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As the European building stock is in evident need of deep energy retrofitting to meet current European decarbonisation targets, the construction market calls for industrialised systems to boost massive renovations and activate economies of scale. The article outlines the development of an offsite fabricated system for building energy refurbishment through rainscreen fa��ade elements. A focus is placed on such elements as they offer excellent system integration possibilities and the opportunity to boost the level of offsite fabrication, compared to other already industrialised fa��ade systems, such as unitised fa��ades. This research was carried out within the framework of BuildHEAT research project, funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme. The system concept is based on a systemic approach that combines energy efficiency, multifunctionality, integration of renewable energies, and ease of installation as design drivers. System development has rolled out through different phases, with an increased level of detail. During the schematic design phase, a set of different prefabricated fa��ade panel dimensions were analysed. Afterwards, the component and system integration were assessed according to their impacts in terms of energy performance and fulfilment of mandatory technical requirements. As a last step, the most promising technical combinations underwent detailed design to verify construction feasibility and eliminate any bottlenecks during the fabrication phase. Results show that the proposed prefabricated solutions allowed: (i) simplified active system integration (photovoltaics, solar thermal, and building services), (ii) ease of installation on site, minimising the impact of renovation actions on occupants without compromising on final quality and reducing installation costs. Current limitations to extensive market diffusion of the system are related to two main aspects: (i) the need for on-site adjustments; and (ii) increased manufacturing costs compared to traditional external insulation interventions (e.g. ETICS). The current cost of the system (2020) is in the range of 3 - 1.5x the cost of, respectively, an ETICS or a vented rainscreen fa��ade. However, as a next step, including the life-cycle perspective in the calculation, as well as accounting for economies of scale, the system will be evaluated, expecting a cost figure comparable to the rainscreen fa��ade. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): Facade Design and Engineering

{"references": ["Ilmarinen. J, Tuomi. K, Eskelinen. L, Nygard. C-H, Huuhtanen. P & Klockars., Background and objectives of the finish research project on\naging workers in municipal occupations, Second. J. Work Environ. Health, Vol.17, Supplement 1, 1981, pp.7-11.", "Kawakami. M & Kajihara. Y (2001), A model for activating the elderly in the production system, Proc. of NES2001, 2001, pp.359-363.", "Seisamo. J & Ilmarinen. J (1997), Life-Style aging and work ability\namong active finish workers in 1981-1992, Second. J. Work Environ.\nHealth, Vol.23, Supplement 1, 1997, pp.20-26.", "Nygard. C-H, Huuhtanen. P, Tuomi. K & Martikainen. R, Perceived work\nchanges between 1981 and 1992 among aging workers in finland, Second.\nJ. Work Environ. Health, Vol.23, Supplement 1, 1997, pp.12-19.", "Haermae. M & Ilmarinen. J, Towards the 24-hour Society-New\nApproaches for Aging Shift Workers?, Second. J. Work Environ. Health, Vol. 25, No.6, 1999, pp.610-615.", "Huuhtanen. P, The aging worker in a changing work environment, Second.\nJ. Work Environ. Health, Vol.14, Supplement 1, 1998, pp.21-23.", "Ilmarinen. J, Aging workers, Occupational & Environmental Medicine,\nVol.58, Issue 8, 2001, pp.546-552.", "Kondo. M, Working-hours management for prevention of heat disorders\nin workplaces at high temperature, Journal of working environment,\nVol.29, No.4, 2008, pp. 62-70.", "Shishime. T, Promoting countermeasures on urban heat island towards\nlow carbon society, Environmental & sanitary engineering research,\nVol.22, No.3, 2008, pp. 195-198.\n[10] FY 2008 Annual Energy Report (outline) (2009, Aug). Agency for\nNatural Resources and Energy (ANRE) (Online). Available:\nhttp://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/report/outline.pdf.\n[11] Global Environment Global Environment News Headline. The FY 2008\nAnnual Report on Ozone Layer Monitoring (2009, Sep 14). Ministry of\nthe Environment Government (Online). Available:\nhttp://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/headline.php."]} The top-heavy demographic of low birth-rate and longer lifespan is a growing social problem, and one of its expected effects will be a shortage of young workers and a growing reliance on a workforce of middle-aged and older people. However, the environment of today's industrial workplace is not particularly suited to middle-aged and older workers, one notable problem being temperature control. Higher temperatures can cause health problems such as heat stroke, and the number of cases increases sharply in people over 65. Moreover, in conditions above 33°C, older people can develop circulatory system disorders, and also have a higher chance of suffering a fatal heart attack. We therefore propose a new method for controlling temperature in the indoor workplace. In this study two different verification experiments were conducted, with the proposed temperature control method being tested in cargo containers and conventional houses. The method's effectiveness was apparent in measurements of temperature and electricity consumption

