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Résumé. Les observations des changements de masse des glaciers sont essentielles pour comprendre la réponse des glaciers au changement climatique et aux impacts connexes, tels que le ruissellement régional, les changements écosystémiques et l'élévation du niveau de la mer à l'échelle mondiale. Les capteurs optiques et radar spatiaux permettent de quantifier les changements d'élévation des glaciers, et donc les changements de masse pluriannuels, à l'échelle régionale et mondiale. Cependant, les estimations d'un nombre croissant d'études montrent un large éventail de résultats avec des différences souvent au-delà des limites d'incertitude. Ici, nous présentons les résultats d'une expérience intercomparaison communautaire utilisant des données d'interférométrie stéréo optique spatiale (ASTER) et radar à ouverture synthétique (TanDEM-X) pour estimer les changements d'altitude pour des glaciers définis et des périodes cibles qui posent différents défis d'évaluation. En utilisant des modèles d'élévation numériques (DEM) fournis ou autotraités pour cinq sites de test, 12 groupes de recherche ont fourni un total de 97 ensembles de données de changement d'altitude spatiaux en utilisant diverses stratégies de traitement. La validation avec des données aéroportées a montré que l'utilisation d'une estimation d'ensemble promet de réduire les erreurs aléatoires provenant de différents instruments et méthodes de traitement, mais nécessite toujours une enquête et une correction plus complètes des erreurs systématiques. Nous avons constaté que la sélection de la scène, le traitement DEM et le co-enregistrement ont le plus grand impact sur les résultats. D'autres étapes de traitement, telles que le traitement des vides de données spatiales, les différences de périodes d'enquête ou la pénétration radar, peuvent toujours être importantes pour des cas individuels. Les recherches futures devraient se concentrer sur la mise à l'essai de différentes implémentations d'étapes de traitement individuelles (par exemple, le co-enregistrement) et aborder les questions liées aux corrections temporelles, à la pénétration radar, aux changements de zone glaciaire et à la conversion de densité. Enfin, notre communauté a clairement besoin de développer les meilleures pratiques, d'utiliser des logiciels ouverts et reproductibles et d'évaluer l'incertitude globale afin d'améliorer les comparaisons et de renforcer les connaissances sur les processus physiques dans les études de changement d'altitude des glaciers. Resumen. Observar los cambios en la masa de los glaciares es clave para comprender la respuesta de los glaciares al cambio climático y los impactos relacionados, como la escorrentía regional, los cambios en los ecosistemas y el aumento global del nivel del mar. Los sensores ópticos y de radar transportados por el espacio permiten cuantificar los cambios de elevación de los glaciares y, por lo tanto, los cambios de masa plurianuales, a escala regional y global. Sin embargo, las estimaciones de un número creciente de estudios muestran una amplia gama de resultados con diferencias que a menudo van más allá de los límites de incertidumbre. Aquí, presentamos el resultado de un experimento de intercomparación basado en la comunidad que utiliza datos estéreo óptico a bordo del espacio (ASTER) e interferometría de radar de apertura sintética (TanDEM-X) para estimar los cambios de elevación para glaciares definidos y períodos objetivo que plantean diferentes desafíos de evaluación. Utilizando modelos digitales de elevación (DEM) proporcionados o autoprocesados para cinco sitios de prueba, 12 grupos de investigación proporcionaron un total de 97 conjuntos de datos de cambio de elevación a bordo del espacio utilizando varias estrategias de procesamiento. La validación con datos aéreos mostró que el uso de una estimación de conjunto es prometedor para reducir los errores aleatorios de diferentes instrumentos y métodos de procesamiento, pero aún requiere una investigación y corrección más exhaustivas de los errores sistemáticos. Descubrimos que la selección de escenas, el procesamiento de DEM y el corregistro tienen el mayor impacto en los resultados. Otros pasos de procesamiento, como el tratamiento de vacíos de datos espaciales, las diferencias en los períodos de encuesta o la penetración del radar, aún pueden ser importantes para casos individuales. La