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Latent heat thermal energy storage applications are increasing in modern days for various purposes, such as solar thermal applications, air conditioning, textile industries, pharmaceutical industries, etc. In the present work melting of Laurie acid (PCM) in a square enclosure with rectangular as well as T-shaped fin in the vertical and horizontal direction is studied numerically. It is observed that among T-shaped fins and rectangular fins, a vertical T-shaped fin has the least melting time. A vertical T-shaped fin reduces the melting time by up to 70.3% in comparison with a no-fin case in the bottom wall. But up to 80% melting process, a horizontal rectangular fin placed at a lower height gives the highest melting rate. Vertical fins always perform better than horizontal fins, for having a symmetrical convection current on both sides of the fin. Further horizontal T-shaped fin placed in the middle of the vertical wall performs better than the horizontal rectangular fin placed in the same position. But, the rectangular fin placed below the centre of the vertical wall performs melting much faster than the horizontal T-shaped fin, because of intensified convection current. Rectangular fin placed below the centre of the vertical wall reduces the melting time by 57.2% in comparison with no fin casein the side wall.

When countries transition to renewable energy, why do some countries benefit in terms of social equity outcomes more than others? This study examines the effects of technology, policy toolkits and path dependence on countries’ changing social equity outcomes, against alternative explanations including development, quality of governance, and demographic factors. Using a new country level measure of the social equity impacts of renewable energy deployment levels for 99 countries from 1990 to 2015, this Large-N study tests which country-level policy interventions and political conditions improve the social impacts of RE deployment regimes. Drawing on statistical models of panel data, we find that renewable energy adoption largely promotes greater social equity, although alternative renewable energy policies produce better social equity than feed-in tariffs. Further, social equity trajectories are constrained by countries' baseline human development indicators, highlighting that lower income countries facing greater income inequality will struggle to achieve gains in social equity equal to those of higher income countries when deploying RE. Data is currently under embargo but will be freely released for replication and public use upon publication.

It is essential to study CO2 emissions intensity as the most critical factor affecting temperature increase and climate change in a country like Iran, which ranked seven regarding CO2 emissions intensity. Investigating the convergence of CO2 emissions intensity is essential in recognizing its dynamics in identifying the effectiveness of government environmental policies. In this paper, using the Markov chain and spatial Markov chain methods, the convergence of CO2 emissions intensity from fossil-fuel consumption has been investigated in 28 provinces of Iran from 2002 to 2016. The empirical results showed that convergence clubs and neighbors significantly influenced the transition probability of regions to clubs with high and low CO2 emissions. Therefore, if a province had a neighbor with low (high) CO2 emissions intensity, the transition probability of this province to the club with low (high) CO2 intensity increased. Therefore, in provinces that have neighbors with low (high) CO2 emissions intensity, the transition probability to the club with low (high) CO2 intensity increases.

The review summarized a comprehensive view of the research being happened for direct valorisation of sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw and husk to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural production.

Abstract Life, on earth, is active only because of water devouring. Nature has provided a number of water resources such as surface water for instance rivers, lakes, springs, ground water and so on. By artificial means, man has created water storage systems such as excavated dams, check dams, reservoirs, tanks etc., to meet the basic water requirements throughout the year. But ever-growing population and poor water management skills of individuals have driven the globe towards serious water crisis. Solar distillation fills the gap between water scarcity and water productivity and remains one of the simplest methods of producing pure drinking water. Though many models in solar stills are being used across the globe, tilted wick type still excels with outstanding performance in the production of pure water. In this review, an attempt has been made in particular to study the factors that are involved in increasing the performance of tilted wick type solar distillation stills. This review covered the initiatives taken from the year 1985 being the first initiative in tilted wick type model to final tilted wick model on 2020 based on published articles.

Breathalysers are commonly employed to diagnose drunk drivers but their ability to accurately measure levels of ethanol will depend on a number of variables, including the instrument's quality, environmental temperature, pattern of respiration, the consumption of food and drugs, pathological condition, metabolic state, and mouth alcohol. This article will consider how these factors affect results and provides suggestions on how to improve the test's admissibility in evidence.

Herein, we report a metal/additive-free protocol for the activation of nitrile towards nucleophilic addition and subsequent annulation under an aqueous medium for the first time.