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These 285 documents have been used for the three sections that are part of the results of this article (documents statistics, bibliometric analysis, and literature review statistics). For this purpose, it was necessary to carry out an exhaustive review of the 285 selected documents and to complement this information with the data provided by Scopus. The data-charting process was as follows: the four researchers agreed on the types of data to be extracted, two of them carried out the review while the other two supervised. If any type of data worthy of investigation emerged during the reading, it was discussed, and if appropriate, included, making it an iterative process. For each of the documents, the following variables were collected in a table: author/s, title of the document, year of publication, journal in which it was published, type of document (article or review), number of citations and citations per year, relevance (weighting given by Scopus), DOI, geographical location of researchers, abstract, author keywords and keywords suggested by Scopus, JIF, JCI and H-index information of the journal in which the document is published (with quartiles and percentiles), subject area categories provided by Scopus, territory studied, renewable energy source studied, research technique or methodology used, primary data source used and years collected. In addition, for articles using quantitative techniques, all variables included in each model have been collected.

Traditionally, critical infrastructures demand for high dependability, being the services they provide essential to human beings and the society at large. However, more recent attention to cautious usage of energy resources is changing this vision and calls for solutions accounting for appropriate multi-requirements combinations when developing a critical infrastructure. In such a context, analysis supports able to assist the designer in envisioning a satisfactory trade-off among the multi-requirements for the system at hand are highly helpful. In this paper, the focus is on the railway sector and the contribution is a stochastic model-based analysis framework to quantitatively assess trade-offs between dependability indicators and electrical energy consumption incurred by the rail switch heating system.Moving from a preliminary study that concentrated on energy consumption only, the analysis framework has been extended to become a solid support to devise appropriate tuning of the heating policy that guarantees satisfactory trade-offs between dependability and energy consumption. An evaluation campaign in a variety of climate scenarios demonstrates the feasibility and utility of the developed framework.

The phenomenon of global change is prompting the implementation of measures aimed at mitigating various effects, with humans being primarily impacted. The objective of this investigation is to analyse the potential self-sufficiency in the built environment through the utilisation of energy generated by photovoltaic systems. These systems have the capacity to reduce or even eliminate the reliance on grid electricity and non-renewable energy sources. The study commences with the delineation of eight neighbourhoods within the city of Madrid, Spain, each characterised by a distinct building typology. In order to ascertain the degree of self-sufficiency, this study calculates the energy production from solar photovoltaic systems installed on rooftops, and then proceeds to assess the energy consumption of each building. The results of the analysis demonstrate the capacity of photovoltaic installations to meet the electricity demands of buildings, such as single-family houses, almost completely, and partially in others, such as multi-family dwellings with multiple units per floor. Furthermore, the impact of differences in building height and urban context on self-sufficiency potential is explored.

Power system controls are vulnerable to cyber-attacks that can seriously affect and even inhibit their operation. Such attacks may affect large portions of the power system, make repair difficult and cause huge societal impact, so pressure to ensure cyber-security of control and communication systems is now strong worldwide. Several cyber-security frameworks were developed, but it is rather difficult to anticipate adoption costs and benefits, and this hampers their generalised adoption. T his paper focuses on the outcome of two case studies (concerning the Italian power generation and the Polish transmission systems. The socio-economic impact of failures and the costs of standard adoption are estimated on an objective basis. It is up to public authorities to decide whether to require the adoption of security standards to operators in the electric system. The nature of public good of security underlines the necessity of public support for this operation, but we discuss the extent and the management of this support.

The use of bioethanol as a biofuel make it possible to reduce the dependence on fossil fuel and the greenhouse emissions. The advantage of bioethanol is that is obtained by fermentation of renewable resources that capture carbon dioxide during its growing providing a null net balance of carbon dioxide emissions. Applying the concept of green engineering led to total or partial substitution of fossil fuel. The main drawback is that fermentation is produced in diluted aqueous media and the recovery of ethanol is an energy intensive operation and in Europe, the maximum ethanol content in fuel allowed by legislation is 10% wt (Directive 2009/10/EC). The objective of this project is to provide a process scheme that led to dehydrate bioethanol and blend directly with gasoline and gasoline additive, tert-amyl-methyl ether (TAME). This process must to be viable in terms of energy, economics and environmental aspects. A bibliographic search is presented to determine how much energy is necessary to produce one kilogram of bioethanol. The results of the bibliographic search shown that for a diluted feed stream of ethanol, the best process scheme consist on two distillation columns and one decanter. Hence, five process schemes are presented: (1-3) with the conventional configuration (two distillation column and one decanter) and (4-5) with a novel configuration (one distillation column, with a lateral extraction, and one decanter). The residue curve maps and liquid-liquid equilibrium (RCM-LLE) with their topologies are presented. The RCM-LLE allows to illustrate the thermodynamic behavior of the entrainers used and verify the feasibility. The software used to carry out the rigorous simulations is ASPEN Plus ® v10 using the thermodynamically model NRTL. The annual production established is 18kt/year of a mixture ethanol-gasoline-TAME. The converged results of the simulations allow to compare all the process schemes in terms of energy, sizing and economic aspects, such as raw materials cost, utilities cost, equipment cost and income statement. Beyond this, WAR® is used to compare the environmental impact of each process scheme using coal, oil and natural gas as an energy source Treballs Finals de Màster d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2018-2019, Tutors: Alexandra Bonet Ruiz, Manuel Vicente Buil

An amorphous WO3 induced lattice distortion strategy leads to only 2 wt% Ir for efficient overall water splitting in acid.