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Alcohol-mediated liver injury is associated with changes in the level of the major cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). It is interesting to investigate if the changes in intracellular GSH level through exogenous agents affect the intracellular cysteine content and the protein adduct formation indicative of oxidative insult in chronic alcohol treated liver cells. In VL-17A cells treated with 2 mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or 0.1 mM ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) plus 100 mM ethanol, an increase in cysteine concentration which was accompanied by decreases in hydroxynonenal (HNE) and glutathionylated protein adducts were observed. Pretreatment of 100 mM ethanol treated VL-17A cells with 0.4 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or 1 mM diethyl maleate (DEM) had opposite effects. Thus, altered GSH level through exogenous agents may either potentiate or ameliorate chronic alcohol-mediated protein adduct formation and change the cysteine level in chronic alcohol treated VL-17A cells. The gene expression of non-treated and ethanol-treated hepatocytes in 2 microarray datasets was also compared to locate differentially expressed genes involved in cysteine metabolism. The study demonstrates that increased protein adducts formation and changes in cysteine concentration occur under chronic alcohol condition in liver cells which may increase alcohol-mediated oxidative injury.

Abstract This study analysis the Energy Efficiency Program of the Municipality of Brvenica, examining its budgetary aspects through the lens of gender-responsive measures. The program, spanning 2022-2024, allocates funds for diverse energy efficiency projects but falls short in addressing residential households and lacks ambitious renewable energy measures. The absence of gender-disaggregated data underscores a gap in understanding the impact on women and men. Recommendations urge aligning the program with gender equality policies, expanding goals, and consulting the Commission for Equal Opportunities. The study advocates for gender-sensitive measures, citizen involvement, and increased funds for household energy efficiency. Budgetary analysis reveals a disconnection between the program and the municipal budget, emphasizing the need for better integration. Challenges include the absence of gender-specific data and limited consultation during program development. Recommendations stress enhanced budget transparency, increased financial allocations for gender-responsive initiatives, and collaboration for ecological heating awareness. The study underscores the imperative of comprehensive gender integration in energy policies for equitable outcomes and effective mitigation of energy poverty.

