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Chapter 1 : Principles of Renewable Energy & Solar Energy 01 - 50 Chapter 2 : Wind Energy 01– 29 Chapter 3 : Ocean Thermal Energy 01 - 27 Chapter 4 : Storage of Energy 01 - 52 Chapter 5 : Geothermal Energy Sources 01 - 25

The concept of social exclusion is context-specific and there is no uniform paradigm of exclusion across the world. This paper attempts to analyse exclusion of resource-poor groups in watershed development programmes in the Indian context. It aims to explore excluded community groups from the perspective of people’s equal opportunity and equal access to newly generated economic benefits in watershed development programmes. The paper also traces the determinant factors responsible for denial and exclusion of resource-poor groups and describes the detailed processes involved in their exclusion from institutional and livelihood opportunities in watershed programmes. At the same time, the paper also explores suggestions and views of resource-poor groups about their meaningful social inclusion in watershed programme. The Gadiwat Indo-German Watershed Development Project in Aurangabad district in the State of Maharashtra is studied in detail in terms of its social, economic and political realities through mix-method and multi-stakeholder approaches. The key findings of the paper are that landownership, caste, gender, membership in village institutions and/or watershed institutions or close relationship with members, as well as the limitations of the programme guidelines, are the major determinants of institutional inclusion and the extent of resulting economic benefits. The exclusion of resource-poor groups mainly takes the form of their exclusion from institutional representation. In order to promote meaningful social inclusion of resource-poor groups, there is need for a more livelihood-oriented focus and their equal representation and participation in watershed institutions.

The relevance of energy in the growth and development process necessitate giving serious attention to the planning, production and consumption of energy. This is usually referred to as energy planning and analysis or modelling carried out in recent years using sophisticated and computerized models. These models rely heavily on future assumptions regarding the expected economic conditions in consideration to the current and unfolding situations of the economies in question. However, due to uncertainty of the future economic conditions of especially developing economies, these assumptions are mostly found unable to adequately capture the evolving events. This is more evident if one looks at the alternative energy projections made by different organizations using different understandings and assumptions. This study compares the best electricity demand and supply projections of NECAL2050 as the best energy model in Nigeria and other alternatives projections by [6, 13,] and previous Energy Commission of Nigeria - ECN’s energy models by [14] to show case the discrepancies and their economic consequences. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed at the end. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 21 (2019)

Suggested citation: Pörtner, H.O., Scholes, R.J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai, X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W.L., Diamond, S., Donatti, C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M. A., Handa, C., Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G., Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S., Managi, S., Marquet, P. A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A. P. F., Popp, A., Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y. J., Sintayehu, D. W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D.C., Rogers, A.D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu, N., Ngo, H.T. 2021. IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change; IPBES and IPCC, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4782538 This report presents the main conclusions of the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. The workshop explored diverse facets of the interaction between climate and biodiversity, from current trends to the role and implementation of nature-based solutions and the sustainable development of human society. This report is underpinned by the Scientific Outcome, which includes seven sections, the complete references and the report glossary. You can find the Scientific Outcome here https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4659158

The Indian Power Sector(IPS) is under gradual transition from over-reliant fossil fuel (62%) to Sustainable Energy Source(SES), primarily to achieve targets of SDGs and the Paris Agreement to base 40% of the total power generation capacity on non-fossil fuel resources by 2030. In this context, the solar power generation is on the fast-track whereas, hydropower development is lagging behind due to various reasons causing time and cost escalation, hence the sustainability of IPS in terms of flexibility and reliability in integration with other Renewable Energy Source will remain a challenge. With this concern, the focus of this study is to (i) analyze and prioritize the hydropower potential (HPP) in the Indian Himalayan Region, (ii) identify the prime constraints in the way of hydropower development and (iii) discuss the way-forward for sustainable planning of hydropower development whilst appropriately managing time & cost over-runs including socio-environmental concerns. The methodology involves literature review and analysis of secondary data about IPS, hydropower resources and project-specific risks prevalent in ongoing HEPs in India. The result shows that the Indian Himalayan Region has enough (73%) balance HPP in 12 different States; sustainable harnessing of which requires proper addressing of the prime constraints viz., multiple public consultations in clearance process, litigations, high investment, socio-political and contractual issues, mainly through procedural reforms by the State Governments which have constitutional right over land and water in the federal structure of India. The finding of study will be useful for planning process of entrepreneurs, investors and policy makers in the direction to achieve the target of SES beyond India’s Nationally Determined Contribution. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol. 28 (2020)

Attaining ‘Sustainable Energy Security’ (SES) is a valid end goal of an energy policy. However, SES is a multidimensional concept which is difficult to evaluate. The aim of this paper is to undertake a comparative assessment of SES of various energy sources for the residential sector in India. The paper also intends to construct a SES Index and rank the energy sources by assessing their performance in different dimensions. The end goal is to identify the energy sources which are relatively more secure and sustainable for India. The paper uses a scoring matrix and a weighting matrix to develop a SES Index. This multidimensional index is constructed as a weighted sum of four indices representing various dimensions, viz. Availability, Affordability, Efficiency and Environmental Acceptability. A comparative assessment of six energy sources for the residential sector for urban India reveals that, firewood has the highest rank followed by LPG and electricity while kerosene has the lowest rank. However in rural India, firewood has the highest rank followed by dung cakes while LPG has the lowest rank. Sensitivity of the SES Index to variation in weights reveals that the results are mostly insensitive to +/- 10% variation in allotted weights. It is therefore important that energy policy in India should be designed in a manner, so as to promote the use of firewood and dung cakes which are relatively more ‘Available’ and ‘Affordable’ in rural areas. Along with this, emphasis should be given on design of better technologies to increase the ‘Efficiency’ and ‘Acceptability’ of these energy sources. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 5 (2015)

Green manufacturing is the minimization of hazardous matter in the process of designing, production and technology which may affect the domain of the earth and lead towards global warming. It generally refers to broad area including air, water and land pollution, energy usage and efficiency, waste generation and recycling. It is well known fact that production of greenhouse gases (N2O, CO2 and CH4) which are measured to calculate the carbon footprint majorly affect the global warming. Hence to save the environment, it is most significant to decrease the carbon footprint of a sector. Researchers have agreed that one of the main reasons for global warming is Industrialization, and green manufacturing can be considered an effective tool to control and minimize the GHG emission from Industries so this paper will review the application of green manufacturing across the industries including transportation, electricity generation, cement industry, textile and apparel industry etc.

The paper highlights some of the key concerns across the sectors of school, higher and teacher education. A few potential research themes that can help problematise the issues raised have been identified. An emphasis is laid on the need to build on practice-based repositories of knowledge, curricular framing and pedagogic strategies. Examining the contours of and potential for ESD includes: addressing questions of environmental, social, economic and epistemic justice in school and higher education contexts; exploring linkages between ESD and climate change education, education on sustainable cities and communities and identifying novel methods of wider public engagement and social education.