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Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.AerChemMIP.MIROC.MIROC6' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MIROC6 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: aerosol: SPRINTARS6.0, atmos: CCSR AGCM (T85; 256 x 128 longitude/latitude; 81 levels; top level 0.004 hPa), land: MATSIRO6.0, ocean: COCO4.9 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 256 longitude/latitude; 63 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m), seaIce: COCO4.9. The model was run by the JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan) (MIROC) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Les insectes nuisibles sont un problème très courant dans les jardins de thé où ils causent une perte énorme chaque année. L'étude a été menée pour mesurer le potentiel d'un piège à lumière LED solaire en tant que technologie de lutte antiparasitaire respectueuse de l'environnement dans le jardin de thé du Bangladesh. Les résultats ont montré que le plus grand nombre d'insectes des ordres des coléoptères (3526) et des hémiptères (557) était capturé sous le piège à lumière LED solaire alors qu'il était le plus faible chez les hyménoptères (47) et les orthoptères (3). Les résultats de l'étude ont également indiqué que sur une moyenne de 9 jours, le nombre total d'insectes capturés était de 725, 244, 146, 112 et 85 à 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 et 22-11 heures, respectivement, alors qu'il était de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 et 3222 du 1er au 9e jour, respectivement. Par conséquent, le taux décroissant moyen avec le temps (horaire) a été calculé à 66,34, 40,16, 23,29 et 24,11 % par rapport à la 1ère heure (18h-19h). Le patron moyen de capture des insectes par rapport aux 1ers jours a été diminué ou vice-versa. De 18h00 à 11h00, l'intensité lumineuse initiale a été mesurée à 28 lux, ce qui a augmenté jusqu'à 245 lux à 20h00, puis a considérablement diminué. L'intensité lumineuse a une relation positive avec la capture des insectes. La plupart des insectes coléoptères et hémiptères ont été capturés sous faible intensité lumineuse en début de soirée (18h00). Par conséquent, l'étude a suggéré que le piège à lumière LED à base solaire pourrait avoir le potentiel de réduire un grand nombre de parasites du thé dans le jardin de thé. Las plagas de insectos son un problema muy común en el jardín de té, donde causan una gran pérdida cada año. El estudio se realizó para medir la potencialidad de una trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar como una tecnología de manejo de plagas ecológica en el jardín de té de Bangladesh. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor número de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera (3526) y Hemiptera (557) se capturaron bajo la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar, mientras que fue más bajo en Hymenoptera (47) y Orthoptera (3). Los resultados del estudio también indicaron que en un promedio de 9 días, el total de insectos capturados (número) fue de 725, 244, 146, 112 y 85 a las 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 y 10-11 pm, respectivamente, mientras que fue de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 y 3222 en los días 1 a 9, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la tasa media de disminución con el tiempo (por hora) se calculó en 66.34, 40.16, 23.29 y 24.11% en comparación con la 1ª hora (6-7 pm). El patrón medio capturado de los insectos en comparación con los primeros días disminuyó o viceversa. De 6:00 p. m. a 11:00 a. m., la intensidad de la luz inicial se midió a 28 lux, que se elevó hasta 245 lux a las 8:00 p. m., después de lo cual se redujo drásticamente. La intensidad de la luz tiene una relación positiva con la captura de insectos. La mayoría de los insectos coleópteros y hemípteros fueron capturados bajo baja intensidad de luz en la tarde (6.00 pm). Por lo tanto, el estudio sugirió que la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar podría tener el potencial de reducir una gran cantidad de plagas de té en el jardín de té. Insect pest is a very common problem in tea garden where they caused a huge loss in each year. The study was conducted to measure the potentiality of a solar based LED light trap as an eco-friendly pest management technology in the tea garden of Bangladesh. The results showed that the highest number of insects from Coleoptera (3526) and Hemiptera (557) orders were captured under the solar based LED light trap while it was lowest in Hymenoptera (47) and Orthoptera (3). The study results also indicated that in an average of 9 days, total captured insects (number) were 725, 244, 146, 112, and 85 at 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, and 10-11 pm, respectively while it was 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 and 3222 at 1st to 9th days, respectively. Hence, the average decreasing rate with time (hourly) was computed at 66.34, 40.16, 23.29, and 24.11% compared to the 1st hour (6-7 pm). The average captured pattern of the insects compared to the 1st days was decreased or vice-versa. From 6.00 pm to 11.00 am, the initial light intensity was measured at 28 lux which raised up to 245 lux at 8.00 pm after that it down drastically. Light intensity has a positive relation with insect capture. Most of the Coleopteran and Hemipteran insects were captured under low light intensity in the early evening (6.00 pm). Therefore, the study suggested that the solar based LED light trap might have the potential to reduce a great number of tea pests in the tea garden. الآفات الحشرية هي مشكلة شائعة جدا في حديقة الشاي حيث تسببت في خسارة كبيرة في كل عام. أُجريت الدراسة لقياس إمكانات مصيدة إضاءة LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية كتقنية صديقة للبيئة لإدارة الآفات في حديقة الشاي في بنغلاديش. وأظهرت النتائج أن أكبر عدد من الحشرات من غمديات الأجنحة (3526) ونصف الأجنحة (557) تم التقاطها تحت فخ ضوء LED الشمسي بينما كان أدنى مستوى في غشاء البكارة (47) و Orthoptera (3). كما أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه في متوسط 9 أيام، بلغ إجمالي الحشرات التي تم اصطيادها (العدد) 725 و 244 و 146 و 112 و 85 في 6-7 و 7-8 و 8-9 و 9-10 و 10-11 مساءً، على التوالي، بينما كان 656 و 1004 و 566 و 3970 و 602 و 489 و 680 و 620 و 3222 في الأيام من الأول إلى التاسع على التوالي. وبالتالي، تم حساب متوسط معدل التناقص مع الوقت (بالساعة) عند 66.34 و 40.16 و 23.29 و 24.11 ٪ مقارنة بالساعة الأولى (6-7 مساءً). انخفض متوسط النمط الذي تم التقاطه من الحشرات مقارنة بالأيام الأولى أو العكس. من الساعة 6:00 مساءً إلى الساعة 11:00 صباحًا، تم قياس شدة الضوء الأولية عند 28 لوكس والتي ارتفعت إلى 245 لوكس في الساعة 8:00 مساءً بعد ذلك انخفضت بشكل كبير. شدة الضوء لها علاقة إيجابية مع التقاط الحشرات. تم التقاط معظم حشرات غمدية الأجنحة ونصف الأجنحة تحت شدة الإضاءة المنخفضة في وقت مبكر من المساء (6.00 مساءً). لذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى أن مصيدة ضوء LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية قد يكون لها القدرة على تقليل عدد كبير من آفات الشاي في حديقة الشاي.

