• Energy Research
• IT close
• NL close
• EU close
• ES close
• IN close
• English close

De drijvende kracht in de door de mens veroorzaakte klimaatverandering is de verandering in de stralingsbalans. Deze wordt niet alleen beinvloed door de broeikasgassen maar ook door aerosolen (fijne in lucht zwevende deeltjes). De aerosolen worden ook door de mens gemaakt, vooral via fossiele verbranding. Aerosolen kaatsen een deel van het zonlicht terug. Dit leidt tot een verminderde instraling. Het aerosol-effect van door de mens gegenereerde aerosolen werkt dus precies omgekeerd aan het 'normale' broeikaseffect van de gassen die de langgolvige aardse uitstraling tegenhouden. Door verminderde instraling warmt de aarde minder op. De invloed van de antropogene aerosolen is groot: De extra door de mens geproduceerde broeikasgassen geven een verandering in de stralingsbalans van ongeveer 2.5W m-2, volgens IPCC. De geschatte tegengestelde bijdrage van door de mens gemaakte aerosol deeltjes is, als mondiaal gemiddelde -0.8 W m-2, maar met een onzekerheid van minstens een factor twee. De onzekerheid in de verstoring van de stralingsbalans ('forcering') door aerosolen vormt momenteel een van de grootste onzekerheden in de klimaatforcering over de industriele periode.

markdownabstractIn the September issue of the Dutch magazine "Kwartaalschrift Economie" an article from Meine Pieter van Dijk, Stella Pfisterer and Rob van Tulder (all from PrC) was published about flower partnerships in Africa. Unfortunately, the article is only available in Dutch.

ResumenEl entrenamiento con cargas es una actividad anaeróbica glucolítica intensa y se ha comprobado que el error en las estimaciones del gasto energético en esta actividad varía entre un 13 y un 30%. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es describir la contribución anaeróbica de energía en un circuito con cargas. Doce hombres (20-26 años) y diecisiete mujeres (18-29 años) estudiantes de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte realizaron un entrenamiento en circuito de cargas a 6 intensidades diferentes (entre el 30% y 80% de su 15RM). Durante la totalidad de los circuitos se registró el gasto energético aeróbico por calorimetría indirecta, la frecuencia cardiaca con pulsómetro Polar® y la concentración de lactato en sangre capilar para medir la contribución anaeróbica. El incremento que produjo la energía anaeróbica se situó entre el 5,1% y un máximo del 13,5%, lo que hace evidente que medir o no la contribución anaeróbica en el entrenamiento en circuito puede provocar un error medio del 9,65%. Existen diferencias significativas (PAbstractResistance training is an intense anaerobic glycolytic activity and has been shown that estimates of energy expenditure in this activity turn out into an error that varies between 13 and 30%. The main aim of this paper is to describe the anaerobic energy contribution in circuit weight training. Twelve men (20-26 years) and seventeen women (18-29 years) students in Science of Physical Activity and Sport performed circuit training at six different intensities (between 30% and 80% of 15RM). During all the circuits aerobic energy expenditure was registered by indirect calorimetry, heart rate with Polar® monitors and lactate concentration in capillary blood to measure the anaerobic contribution. The increased due to anaerobic energy was between 5,1% and a maximum of 13,5%, which clearly means that to measure or not the anaerobic contribution in circuit training can lead to an average error of 9,65%. There are significant differences (P

Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

The real assets, procedures, systems,and subsystems of a city can be virtually represented throughan urban digital twin(DT),which integrates heterogeneous data to learn and evolve with the physical city,offering support to monitor the current status and predict possible future scenarios.A DT of a city can be organized into layers, which represent specific facets of the city and cooperate to address specifici ssues.In this work,we present an application scenario in which a geometric layer,representing the 3D morphology of the urbane nvironment, cooperates with an energy consumption layer,providing knowledge of the peculiarities of thebuilding urban area and in particular of the built fabric,to assess their impact in terms of energy efficiency.The analysis of the urban geometries provides quantitative measuresas useful input,for instance,to define heat leakage.

The work described for this deliverable was carried out by DLO-PRI, in collaboration with WU, and aim ed to understanding lipid production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum . By means of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses we aimed to provide insight into the one step lipid production performed by partner WU. Cultivation conditions were chosen to steer lipid profile towards most suitable composition for biofuel production.

The road network design problem is widely studied in the literature, both in urban and rural areas; most papers deal with the solution algorithms and with the mathematical formulation of the problem. The road network design problem is NP-hard and is very difficult to solve in acceptable computing times for real-scale networks. In urban areas, the objective of the design is usually the minimisation in total travel time on the network, while in rural areas it is usually a sum of total travel time and total (i.e. construction and maintenance) road costs. Very few papers consider other terms in the objective function and/or propose a multicriteria approach. In our best knowledge, no papers consider as objective of the design to minimise the fuel consumption, even if it is an actual objective of road network planning and design. In this paper, we compare the results obtained by solving some road network design problems adopting the classic objective functions and adopting as objective the minimisation in fuel consumptions on the network. In order to obtain this result, in the paper a fuel consumption function is proposed, based on CORINAIR models and depending on the vehicle fleet of the study area; this function is used both for estimating the reduction in fuel consumption due to the design obtained with the classic objective functions and for designing the road network using as objective function the total consumption on the network. The results obtained with these approaches are compared in terms of fuel consumed and total travel time spent on the network. The minimisation in fuel consumption is very important since greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants are directly related to the consumption. Initial tests highlighted that the results obtained with the two different approaches are more significant in rural areas, where higher average flow speeds may produce higher consumption, according to the CORINAIR models.

The unprecedented improvement of the quality of life occurred in some regions of the world during the last century has been predominantly powered by fossil fuels, which still provide over 80% of our primary energy supply. This share has to be drastically reduced to curb the effects of a catastrophic climate change. The chief candidate to phase out the oil-gas-coal age is solar energy, which is available in several direct and indirect forms and is by far the most abundant, sustainable, and safe energy source we can rely on [1,2]. The transition to a solar-powered civilization will be a long and difficult process in which some key trends can be already envisaged: (1) growing share of electricity in energy end use [3]; (2) increase of efficiency in energy production [1,2]; (3) establishment of technologies for the manufacturing of solar fuels [4]; (4) recycling the equipment used for converting renewable energy flows that is often made of materials available in limited supply [5]. Solutions to the tremendous challenge of energy transition require the mobilization of huge human and economic resources in several scientific and technological fields, with chemistry playing a prominent role. In this broader context, some research results from our laboratories in the fields of materials for solar energy conversion and efficient lighting technologies will be illustrated [6,7]. [1] N. Armaroli and V. Balzani, Energy for a Sustainable World - From the Oil Age to a Sun Powered Future, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2011. [2] N. Armaroli, V. Balzani and N. Serpone, Powering Planet Earth - Energy Solutions for the Future, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2013. [3] N. Armaroli and V. Balzani Energ. Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 3193-3222. [4] J. Barber Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 185-196. [5] B. K. Reck and T. E. Graedel Science, 2012, 337, 690-695. [6] R. D. Costa, E. Orti, H. J. Bolink, F. Monti, G. Accorsi and N. Armaroli Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 8178-8211. [7] K. Yoosaf, J. Iehl, I. Nierengarten, M. Hmadeh, A.-M. Albrecht-Gary, J.-F. Nierengarten and N. Armaroli Chem.-Eur. J., 2014, 20, 223-231.?