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This study deals with the core design of a PM vernier machine considering modulation flux effects, and the comparative investigation on volume and performance characteristics of the vernier over conventional PM machines are addressed. To these ends, for a PM vernier machine in operation at the base-speed, the flux density equations for teeth and yokes considering the flux modulation effects are derived, where the air gap harmonic permeance function is used. Using the derived equations, a PM vernier motor with specified yoke flux densities is designed. To identify the predicted flux yoke densities, the flux distribution and iron losses in core parts are analyzed through time-step finite element (FE) simulations. Through Fourier series expansion of the air gap flux waves obtained by FE analysis at several specified times, the harmonic components constituting the flux waves are investigated and their speeds are also evaluated in numerical ways. Finally, to estimate the competitiveness of vernier machines versus conventional machines, the designed PM vernier motor is compared against two different conventional PM motors designed through the same design procedures in various aspects such as volume, torque capacity, efficiency, and power factor, in which, in particular, the core losses are included in efficiency calculation.

As smart cities become a global topic, interest in smart mobility, the core of smart cities, is also growing. The technology that comes closest to general users is “autonomous driving”. In particular, the successful market entry and establishment of some private companies proved that “autonomous driving” is not technology of the future but imminent reality. However, safety in autonomous vehicles that rely on sensors instead of the driver’s five senses has been the focus of attention from the beginning and continues to be so. In this study, we attempted to counter this interest. Based on the actual data of thirty traffic accidents, assuming the AEBS (Autonomous Emergency Braking System) was installed to assist the driver in safe driving, it was reinterpreted through simulation to see what changes occurred in the accident. In the computer program, PC-Crash, the results were first analyzed through simulation using Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Program)’s AEBS test standards. Subsequently, the other variables in the AEBS were controlled and the accident was reinterpreted by changing only the angle of the radar detection sensor. As a result, it was confirmed that a total of 27 accidents out of thirty accidents could have been prevented with the AEBS. In addition, it proved that the crash avoidance rate of vehicles gradually increased as the radar angle increased.

The leaves of Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda have long been used as a traditional herb for treating disorders including coughs, asthma, and insect bites. According to recent studies, A. yomena leaf extracts have several pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-asthmatic activities. However, little information is available regarding their anti-obesity effect. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extracts of A. yomena leaves (EEAY) on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. When 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with various concentrations of EEAY (ranging from non-toxic), the number of lipid droplets, lipid content, and triglyceride production, the typical characteristics of adipocytes, were suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner. During this process, EEAY significantly reduced the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and β, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. In addition, EEAY was also found to potently inhibit the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and leptin. In particular, EEAY treatment effectively enhanced the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway; however, the co-treatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, significantly restored the EEAY-induced inhibition of pro-adipogenic transcription factors and adipocyte-specific genes. These results indicate that EEAY may exert an anti-obesity effect by controlling the AMPK signaling pathway, suggesting that the leaf extract of A. yomena may be a potential anti-obesity agent.

Domestic agro-byproduct potential in Korea is estimated to be approximately 4,018 × 103 tons of oil equivalent per year. Majority of agro-byproducts are unused and discarded. These unused agro-byproducts can potentially be converted into solid fuel for value addition. The energy potentials of solid fuels are generally characterized by proximate analysis and measuring calorific value; however, owing to the use of coal and coke, both the analyses could be expensive and time-consuming. Proximate analysis via thermogravimetric analysis is a relatively low cost and less time-consuming method than proximate analysis by ISO method (ISO 18134-1:2015, ISO 18123:2015, ISO 18122:2015). Thermogravimetric analysis-based proximate analysis of four agro-byproducts (pepper stem, perilla stem, corn stalk, and kenaf) was conducted. Additionally, the calorific values obtained from several equations based on the proximate analysis results were compared to that of the calorific value measured using calorimeter. The maximum difference between proximate analysis using thermogravimetric analysis and ISO method was 4.73%p, which was attributed to change in moisture content. It is recommended to measure the moisture content of biomass for 120–150 min (at 105 °C) and ash content for 80–120 min (at 815 °C). Three of the equations indicated a difference of less than 1.5 MJ kg−1 between the TGA-derived and the measured calorific value. For this study, It was determined that both proximate analysis and prediction calorific value can be conducted by thermogravimetric analysis.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.NIMS-KMA.KACE-1-0-G.ssp370' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The KACE1.0-GLOMAP climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: aerosol: UKCA-GLOMAP-mode, atmos: MetUM-HadGEM3-GA7.1 (N96; 192 x 144 longitude/latitude; 85 levels; top level 85 km), land: JULES-HadGEM3-GL7.1, ocean: MOM4p1 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 50 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: CICE-HadGEM3-GSI8 (tripolar primarily 1deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude). The model was run by the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences/Korea Meteorological Administration, Climate Research Division, Seoho-bukro 33, Seogwipo-si, Jejudo 63568, Republic of Korea (NIMS-KMA) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