Chinese long flame coal named Naomaohu was pyrolyzed at 600 °C under hydrogen pressures of 0.1–3.0 MPa. The resultant chars were gasified at 900 °C under carbon dioxide to illustrate the correlatio...

Abstract A three dimensional numerical model of the northwest (NW) Sabalan geothermal system was developed on the basis of the designed conceptual model from available field data. A numerical model of the reservoir was expressed with a grid system of a rectangular prism of 12 km × 8 km with 4.6 km height, giving a total area of 96 km2. The model has 14 horizontal layers ranging in thickness between 100 m to 1000 m extending from a maximum of 3600 to −1000 m a.s.l. Fifteen rock types were used in the model to assign different horizontal permeabilities from 5.0 × 10−18 to 4.0 × 10−13 m2 based on the conceptual model. Natural state modeling of the reservoir was performed, and the results indicated good agreements with measured temperature and pressure in wells. Numerical simulations were conducted for predicting reservoir performances by allocating production and reinjection wells at specified locations. Three different exploitation scenarios were examined for sustainability of reservoir for the next 30 years. Effects of reinjection location and required number of makeup wells to maintain the specified fluid production were evaluated. The results showed that reinjecting at Site B, immediate adjacent to production zone, is most effective for pressure maintenance of the system. On the base of existing data and assumptions the reservoir can sustain producing fluid equivalent to 50 MWe of electricity for more than 30 years. The reservoir can produce the maximum amount of fluids equivalent to 90–100 MWe for only 5 years, but the production capacity decreases to 50 MWe after 20 years of operation because of pressure and enthalpy drop. The reservoir can sustain 50 MWe over 100 years that can be defined as a sustainable production level of the field.