Contexte et objectif : Les partenariats sont un mécanisme clé dans la planification, la prestation et la gestion de la foresterie urbaine (FU) et des infrastructures vertes (IG). Ils peuvent faciliter la cogestion ancrée localement et la gouvernance polycentrique. Ils peuvent également réaliser des synergies en combinant les ressources, l'engagement et l'expertise de divers groupes de parties prenantes afin de générer des résultats précieux et de construire un capital social. Néanmoins, le terme « partenariats » n'est pas utilisé de manière cohérente dans la littérature et nécessite une clarification. Les caractéristiques qui distinguent une approche de partenariat des autres modes de coopération sont identifiées et décrites. La diversité des partenariats existants axés sur la FU et les IG est décrite, en référence à leurs parties prenantes, moteurs, activités et objectifs, ainsi que les avantages potentiels de l'approche de partenariat. Les considérations à faire dans leur évaluation sont dérivées de cette analyse de fond et les facteurs de réussite possibles sont discutés. Matériels et méthodes :La diversité, les objectifs et les caractéristiques d'une approche de partenariat sont basés sur une analyse documentaire approfondie.Résultats : Les partenariats se concentrent sur divers aspects et phases de prestation de l'UF, allant de la planification, de la conception et de la création de forêts urbaines et d'IG à leur gestion et utilisation.Les avantages fournis par de tels partenariats comprennent les services environnementaux et économiques ainsi que les services sociaux et culturels tels que l'éducation environnementale, la santé, les loisirs et le tourisme.Générer des services précieux tout en entretenant des relations entre les parties prenantes contribue à développer le capital social et à renforcer les capacités.En plus des avantages environnementaux, économiques et sociaux, l'évaluation des partenariats peut également aborder des variables de processus internes telles que l'apprentissage social, la relation entre les partenaires et les résultats de motivation qui peuvent influencer la coopération future.conclusions : Les partenariats coopératifs offrent une approche prometteuse pour la prestation de l'UF.Le développement des relations entre les partenaires maximise le potentiel de développement d'une coopération efficace à long terme et de renforcement du capital social en tant qu'aide à la promotion du développement durable. Antecedentes y propósito: Las asociaciones son un mecanismo clave en la planificación, entrega y gestión de la silvicultura urbana (UF) y la infraestructura verde (GI). Pueden facilitar la cogestión arraigada localmente y la gobernanza policéntrica. También pueden lograr sinergias combinando los recursos, el compromiso y la experiencia de diversos grupos de partes interesadas para generar resultados valiosos y construir capital social. Desafortunadamente, el término "asociaciones" no se usa de manera consistente en la literatura y requiere aclaración. Se identifican y describen las características que distinguen un enfoque de asociación de otros modos de cooperación. Se describe la diversidad de las asociaciones orientadas a UF y GI existentes, con referencia a sus partes interesadas, impulsores, actividades y objetivos, junto con las posibles ventajas del enfoque de asociación. Las consideraciones que se deben hacer en su evaluación se derivan de este análisis de antecedentes y se discuten los posibles factores de éxito. Materiales y métodos:La diversidad, los objetivos y las características definitorias de un enfoque de asociación se basan en una extensa revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Las asociaciones se centran en diversos aspectos y fases de entrega de UF, que van desde la planificación, el diseño y la creación de bosques urbanos e IG hasta su gestión y uso. Los beneficios obtenidos por dichas asociaciones incluyen servicios ambientales y económicos, así como servicios sociales y culturales como la educación ambiental, la salud, el ocio y el turismo. La generación de servicios valiosos y, al mismo tiempo, el fomento de las relaciones entre las partes interesadas ayuda a desarrollar el capital social y a desarrollar la capacidad. Además de los beneficios ambientales, económicos y sociales, la evaluación de las asociaciones también puede abordar variables de procesos internos como el aprendizaje social, la relación entre los socios y los resultados motivacionales que pueden influir en la cooperación futura. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones cooperativas ofrecen un enfoque prometedor para la entrega en UF. El desarrollo de las relaciones entre los socios maximiza el potencial para desarrollar una cooperación efectiva a largo plazo y para construir capital social como una ayuda para la promoción del desarrollo sostenible. Background and Purpose: Partnerships are a key mechanism in the planning, delivery and management of urban forestry (UF) and green infrastructure (GI).They can facilitate locally rooted co-management and polycentric governance.They can also achieve synergies by combining the resources, commitment and expertise of diverse stakeholder groups in order to generate valuable outcomes and build social capital.Unfortunately, the term "partnerships" is not used consistently in literature and requires clarification.The characteristics which distinguish a partnership approach from other modes of cooperation are identified and described.The diversity of existing UF and GI oriented partnerships is outlined, with reference to their stakeholders, drivers, activities and goals, together with potential advantages of the partnership approach.Considerations to be made in their evaluation are derived from this background analysis and possible success factors are discussed. Materials and Methods:The diversity, aims and defining characteristics of a partnership approach are based on an extensive literature review.Results: Partnerships focus on diverse aspects and delivery phases of UF, ranging from the planning, design and creation of urban forests and GI to their management and use.Benefits delivered by such partnerships include environmental and economic services as well as social and cultural services such as environmental education, health, leisure and tourism.Generating valuable services whilst at the same time nurturing relationships between stakeholders helps to develop social capital and build capacity.In addition to environmental, economic and social benefits, the evaluation of partnerships may also address internal process variables such as social learning, the relationship between partners, and motivational outcomes that can influence future co-operation.conclusions: Co-operative partnerships offer a promising approach for delivery in UF.The development of relationships between partners maximises the potential for developing effective long term co-operation and for building social capital as an aid to the promotion of sustainable development. الخلفية والغرض: الشراكات هي آلية رئيسية في تخطيط وتسليم وإدارة الحراجة الحضرية (UF) والبنية التحتية الخضراء (GI). يمكن أن تسهل الإدارة المشتركة ذات الجذور المحلية والحوكمة متعددة المراكز. كما يمكنها تحقيق التآزر من خلال الجمع بين الموارد والالتزام والخبرة لمجموعات أصحاب المصلحة المتنوعة من أجل توليد نتائج قيمة وبناء رأس المال الاجتماعي. لسوء الحظ، لا يتم استخدام مصطلح "الشراكات" باستمرار في الأدبيات ويتطلب توضيحًا. يتم تحديد ووصف الخصائص التي تميز نهج الشراكة عن أساليب التعاون الأخرى. يتم تحديد تنوع الشراكات الحالية الموجهة نحو UF و GI، مع الإشارة إلى أصحاب المصلحة والدوافع والأنشطة والأهداف، جنبًا إلى جنب مع المزايا المحتملة لنهج الشراكة. يتم استخلاص الاعتبارات التي يجب مراعاتها في تقييمها من هذا التحليل الأساسي وتتم مناقشة عوامل النجاح المحتملة. المواد والأساليب:يعتمد التنوع والأهداف والخصائص المميزة لنهج الشراكة على مراجعة شاملة للأدبيات .النتائج: تركز الشراكات على جوانب متنوعة ومراحل تسليم UF، بدءًا من تخطيط وتصميم وإنشاء الغابات الحضرية و GI إلى إدارتها واستخدامها. وتشمل الفوائد التي تقدمها هذه الشراكات الخدمات البيئية والاقتصادية بالإضافة إلى الخدمات الاجتماعية والثقافية مثل التعليم البيئي والصحة والترفيه والسياحة .توليد خدمات قيمة وفي الوقت نفسه رعاية العلاقات بين أصحاب المصلحة يساعد على تطوير رأس المال الاجتماعي وبناء القدرات .بالإضافة إلى الفوائد البيئية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، قد يعالج تقييم الشراكات أيضًا متغيرات العملية الداخلية مثل التعلم الاجتماعي، والعلاقة بين الشركاء، والنتائج التحفيزية التي يمكن أن تؤثر على التعاون في المستقبل .الاستنتاجات: تقدم الشراكات التعاونية نهجًا واعدًا للتسليم في UF .إن تطوير العلاقات بين الشركاء يزيد من إمكانات تطوير التعاون الفعال طويل الأجل وبناء رأس المال الاجتماعي كمساعدة لتعزيز التنمية المستدامة.