The objectives of this study are to: estimate African countries’ Government Openness Index (AGOI) to see the updated progress of open government in those countries, examine which areas African countries should further improve for sustainable development, and compare the performance of the Open Government Partnership (OGP) member countries to that of non-OGP countries in forming AGOI. This study developed the AGOI with 32 selected countries and four factors (ACC (accountability), TRA (transparency), CPF (citizen participation and freedom) and ICT (information and communication technology)) for the period of 2006–2019. The results show that African countries have continuously increased the values of AGOI for the period. ACC has barely changed, but TRA has increased slightly. Both CPF and ICT have increased at higher growth rates during the period. The OGP group reached much better scores than their non-OGP counterparts, with positive differences in AGOI, ICT, CPF, and TRA, except ACC. The results of this study suggest that the constantly increasing CPF and ICT levels in countries that have similar conditions as African countries should be further improved to function well enough to build accountability and transparency. It is also recommended that countries join the OGP in order to move towards improving government openness and creating sustainable development.

There are few studies on kinematic, kinematic, and energy consumption after robot training, so it is urgent to study this part. In a small retrospective open-label study, the results of spatiotemporal parameters and kinetic and kinematic analyzes of patients with chronic stroke in patients who underwent gait using an end-effector robot were compared with those of Gait speed, Cadence , Stride time, and stride speed, improvement of hip extension in kinematic analysis as a whole, and reduction of anterior tilting in pelvis. This suggests that robot-assisted gait training may improve the kinematic index Randomized Controlled Trial design is a systematic study. In addition, it is important to evaluate the energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory load of robot-assisted walking therapy for the rehabilitation of patients at risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke patients with impaired cardiopulmonary function. The purpose of gait therapy in stroke patients is to improve the efficiency of energy consumption by calibrating patterns of gait and asymmetry of gait movements. This is also an important issue for gait researchers. The authors reported that when using an end-effector type robot, the oxygen consumption was statistically significantly lower during the robot-assisted walking compared to when the robot was not assisted by the robot. During the walking with the exoskeleton type robot, and when compared to OTW (Overground treadmill walking) during ATW, there was a statistically significant decrease in mean oxygen consumption There was a report. However, previous researches did not compare the pre - treatment and post - treatment, but there is no report on the possibility of improvement of oxygen consumption after robot - assisted gait training. In this study, we divided the patients into two groups. One group was treated with 6-week gait training using an end-effector type robot-assisted walking device and the other group was treated with gait therapy for the same period of time. Six weeks after the end of the treatment, three-dimensional motion analysis, foot pressure analysis and energy consumption analysis were performed to obtain robot assisted training in terms of space time index, kinematics, kinematic index, dynamic EMG activation pattern, The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the improvement in walking performance and the energy consumption efficiency of walkers are more effective than the conventional walking training group. the three most natural walking cycles Calculate kinematical index and spatio-temporal index according to each gait cycle Dynamic EMG analysis Dynamic EMG was performed by attaching surface EMG to the skin using Medial GCM, Tibialis Anterior, Vastus Medialis, Rectus Femoris, Medial Hamstring, and Gluteus Maximus of both lower limbs using a wireless Delsys Trigno Sensor System (Delsys Inc, USA) Measure the signal and convert it to Root mean square (RMS). (Figure 5) EMG signal sampling rate: 2000 samples / sec Filter: EMG signal bandwidth 20- 450 Hz Surface electrode: Parallel bar electrode The measured EMG signals are obtained by measuring the duration and the period of activity according to the walking cycle and analyzing the degree of activation. 