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Abstract In order to assess the feasibility of utilizing renewable hydrogen as transport fuel for fuel cell vehicles, four possible low-carbon hydrogen supply routes for a hydrogen refueling station located in Shanghai are studied. Route Ⅰ and II are onsite hydrogen supply routes powered by a stand-alone or grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-wind generation system separately. Route Ⅲ and IV are offsite hydrogen supply routes, in which hydrogen is produced by a stand-alone or grid-connected PV-wind generation system located in Qinghai Province respectively and delivered via liquid hydrogen truck to Shanghai. The microgrid system for hydrogen production is designed and optimized with the aid of HOMER Pro® software. The results show that in hydrogen production stage, Route Ⅳ shows the best economic performance, both in the total net present cost (NPC) cost and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) cost. As for the whole hydrogen supply chain, Route IV is also the most economic hydrogen supply way, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of which is slightly lower than that of Route II. The sensitivity results show that the total LCOH cost of Route Ⅳ is feasible based on the current shorter electrolyzer's lifetime. Therefore, it indicates that nowadays, producing hydrogen from a grid connected PV-wind hybrid power system in renewable energy rich area (Qinghai Province) and delivering it via liquid hydrogen truck to a refueling station in east coast area (Shanghai) of China may be a feasible solution.

Abstract In order to assess the feasibility of utilizing renewable hydrogen as transport fuel for fuel cell vehicles, four possible low-carbon hydrogen supply routes for a hydrogen refueling station located in Shanghai are studied. Route Ⅰ and II are onsite hydrogen supply routes powered by a stand-alone or grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-wind generation system separately. Route Ⅲ and IV are offsite hydrogen supply routes, in which hydrogen is produced by a stand-alone or grid-connected PV-wind generation system located in Qinghai Province respectively and delivered via liquid hydrogen truck to Shanghai. The microgrid system for hydrogen production is designed and optimized with the aid of HOMER Pro® software. The results show that in hydrogen production stage, Route Ⅳ shows the best economic performance, both in the total net present cost (NPC) cost and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) cost. As for the whole hydrogen supply chain, Route IV is also the most economic hydrogen supply way, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of which is slightly lower than that of Route II. The sensitivity results show that the total LCOH cost of Route Ⅳ is feasible based on the current shorter electrolyzer's lifetime. Therefore, it indicates that nowadays, producing hydrogen from a grid connected PV-wind hybrid power system in renewable energy rich area (Qinghai Province) and delivering it via liquid hydrogen truck to a refueling station in east coast area (Shanghai) of China may be a feasible solution.

Abstract Industry and agriculture in Malaysia are the main contributors to economic growth and employment. These sectors also play an important role in Malaysia's total exports. The question then is whether technological innovation, sectoral output, and exports growth have had a real impact on these two sectors, which are very important for policy-making. This paper attempts to empirically identify such relations using econometric methods, including an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing method and a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) during 1978–2018. The results confirmed that overall long-run economic growth is the main contributor to the increase in energy consumption with a greater magnitude than in the short-run. In the long-run, an increase of 1% in economic growth leads to an increase of 4.6% and 1.1% in energy demand in agriculture and industrial sectors, respectively. Exports are the second largest contributor to energy demand in the overall economy and the agriculture sector. Finally, the technological innovation that enhances energy efficiency is only effective in reducing energy consumption in the industrial sector, which ultimately reduces emissions.

Abstract Industry and agriculture in Malaysia are the main contributors to economic growth and employment. These sectors also play an important role in Malaysia's total exports. The question then is whether technological innovation, sectoral output, and exports growth have had a real impact on these two sectors, which are very important for policy-making. This paper attempts to empirically identify such relations using econometric methods, including an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing method and a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) during 1978–2018. The results confirmed that overall long-run economic growth is the main contributor to the increase in energy consumption with a greater magnitude than in the short-run. In the long-run, an increase of 1% in economic growth leads to an increase of 4.6% and 1.1% in energy demand in agriculture and industrial sectors, respectively. Exports are the second largest contributor to energy demand in the overall economy and the agriculture sector. Finally, the technological innovation that enhances energy efficiency is only effective in reducing energy consumption in the industrial sector, which ultimately reduces emissions.