investigación futura debe centrarse en probar diferentes implementaciones de pasos de procesamiento individuales (por ejemplo, registro conjunto) y abordar cuestiones relacionadas con correcciones temporales, penetración de radar, cambios en el área de los glaciares y conversión de densidad. Finalmente, existe una clara necesidad de que nuestra comunidad desarrolle las mejores prácticas, use software abierto y reproducible y evalúe la incertidumbre general para mejorar la intercomparación y potenciar los conocimientos de los procesos físicos en los estudios de cambio de elevación de glaciares. Abstract. Observations of glacier mass changes are key to understanding the response of glaciers to climate change and related impacts, such as regional runoff, ecosystem changes, and global sea-level rise. Spaceborne optical and radar sensors make it possible to quantify glacier elevation changes, and thus multi-annual mass changes, on a regional and global scale. However, estimates from a growing number of studies show a wide range of results with differences often beyond uncertainty bounds. Here, we present the outcome of a community-based inter-comparison experiment using spaceborne optical stereo (ASTER) and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (TanDEM-X) data to estimate elevation changes for defined glaciers and target periods that pose different assessment challenges. Using provided or self-processed digital elevation models (DEMs) for five test sites, 12 research groups provided a total of 97 spaceborne elevation-change datasets using various processing strategies. Validation with airborne data showed that using an ensemble estimate is promising to reduce random errors from different instruments and processing methods, but still requires a more comprehensive investigation and correction of systematic errors. We found that scene selection, DEM processing, and co-registration have the biggest impact on the results. Other processing steps, such as treating spatial data voids, differences in survey periods, or radar penetration, can still be important for individual cases. Future research should focus on testing different implementations of individual processing steps (e.g. co-registration) and addressing issues related to temporal corrections, radar penetration, glacier area changes, and density conversion. Finally, there is a clear need for our community to develop best practices, use open, reproducible software, and assess overall uncertainty in order to enhance inter-comparison and empower physical process insights across glacier elevation-change studies. الخلاصة. تعتبر ملاحظات التغيرات في كتلة الأنهار الجليدية أساسية لفهم استجابة الأنهار الجليدية لتغير المناخ والآثار ذات الصلة، مثل الجريان السطحي الإقليمي وتغيرات النظام الإيكولوجي وارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر العالمي. تتيح أجهزة الاستشعار البصرية والرادارية المحمولة في الفضاء قياس التغيرات في ارتفاع الأنهار الجليدية، وبالتالي التغيرات الكتلية متعددة السنوات، على نطاق إقليمي وعالمي. ومع ذلك، تظهر التقديرات من عدد متزايد من الدراسات مجموعة واسعة من النتائج مع وجود اختلافات غالبًا ما تتجاوز حدود عدم اليقين. هنا، نقدم نتائج تجربة مقارنة مجتمعية باستخدام بيانات الاستريو البصري المحمول في الفضاء (ASTER) وبيانات قياس التداخل بالرادار ذي الفتحة الاصطناعية (TanDEM - X) لتقدير تغيرات الارتفاع للأنهار الجليدية المحددة والفترات المستهدفة التي تشكل تحديات تقييم مختلفة. باستخدام نماذج الارتفاع الرقمية المقدمة أو ذاتية المعالجة (DEMs) لخمسة مواقع اختبار، قدمت 12 مجموعة بحثية ما مجموعه 97 مجموعة بيانات لتغيير الارتفاع المحمول في الفضاء باستخدام استراتيجيات معالجة مختلفة. أظهر التحقق من البيانات المحمولة جواً أن استخدام تقدير المجموعة يعد بتقليل الأخطاء العشوائية من الأدوات وطرق المعالجة المختلفة، ولكنه لا يزال يتطلب تحقيقًا أكثر شمولاً وتصحيحًا للأخطاء المنهجية. وجدنا أن اختيار المشهد ومعالجة DEM والتسجيل المشترك لها أكبر تأثير على النتائج. يمكن أن تظل خطوات المعالجة الأخرى، مثل معالجة فراغات البيانات المكانية أو الاختلافات في فترات المسح أو اختراق الرادار، مهمة للحالات الفردية. يجب أن تركز الأبحاث المستقبلية على اختبار التطبيقات المختلفة لخطوات المعالجة الفردية (مثل التسجيل المشترك) ومعالجة القضايا المتعلقة بالتصحيحات الزمنية واختراق الرادار وتغيرات المنطقة الجليدية وتحويل الكثافة. أخيرًا، هناك حاجة واضحة لمجتمعنا لتطوير أفضل الممارسات، واستخدام برامج مفتوحة وقابلة للتكرار، وتقييم عدم اليقين العام من أجل تعزيز المقارنة البينية وتمكين رؤى العمليات المادية عبر دراسات تغيير ارتفاع الأنهار الجليدية.