The admittance summation method is efficient in short circuit analysis of radial and weakly meshed networks. It is especially powerful if all node loads can be represented as any combination of constant impedance and constant current load component. However, in the existing literature one cannot find any explanation how to handle power transformer in that approach. For that reason, the corresponding equations have been developed in this paper along with a procedure for development of a three-winding transformer admittance matrix. In addition, a procedure for handling an arbitrary load was proposed. A large number of tests were performed and results were compared with that obtained by the previously published method. As an illustration, some of the results for single fault currents are presented. It can be concluded that the proposed approach makes the admittance summation method capable to take into account all network elements in a proper way.

Method of genetic algorithms (GAs) has been started to be widely used, as an optimization technique of electrical machines, in the recent years. In this paper the GA method will be applied on the shaded-pole motor, aiming towards an improvement of its operational and performance characteristics. The authors develop two new improved motor models, starting from the basic one. In the first motor model the electromagnetic torque, as a target function for optimization is suggested, while in the second one the optimization is based on the efficiency factor, used as a target function. The results gained from the both motor models are analyzed and compared to the basic model. The conclusions regarding the more favorable target function for optimization of a single phase shaded-pole motor are presented.

Changing ecosystem conditions and diverse socio-economical events have contributed to an ingrained presence of non-native tree species (NNTs) in the natural and cultural European landscapes. Recent research endeavors have focused on different aspects of NNTs such as legislation, benefits, and risks for forestry, emphasizing that large knowledge gaps remain. As an attempt to fulfill part of these gaps, within the PEN-CAFoRR COST Action (CA19128) network, we established an open-access questionnaire that allows both academic experts and practitioners to provide information regarding NNTs from 20 European countries. Then, we integrated the data originating from the questionnaire, related to the country-based assessment of both peer-reviewed and grey literature, with information from available datasets (EUFORGEN and EU-Forest), which gave the main structure to the study and led to a mixed approach review. Finally, our study provided important insights into the current state of knowledge regarding NNTs. In particular, we highlighted NNTs that have shown to be less commonly addressed in research, raising caution about those characterized by an invasive behavior and used for specific purposes (e.g., wood production, soil recultivation, afforestation, and reforestation). NNTs were especially explored in the context of resilient and adaptive forest management. Moreover, we emphasized the assisted and natural northward migration of NNTs as another underscored pressing issue, which needs to be addressed by joint efforts, especially in the context of the hybridization potential. This study represents an additional effort toward the knowledge enhancement of the NNTs situation in Europe, aiming for a continuously active common source deriving from interprofessional collaboration.