• Energy Research
• 7. Clean energy close
• 13. Climate action close
• 11. Sustainability close
• JP close

SummaryAn electric vehicle has more electronic parts than a gasoline‐powered vehicle. Not only the control circuits but also the driving circuits of electric vehicles are electrical, in contrast to those of gasoline‐powered vehicles. This means that there is a higher possibility of malfunctions in an electric vehicle due to electromagnetic disturbances caused by a lightning stroke. Therefore, it is important to establish lightning protection methodologies for electric vehicles. To clear up with the mechanisms whereby the lightning current following through the vehicle body and some other parts causes the malfunctions, it is important to clarify the transient magnetic fields and current distributions in electric vehicles. In this paper, the transient magnetic fields and the current distributions in an electric vehicle are simulated by the FDTD method, and the probability of lightning damage is discussed.

Abstract In order to improve the accuracy, validity, reliability and reproducibility of reported power conversion efficiencies for solar cells, the journal, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (SOLMAT), wishes to define how power conversion efficiencies should be reported. This expands upon what is specified in our Guide for Authors. This editorial also serves as a guide on how efficiency data should be checked within the reporting laboratory before sending cells or materials for testing at an independent laboratory. The threshold where the accuracy of efficiency values is important to the journal is whenever power conversion efficiencies require external quantum efficiencies (EQE) values above 50% over a large range of wavelengths or when reported power conversion efficiencies exceed 2.5%. Extra care should be taken in submitted manuscripts to document the measurement's quality, relevance and independent verification.

To enable prediction of future rice production in a changing climate, we need to understand the interactive effects of temperature and elevated [CO2] (E[CO2]). We therefore examined if the effect of E[CO2] on the light-saturated leaf photosynthetic rate (Asat) was affected by soil and water temperature (NT, normal; ET, elevated) under open-field conditions at the rice free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Shizukuishi, Japan, in 2007 and 2008. Season-long E[CO2] (+200 µmol mol(-1)) increased Asat by 26%, when averaged over two years, temperature regimes and growth stages. The effect of ET (+2°C) on Asat was not significant at active tillering and heading, but became negative and significant at mid-grain filling; Asat in E[CO2]-ET was higher than in ambient [CO2] (A[CO2])-NT by only 4%. Photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2] also became apparent at mid-grain filling; Asat compared at the same [CO2] in the leaf cuvette was significantly lower in plants grown in E[CO2] than in those grown in A[CO2]. The additive effects of E[CO2] and ET decreased Asat by 23% compared with that of A[CO2]-NT plants. Although total crop nitrogen (N) uptake was increased by ET, N allocation to the leaves and to Rubisco was reduced under ET and E[CO2] at mid-grain filling, which resulted in a significant decrease (32%) in the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation on a leaf area basis. Because the change in N allocation was associated with the accelerated phenology in E[CO2]-ET plants, we conclude that soil and water warming accelerates photosynthetic down-regulation at E[CO2].

When in vivo proton dosimetry is performed with a metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) detector, the response of the detector depends strongly on the linear energy transfer. The present study reports a practical method to correct the MOSFET response for linear energy transfer dependence by using a simplified Monte Carlo dose calculation method (SMC). A depth‐output curve for a mono‐energetic proton beam in polyethylene was measured with the MOSFET detector. This curve was used to calculate MOSFET output distributions with the SMC . The output value at an arbitrary point was compared with the value obtained by the conventional , which calculates proton dose distributions by using the depth‐dose curve determined by a parallel‐plate ionization chamber (PPIC). The ratio of the two values was used to calculate the correction factor of the MOSFET response at an arbitrary point. The dose obtained by the MOSFET detector was determined from the product of the correction factor and the MOSFET raw dose. When in vivo proton dosimetry was performed with the MOSFET detector in an anthropomorphic phantom, the corrected MOSFET doses agreed with the results within the measurement error. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful in vivo proton dosimetry with a MOSFET detector.PACS number: 87.56.‐v

Abstract The clathrate hydrate formation at the interface between liquefied carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and liquid water is one of the key processes in the course of direct CO 2 disposal into deep seas—an option to mitigate the emission of CO 2 into the atmosphere. Eight different models have been proposed so far on the formation and metabolic self-preservation of a hydrate film at the interface and also the mass transfer of CO 2 across the hydrate film. This paper reviews those rival models one by one and illustrates how they are discrepant. Each model is critically examined, and if any, its weakness in physical reality or mathematical formulation is pointed out. The state of the art of hydrate-film modeling thus revealed suggests the necessity of more careful consulting of pertinent experimental observations to establish our physical view about hydrate films, which should serve as the base of any further work on hydrate-film modeling.

Abstract published in Advance ACS Abstracts, April 1, 1995. 0022-365419512099-7 1 14$09.0010 oscillator approach will account for guest-water interactions as well as effects of guest movements on the chemical potential of water. In this work we extend these studies to simplified models of some larger molecules filling the large cavity of structure I. As in previous studies guest molecules are still modeled as spherical Lennard-Jones 12-6 particles. Chosen parameters correspond to previously published parameters applied to represent proper- ties of methane, ethane, ethylene, and carbon dioxide. Calcula- tions have been performed for several temperatures in the region of experimentally measured equilibrium between hydrate and ice, Le., up to a temperature of 273.15 K. A brief summary of the theory is given in section 2. The results obtained from the harmonic oscillator approach and the single-particle integrations are summarized in section 3. Cal- culated dissociation pressures for hydrate in equilibrium with ice are presented in section 4 and compared to experimental data. In section 5 we extrapolate these data to the region of hydrate in equilibrium with liquid water and compare derived results with experimental data. In section 6 we present some calculations for binary mixtures. Our conclusions are given in section 7.

The global community has set intensive targets in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to better people’s lives after closing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It corresponds to the 2030 aspirations of the United Nations to enhance and promote the sustainable development of human society. The current paper explores the impact of fiscal hedging and R&D in energy Using a green-energy system in SDGs. To do this, we used TOPSIS and QARDL methodologies on a 21-year dataset of South and Southeast Asian economies from 2000 to 2020. The study results show that fiscal hedging contributes favourably to the environmental degradation of the underlying economy. Research and development (R&D) in renewables has contributed negatively to ecological degradation and SDGs in the economies of South & Southeast Asia. This study suggests policy guidelines for advanced and developing economies based on fiscal stability and technical innovation through R&D to meet SDG.

Abstract To elucidate the gas generation mechanism due to electrolyte decomposition in commercial lithium-ion cells after long cycling, we developed a device which can accurately determine the volume of generated gas in the cell. Experiments on LixC6/Li1−xCoO2 cells using electrolytes such as 1 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are presented and discussed. In the nominal voltage range (4.2–2.5 V), compositional change due mainly to ester exchange reaction occurs, and gaseous products in the cell are little. Generated gas volume and compositional change in the electrolyte are detected largely in overcharged cells, and we discussed that gas generation due to electrolyte decomposition involves different decomposition reactions in overcharged and overdischarged cells.