A mixed-potential-type sensor was fabricated using yttria-stabilized zirconia and various zinc-based oxide sensing electrodes (SEs) with the goal of detecting hydrocarbons (HCs) in automobile exhausts. Among the various zinc-based oxide SEs examined, ZnCr 2 O 4 was found to give highly selective and sensitive response to C 3 H 6 at 550°C even in the presence of 5 vol % H 2 O. The Aemf (electromotive force) of the sensor showed almost linear dependence with the logarithm of C 3 H 6 concentration. In addition, it was found that the sensitivity of the present sensor varied linearly with the carbon number of various HCs examined.

Global warming caused by the emission of fossil fuel consumption has become critical, leading to the inevitable trend of clean energy development. Of the power generation systems using solar energy, the floating photovoltaic (FPV) system is a new type, attracting wide attention because of its many merits. The latest progress in the research and applications of FPVs from multiple aspects is summarized in this paper. First, the development of FPVs is briefly described with a summary of typical installed FPV systems. Innovative photovoltaic design concepts and hybrid usage with other renewable energies are emphasized for offshore applications. Furthermore, critical structural design considerations are discussed, particularly emphasizing critical aspects such as load estimations, wave-structure interaction analysis, floating structure types, and mooring system design. Finally, several significant future challenges to the development and applications of marine FPV systems are identified, including survivability in the open sea, long-term reliability, and environmental impact. It aims to provide a broad overview of the development status, offering limited insights into the trends and challenges for marine FPV systems.

Abstract not Available.

The influence of microporous layer (MPL) design parameters for gas diffusion layers (GDLs) on the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) was clarified. Appropriate MPL design parameters vary depending on the humidification of the supplied gas. Under low humidification, decreasing both the MPL pore diameter and the content of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the MPL is effective to prevent drying-up of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and enhance PEFC performance. Increasing the MPL thickness is also effective for maintaining the humidity of the MEA. However, when the MPL thickness becomes too large, oxygen transport to the electrode through the MPL is reduced, which lowers PEFC performance. Under high humidification, decreasing the MPL mean flow pore diameter to 3 μm is effective for the prevention of flooding and enhancement of PEFC performance. However, when the pore diameter becomes too small, the PEFC performance tends to decrease. Both reduction of the MPL thickness penetrated into the substrate and increase in the PTFE content to 20 mass% enhance the ability of the MPL to prevent flooding.

Reactions of various substituted quinoline 1-oxides with cyanogen bromide in ethanol were investigated. The corresponding ethyl N-(8-quinolyl) carbamates were formed in most cases, but their yields were rather low except reactions of N-oxides of 4-quinolinol (If), 4-aminoquinoline (Ig), 2-quinolinol (IXf), 5-nitroquinoline (XXVI) and 6-chloroquinoline (XXX). In addition to 8-quinolylcarbamates, 2-quinolylcarbamates (VIc and VIe) were obtained from reactions of 4-ethoxyquinoline 1-oxide (Ic) and lepidine 1-oxide (Ie), and further the 6-quinolylcarbamate (VII) was also isolated in the latter case. The reaction of 4-quinolinol 1-oxide (If) gave the 3-quinolylcarbamate (VIII) as the main product besides 8-quinolyl derivatives, IIf and IIi. 2-Imino-1, 2, 4-oxadiazolo [2, 3-α] quinoline hydrobromide (XVI) was produced without the participation of ethanol in a good yield of 65% from the reaction of 2-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (IXg). From 8-ethoxycarbonylaminoquinoline 1-oxide (XX), a small amount of 2, 8-bis (ethoxycarbonylamino)-quinoline (XXI) was obtained. The features and mechanisms of some reactions were also discussed.