1. Medial GCM, Tibialis Anterior, Vastus Medialis, Rectus Femoris, Medial Hamstring, and Gluteus Maximus 2. Starting and ending points of muscle activation cycle 3. Muscle activation duration and RMS integral and peak value 4. The root mean square (RMS) value divided by 16 sections divided by time 5. Comparison between the right side and the left side 2-2. Energy consumption analysis Use K4b2 (COSMED, Italy) as a wearable metabolic system (Fig. 6) Measure O2 cost [ml / (m / kg)] and O2 rate (ml / min / kg) The walking distance was measured by walking with the self-selected gait velocity while wearing K4b2 (COSMED, Italy) for 5 minutes in total. The walking distance was measured for 3 minutes except the first 1 minute and the last 1 minute of oxygen consumption data for 5 minutes Using O2 rate and O2 cost 2-3. Foot pressure analysis The foot pressure was measured using a F-Scan system (Tekscan, USA) with a 0.16-mm thick, 980 force-sensing resistors (3.88 sensors per centimeter square) After inserting the pressure insoles, calibrate them according to the Tekscan user manual (Tekscan Research Software User Manual version 6.7 Rev. D, 2003) and measure them and analyze them as follows. 2-4. Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA) for Lower extremities 2-5. 10m walking test 2-6. Berg balance scale(BBS) 2-7. Timed up and go test(TUG) 2-8. Functional Ambulation Category(FAC) 2-9. Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS) 2-10. Rivermead Mobility Index(RMI) 2-11. Functional independence measure(FIM) Restoration of gait independence in stroke patients is one of the most important goals of rehabilitation therapy, and gait rehabilitation is one of the most important treatments in the treatment of stroke because it is a major factor affecting rehabilitation after stroke. In the rehabilitation of patients with post - stroke walking disorders, previous physical therapy was mainly manual therapy using therapist 's physical effort and walking training with walking aids. In recent years, however, emphasis has been placed on therapies based on motor learning concepts, which allow the patient to intensively train the exercise as closely as possible to the ultimate goal. The robot used for walking rehabilitation includes exoskeleton walking robot such as Lokomat® (Hocoma AG, Switzerland), Walkbot-G® (P & S Mechanics, Korea), MorningWalk® (Curexo, Korea) According to the Systematic Review, which compares two types of robot-assisted gait treatment divided into end-effector type, which is not an exoskeletal type such as System® (Rehatech, Switzerland) It has been reported that the percentage of patients who were able to walk independently when treated with a robot was higher than that of an exoskeleton-type robot. In this regard, in terms of acquisition of independent gait, studies on the therapeutic effect of the exoskeleton-type robot and the end-effector-type robot before and after the gait therapy were continuously performed, but 80% of the patients obtained independent gait, Despite the fact that many of these patients have abnormal walking, research has not yet been conducted. In previous studies, there was a statistically significant improvement in parameters of Gait speed, Cadence, and step length when compared with spatiotemporal parameters in training using exoskeleton robots for stroke patients. In another study, Gait speed and Cadence did not show a statistically significant improvement, and the effect on Gait speed and Cadence is still unknown. However, unlike exoskeletal robots, end-effector robotic gait training has been reported to improve Gait speed in most studies compared to conventional gait training. In addition, Cadence, Temporal symmetry ratio, Single, an improved side stride length, an improvement in the symmetry index of stance phase, and an improvement in Gait endurance. In this way, the end effector type robot walking training is more likely to improve walking quality than the exoskeleton type robot. The end-effector type robot, which is different from the exoskeleton type, reproduces the gait using the ankle joint to induce the movement of the knee joint and the hip joint. Therefore, it is possible to control the ankle joint, which is essential for improving the gait pattern. It is considered that the end effector type robot which can control the ankle joint is more likely to induce the improvement of the gait pattern than the existing exoskeleton type robot because it shows limitations in reproducing the ankle rocker motion.

Communicating the "97%"’ scientific consensus has been the centerpiece of the effort to persuade climate skeptics. Still, this strategy may not work well for those who mistrust climate scientists, to begin with. We examine how the American public---Republicans in particular---respond when provided with a relatively detailed causal explanation summarizing why scientists have concluded that human activities are responsible for climate change. Based on a preregistered survey experiment (N = 3007) we assessed the effectiveness of detailed causal evidence vs. traditional consensus messaging. We found that both treatments had noticeable effects on belief in human-caused climate change, with the causal evidence being slightly more effective, though we did not observe equivalent patterns in changes in attitudes toward climate policies. We conclude that conveying scientific information serves more as a remedy than a cure, reducing but not eliminating misperceptions about climate change and opposition to climate policies.