expected economic conditions in consideration to the current and unfolding situations of the economies in question. However, due to uncertainty of the future economic conditions of especially developing economies, these assumptions are mostly found unable to adequately capture the evolving events. This is more evident if one looks at the alternative energy projections made by different organizations using different understandings and assumptions. This study compares the best electricity demand and supply projections of NECAL2050 as the best energy model in Nigeria and other alternatives projections by [6, 13,] and previous Energy Commission of Nigeria - ECN’s energy models by [14] to show case the discrepancies and their economic consequences. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed at the end. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 21 (2019)

Suggested citation: Pörtner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M. A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P. A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A. P. F., Popp, A., Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y. J., Sintayehu, D. W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., Ngo, H.T. 2021. IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change; IPBES and IPCC, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4782538 This report presents the main conclusions of the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. The workshop explored diverse facets of the interaction between climate and biodiversity, from current trends to the role and implementation of nature-based solutions and the sustainable development of human society. This report is underpinned by the Scientific Outcome, which includes seven sections, the complete references and the report glossary. You can find the Scientific Outcome here https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4659158

The Indian Power Sector(IPS) is under gradual transition from over-reliant fossil fuel (62%) to Sustainable Energy Source(SES), primarily to achieve targets of SDGs and the Paris Agreement to base 40% of the total power generation capacity on non-fossil fuel resources by 2030. In this context, the solar power generation is on the fast-track whereas, hydropower development is lagging behind due to various reasons causing time and cost escalation, hence the sustainability of IPS in terms of flexibility and reliability in integration with other Renewable Energy Source will remain a challenge. With this concern, the focus of this study is to (i) analyze and prioritize the hydropower potential (HPP) in the Indian Himalayan Region, (ii) identify the prime constraints in the way of hydropower development and (iii) discuss the way-forward for sustainable planning of hydropower development whilst appropriately managing time & cost over-runs including socio-environmental concerns. The methodology involves literature review and analysis of secondary data about IPS, hydropower resources and project-specific risks prevalent in ongoing HEPs in India. The result shows that the Indian Himalayan Region has enough (73%) balance HPP in 12 different States; sustainable harnessing of which requires proper addressing of the prime constraints viz., multiple public consultations in clearance process, litigations, high investment, socio-political and contractual issues, mainly through procedural reforms by the State Governments which have constitutional right over land and water in the federal structure of India. The finding of study will be useful for planning process of entrepreneurs, investors and policy makers in the direction to achieve the target of SES beyond India’s Nationally Determined Contribution. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol. 28 (2020)