The effect of the relative hot-to-cold side volume-ratios on dynamic characteristics of a CBC (closed Brayton cycle) with sCO2 (supercritical carbon-dioxide) as the working-fluid is investigated in this study. The analysis of the CBC is conducted in the context of power generation in a direct-heated (no thermal-oil loop) and dry-cooled parabolic-trough solar thermal power plant, using a control-oriented model of the CBC. Dynamic performance of the sCO2 CBC with different relative volume-ratios between the hot and cold sides of the sCO2 CBC is compared using simulations for conditions on a representative summer day. The CBC hot-to-cold side volume-ratio influences CO2 mass movement and hence power output. Increasing the hot-to-cold side volume-ratio in the CBC results in a slower, more gradual dynamic response when there are fluctuations in solar heat input and ambient air temperatures. The dynamic response characteristics of a CBC with a hot-to-cold side volume-ratio less than one are shown to differ significantly from a CBC with a volume-ratio greater than or equal to one.

The effect of the relative hot-to-cold side volume-ratios on dynamic characteristics of a CBC (closed Brayton cycle) with sCO2 (supercritical carbon-dioxide) as the working-fluid is investigated in this study. The analysis of the CBC is conducted in the context of power generation in a direct-heated (no thermal-oil loop) and dry-cooled parabolic-trough solar thermal power plant, using a control-oriented model of the CBC. Dynamic performance of the sCO2 CBC with different relative volume-ratios between the hot and cold sides of the sCO2 CBC is compared using simulations for conditions on a representative summer day. The CBC hot-to-cold side volume-ratio influences CO2 mass movement and hence power output. Increasing the hot-to-cold side volume-ratio in the CBC results in a slower, more gradual dynamic response when there are fluctuations in solar heat input and ambient air temperatures. The dynamic response characteristics of a CBC with a hot-to-cold side volume-ratio less than one are shown to differ significantly from a CBC with a volume-ratio greater than or equal to one.

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in China, while controlling for fossil fuel consumption, financial development, capital, institutional quality and globalization and its components for the period, 1970–2014. We have employed the Bayer and Hanck, (2013) combined cointegration test to examine the long-run relationships between those variables as well as the autoregressive distributed lag method with structural breaks as a robustness check. The empirical findings demonstrate a long-run relationship between those variables. Hydroelectricity consumption, fossil fuel consumption, capital, financial development and globalization and its components have a positive influence on GDP in China. The findings also provide predominant evidence on the long-run feedback hypothesis between the variables. The findings suggest that policies should be implemented to increase the role hydropower in the energy mix for sustainable economic growth in the country.

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in China, while controlling for fossil fuel consumption, financial development, capital, institutional quality and globalization and its components for the period, 1970–2014. We have employed the Bayer and Hanck, (2013) combined cointegration test to examine the long-run relationships between those variables as well as the autoregressive distributed lag method with structural breaks as a robustness check. The empirical findings demonstrate a long-run relationship between those variables. Hydroelectricity consumption, fossil fuel consumption, capital, financial development and globalization and its components have a positive influence on GDP in China. The findings also provide predominant evidence on the long-run feedback hypothesis between the variables. The findings suggest that policies should be implemented to increase the role hydropower in the energy mix for sustainable economic growth in the country.

The combined gasoline and distillate yield has been studied at various gasoline:distillate ratios using an integrated model of the oil refining-transportation sector. The method used allowed quantification of the yield loss incurred in the transition from leaded to unleaded gasoline production and also of the additional capacity requirements of existing and new processing units. It is shown that capital investment in hydrocracking, delayed coking and distillate dewaxing facilities can substantially restore the yield.