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Research data keyboard_double_arrow_right Dataset 2024Publisher:Zenodo Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; Schleich, Joachim;This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Bachelor thesis 2023Embargo end date: 05 Apr 2023Publisher:Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Authors: Schnetzer, Katharina;Angesichts der sich rasant verschlimmernden Klimakrise und des prognostizierten Ressourcenmangels wächst das Interesse und der Druck, nachhaltige Lösungen für das Wirtschaftssystem zu erschließen. Die Circular Economy bietet ein aussichtsreiches Konzept, um nachhaltige Strategien in Geschäftsmodelle zu integrieren. In der vorliegenden Abschlussarbeit wird daher untersucht, welche zirkulären Ansätze in Unternehmen kommuniziert und umgesetzt werden. Die Forschungsfrage beschäftigt sich damit, inwiefern Diskrepanzen zwischen den Strategien aus Kundenperspektive und Geschäftsmodell-perspektive auftreten. Darüber hinaus werden Wechselmotivatoren von linearen zu zirkulären Produkten aus Kunden- und Unternehmensperspektive untersucht. Hierzu wurden mithilfe von Experten des Fraunhofer Instituts UMSICHT Produkte bzw. Dienstleistungen ermittelt, die in das Spektrum der Circular Economy fallen. Diese wurden dann anhand einer Kommunikations-analyse bezüglich der beworbenen und angewendeten R-Strategien, sowie der adressierten Wechselmotivation für Kunden untersucht. In einer Onlineumfrage wurden die Beweggründe eines Unternehmens, nachhaltige Ansätze in die Geschäftstätigkeiten zu integrieren, ermittelt. In view of the rapidly worsening climate crisis and the predicted shortage of resources, there is a growing interest and pressure to develop sustainable solutions for the economic system. The circular economy offers a promising concept for integrating sustainable strategies into business models. This thesis therefore investigates which circular approaches are communicated and implemented in companies. The research question deals with the extent to which discrepancies occur between strategies from the customer perspective and the business model perspective. Furthermore, change motivators from linear to circular products are investigated from the customer and also from the company perspective. For this purpose, products and services that fall within the spectrum of the Circular Economy were identified with the help of experts at the Fraunhofer Institute UMSICHT. These products and services were then examined on the basis of a communication analysis with regard to the advertised and applied R-strategies, as well as the addressed change motivation for customers. An online survey was used to determine the motivation of a company to integrate sustainable approaches into its business activities.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2016Publisher:TU Wien Authors: Werner Holly;Die wesentlichen Faktoren, die den Betriebsbereich und damit eine weitere Wirkungsgradsteigerung von Großgasmotoren einschränken, sind die klopfende Verbrennung und die Stickoxidbildung. Diese Arbeit behandelt deshalb die Modellierung dieser Prozesse mittels Reaktionskinetik im Rahmen eines prädiktiven Ladungswechselmodells. Mithilfe dieses Modells wurde das Betriebsverhalten eines Großgasmotors untersucht und im Hinblick auf höchste Wirkungsgrade optimiert. Um ein prädiktives 1D-Verbrennungsmodell für den Versuchsmotor abzuleiten, beschäftigt sich der erste Teil dieser Arbeit mit der detaillierten Untersuchung des Brennverfahrens. Dafür wurde einerseits eine 3D-LES-Berechnung mit 29 gefeuerten Zyklen durchgeführt. Aufgrund der hohen Modellierungstiefe konnte die Flammenausbreitung in der Vorkammer und im Zylinder sowie dessen zyklischen Schwankungen analysiert werden. Um die Sensitivität des Brennverfahrens gegenüber Betriebspunktvariationen zu bewerten, wurden andererseits Indizierdaten vom Motorprüfstand ausgewertet. Durch die Adaption eines bestehenden Verbrennungsmodells konnte der Brennverlauf von Gasmotoren mit Vorkammerzündkerze mit hoher Genauigkeit abgebildet werden. Des Weiteren zeigten die experimentellen Daten, dass eine klopfende Verbrennung vor allem bei Zyklen mit kurzer Zündverzugszeit eintritt. Um den Einsatz der Reaktionskinetik im Ladungswechselmodell zu ermöglichen, wurde ein Zyklusschwankungsmodell entwickelt und in das prädiktive Verbrennungsmodell implementiert. Die