The paper illustrates the use of aerogel technology in fa��ades to reduce thermal bridging and limit condensation. Additionally by mitigating local thermal bridges the indoor climate, especially draught and molds creation, can be eliminated as the surface temperature increases and prevents these negative factors. Curtain walls, in comparison to opaque wall, are often not designed in an energy efficient way and can be large contributors to heat loss of buildings. This is common for curtain walls in Asia and North America, where the energy requirements are not as demanding as in Europe. Building envelopes have many details which can easily introduce thermal bridge due to limited space of insulation or incorrectly solved construction detail. The heat flow through a poor thermally-performing detail, e.g. exposed concrete slab, could account for over 40% of the heat loss of the fa��ade. The contribution of a well-insulated slab could be less than 10%. Unfortunately, traditional insulation techniques are often not suitable due to limited installation space. This paper discusses several case studies whereby the performance of a reference case is compared to a case with a thermally optimized fa��ade implementing Building Insulation Blanket (BIB), which uses silica based aerogel technology. The thermal conductivity of BIB can be as low as 0.015W/mK, and together with its high flexibility and fire resistance enables new design possibilities. The use of BIB in the case studies, contributed to the reduction of overall curtain wall thermal transmittance up to 30%. Additionally condensation risk was significantly reduced. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Special Issue Powerskin

Development partners and donor agencies often target programs and projects in poverty stricken and vulnerable regions around the world. However, there is paucity on economic and financial analysis of such investments. This study contributes to the literature by assessing financial internal rate of return (FIRR) and economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of livestock agribusiness, a vital component of ‘High Mountain Agribusiness and Livelihood Improvement’ (HIMALI) project supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2011 to 2018 in ten mountain districts of Nepal. The analysis employs a unique dataset on annual cost (investment, operation and labour) and revenue of 138 livestock agribusiness from 2013 to 2017. The study estimates the EIRR and FIRR of six important livestock species namely, goat, sheep, mountain goat known as chyangra, chauri (a cross-bred of yak and local hill cow), cattle and pig raised in high uplands of Nepal. The overall EIRR of livestock agribusiness is 15% with the highest EIRR observed for sheep (18%), followed by goat (16%), chauri (14%), chyangra (14%) and pig (12%) farm enterprises. By contrast, the overall FIRR of livestock agribusiness is just 12%. Sensitivity analysis shows that the livestock agribusiness is highly sensitive to changes in revenue and operation costs. Some of the major challenges identified are lack of veterinary services and capital to scale-up agribusiness, inadequate market linkages, and limited pasture land. Among livestock agribusiness, sheep, goat, chyangra, and chauri have a high potential in high mountains. However, the low FIRR indicates a high risk to agribusiness. The study therefore recommends local, provincial and federal governments to deliver reliable extension services, improve market access and provide financial support to ensure the financial sustainability of livestock enterprises in the most difficult and economically lagged region of the country.