Changing PV market conditions foster the use of PV storage systems and bring new challenges to the grid. This paper analyzes the influence of PV and PV battery systems on the voltage unbalance and the voltage magnitude. Different system topologies are evaluated by simulating their behavior in two different test grids. A sensitivity analysis is performed varying the size of the PV system, the size of the battery, the grid penetration of the systems and the phase connection. The analysis shows that voltage unbalance problems can occur in case of same phase connection of the systems. The results suggest that PV battery systems mitigate the problem for the two example grids depending on the PV power and battery size. For grids with equally distributed phase connections of either PV or PV battery systems, no violations of the voltage unbalance criterion are observed. 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3822-3828

In contrast to stiff backing materials (e.g. carbon paper) softer ones like carbon cloth are compressed over the ribs of the gas distributors or impressed into the channels when the PEFC is assembled. During fuel cell optimisation the interactions between the gas diffusion layer and the flow field are frequently neglected; hence flow fields as well as gas diffusion layers are commonly optimized independently. The DLR has investigated these interactions with a two-stage approach: At first the basic influence of the mechanical compression was analysed by measuring the generated current and the local current density distribution in the potentiostatic mode as a function of the contact pressure. These investigations were carried out with a segmented laboratory cell with an active area of 25 cm2. The overall performance as well as the local current density distribution shows a strong dependency on the compression state of the cell. Thereby, an optimal contact pressure exists, where the influences of the contact resistance and the mass transfer are minimized. The impression depth of the gas diffusion layer into the flow field channels was determined as a function of contact pressure by two different methods: optically and electronically. For this purpose an appropriate device was developed that consists of a copper plate with spark-eroded channels, ridges of acrylic glass therein and the gas diffusion layer on the ribs. While the outer appearance of this device is equal to the gas distributor of the fuel cell, this set-up acts as a parallel connection of different capacities. Accordingly, the depth of impression in the gas diffusion layer can be determined by measuring the change of the electrical capacity if the material is pressed in the channel structures.

Quality of life, natural and man-made environments, physical, social and mental well-being are currently undermined by all sorts of hazards and injuries; political, economical, social and cultural disarray normalise atrocious behaviours and violence throughout the world, in a context of dehumanisation, depersonalisation and reification. A theoretical and practical multidimensional ecosystemic approach and planning model is posited, intertwining, as donors and recipients, four dimensions of being-in-the-world: intimate, interactive, social and biophysical. Events are not reduced to fragmented representations of reality, but considered as configurations, resulting from a dynamic field, expressing the connections and ruptures between the different dimensions. Instead of being directed to the bubbles of the surface (reduced, taken for granted problems), projects of change contemplate the dynamic configurations formed by the intersection of the different dimensions "inside the boiling pot”.

Purpose:This research aims to develop a framework of sustainability performance measurement and to propose sustainability impact criteria that can be used to meas-ure complex sustainability impacts in the manufacturing industry. Methodology:Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP) and the Delphi method were used to calculate the weights of sustainability impact criteria. Then, the impact pathway of a life cycle assessment was constructed to illustrate the inter-relationship between each impact criterion. A proposed framework of sustainability performance measurement is presented along with the suggested sustainability im-pact criteria.Findings:Based on the Delphi method and Fuzzy-AHP, the environmental aspect is the area that has received the highestconcern (49.4%). The important endpoint im-pact criteria of the environmental aspect consist of Effect on global climate, Ecosys-tem quality, Animal biodiversity, and Resource management. Originality: The biggest challenge of sustainable development that is yet to be an-swered is how to measure sustainability performance. The environmental aspect is the area that has received the most attention while the economic and social aspects are still under-represented. To fill the gap, this research proposes a framework of sustainability performance measurement that considers all interrelationships be-tween each sustainability aspect

With the increase in energy of the Large Hadron Collider to a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV for Run 2, events with dense environments, such as in the cores of high-energy jets, became a focus for new physics searches as well as measurements of the Standard Model. These environments are characterized by charged-particle separations of the order of the tracking detectors sensor granularity. Basic track quantities are compared between 3.2 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected by the ATLAS experiment and simulation of proton-proton collisions producing high-transverse-momentum jets at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The impact of charged-particle separations and multiplicities on the track reconstruction performance is discussed. The efficiency in the cores of jets with transverse momenta between 200 GeV and 1600 GeV is quantified using a novel, data-driven, method. The method uses the energy loss, dE/dx, to identify pixel clusters originating from two charged particles. Of the charged particles creating these clusters, the measured fraction that fail to be reconstructed is $0.061 \pm 0.006 \textrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.014 \textrm{(syst.)}$ and $0.093 \pm 0.017 \textrm{(stat.)}\pm 0.021 \textrm{(syst.)}$ for jet transverse momenta of 200-400 GeV and 1400-1600 GeV, respectively. The European physical journal / C 77(10), 673 (2017). doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5225-7 Published by Springer, Berlin