This research analyzes the changes to electricity generation and demand in Japan following both the Global Financial Crisis and Disaster of March 2011. Monthly electricity demand and generation data for all regions of Japan from April 2005 to March 2016 were reviewed to identify differences in disruption-response between different types of electricity users. We apply inferential statistics to identify underlying trends, which we find are dominated by differences in user scale response. Higher capacity users reduced demand in response to the Global Financial Crisis, whereas smaller domestic scale users reduced electricity demand after the Disaster. Analysis reveals that regions within the 50Hz grid that were directly impacted by the Fukushima event and resulting load restrictions showed a statistically significant sustained reduction in monthly electricity demand post-disaster. However, Kansai and Shikoku, regions that are both outside the area directly impacted by the Fukushima event, also showed the same sorts of sustained significant reductions. By considering two disruptions to the same sociotechnical system we can draw conclusions that add to the discourse of electricity use behaviors, which informs both disaster response planning and policy for the broader issues of electricity demand reduction for climate stabilisation. In particular, the results highlight the importance of tailoring engagement and intervention actions to the preferences and needs of different types of electricity users. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol. 31 (2021)

{"references": ["Fedosejeva, J., Bo\u010de, A., Romanova, M., Ili\u0161ko, A., Ivanova, O., (2018). Education for Sustainable Development: The Choice of Pedagogical Approaches and Methods for the Implementation of Pedagogical Tasks in the Anthropocene Age.Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability. 20(1), 157-179.", "Aboul-Enein, J., (2004). Islamic Rulings on Warfare.Darby: Diane Publishing.", "UN General Assembly, (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development", "Pint\u00e9r, L.(2005) Sustainable Development Indicators - Proposals for a way forward", "UN Report, (2016). Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators", "Pint\u00e9r, L. (2005). Sustainable Development Indicators. Proposals for a way forward", "UNEP Discussion Paper, (2015). \"Sustainable Consumption and Production Indicators for the future SDGs\"", "Ichinose, T. (2017). An Analysis of Transformation of Teaching and Learning of Japanese Schools that Significantly Addressed Education for Sustainable Development, Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability 19(2) 36-50"]} Sustainable development has become one of the prioritiesin this decade particular to those developing nations. This paper aims to achieve sustainable development (SD) through education, and propose 3-steps approach to investigate the interplay of environment, society, economy and SD in enabling international education. The study first identified impact factors and measurable metrics; in addition, itinvestigatesthe impacts of education for SD in several tactical areas such as; human capital, environment, library science and culture, to shed light on the SD roadmap.The study applies case study of international education program, as an example, to illustrate the feasibility of SD, and proposes global strategies and approaches.The principles of the global strategy are finally examined in the context of elemental characteristicsdetails necessary for internationaleducation for SD

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.MIROC.MIROC-ES2L.historical' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MIROC-ES2L climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: aerosol: SPRINTARS6.0, atmos: CCSR AGCM (T42; 128 x 64 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top level 3 hPa), land: MATSIRO6.0+VISIT-e ver.1.0, ocean: COCO4.9 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 256 longitude/latitude; 63 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m), ocnBgchem: OECO ver.2.0; NPZD-type with C/N/P/Fe/O cycles, seaIce: COCO4.9. The model was run by the JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan) (MIROC) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 500 km, atmos: 500 km, land: 500 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.MIROC.MIROC-ES2L' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MIROC-ES2L climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: aerosol: SPRINTARS6.0, atmos: CCSR AGCM (T42; 128 x 64 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top level 3 hPa), land: MATSIRO6.0+VISIT-e ver.1.0, ocean: COCO4.9 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 256 longitude/latitude; 63 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m), ocnBgchem: OECO ver.2.0; NPZD-type with C/N/P/Fe/O cycles, seaIce: COCO4.9. The model was run by the JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan) (MIROC) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 500 km, atmos: 500 km, land: 500 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.MIROC.MIROC6.ssp370' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MIROC6 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: aerosol: SPRINTARS6.0, atmos: CCSR AGCM (T85; 256 x 128 longitude/latitude; 81 levels; top level 0.004 hPa), land: MATSIRO6.0, ocean: COCO4.9 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 256 longitude/latitude; 63 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m), seaIce: COCO4.9. The model was run by the JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan), AORI (Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan), and R-CCS (RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan) (MIROC) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.