Selbstzündung des Endgases sowie die Stickoxidbildung wurden mit einem stochastischen Reaktormodell untersucht und dabei passende Reaktionsmechanismen validiert und reduziert. Diese wurden ebenfalls in das prädiktive Motormodell implementiert. Durch die Abbildung der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Elementarreaktionen konnte eine hohe Modellierungstiefe für die kinetisch kontrollierten Prozesse erreicht werden. Um den breiten Anwendungsbereich zu verdeutlichen, wurde das prädiktive Motormodell für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen und Betriebsparameter validiert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird das prädiktive Motormodell eingesetzt, um optimale Betriebspunkte in Abhängigkeit eines gegebenen Brenngases darzustellen. Dabei wurde eine systematische Variation der Miller-Steuerzeit und des Ladedrucks betrachtet. Es zeigte sich, dass hohe Ladedrücke und aggressive Miller-Strategien vorteilhaft für hohe Wirkungsgrade sind. Um den Wirkungsgrad für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen zu steigern, wurde das Motormodell mit einem Optimierungsalgorithmus gekoppelt. Betriebsgrößen wie die Miller-Steuerzeit, Ladedruck, Äquivalenzverhältnis, Zündzeitpunkt und das Verdichtungsverhältnis wurden variiert, um für unterschiedliche gesetzliche NOx-Grenzwerte den optimalen klopffreien Betriebspunkt zu ermitteln. Die Optimierungen wurden für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen mit einer Methanzahl zwischen 100 und 43 durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurde die Auswirkung von hohen Inert-Anteilen im Kraftstoff ermittelt. Zukünftig soll der vorgestellte Ansatz den Entwicklungsprozess von neuen und noch effizienteren Großgasmotoren unterstützen und so einen Beitrag zu einer effizienteren Energieerzeugung leisten. The main limiting factors for the thermal efficiency of large gas engines are the knocking combustion and the nitric oxide emissions. The aim of the presented work is, therefore, to model these effects with reaction kinetic in the framework of a predictive 1D model. Consequently, the model was used to investigate the operating behaviour of the gas engine and to optimise the engines fuel consumption for different given fuel mixtures. To obtain a predictive 1D combustion model, the first part of this thesis deals with a comprehensive investigation of the combustion process. The combustion of 29 consecutive cycles was simulated with a 3D LES approach and due to the high model depth, the flame propagation in the prechamber and cylinder including their cyclic variations could be observed. Afterwards, experimental test bench data were analysed in order to quantify the effect of varied operating parameter on the combustion process. Based on these investigations, a combustion model for gas engine application was adapted and modified. Therefore, the predictive 1D model was able to predict the heat release of the combustion for large gas engine with prechamber spark plug in good agreement with the test bench data. Further, the cycle resolved measurements showed a strong correlation between the knocking combustion and the cyclic variations, which mainly comes form the flame kernel development. To enable the usage of reaction kinetic in the process simulation, a cyclic variation model was developed and implemented into the 1D combustion model. The self-ignition of the unburned zone and the nitric oxide emissions were investigated with a stochastic reactor model and suitable reaction mechanisms were validated. Subsequently, the mechanisms were implemented into the predictive 1D engine model. The modelling of the rate-determining elementary reaction enabled a high model depth for the kinetic controlled processes. To show the wide scope, the 1D engine model was validated for different fuel mixtures and operating parameters. The last part of this thesis concentrates on the analysis of the engines operating behaviour. Therefore, a systematic variation of the miller timing and load revealed, that early miller strategies and high loads are suitable for good thermal efficiencies. The process simulation software was further coupled with an optimisation algorithm in order to optimise the fuel consumption for different fuel mixtures. Operating parameters like the miller timing, boost pressure, equivalence ratio, spark timing and compression ratio were varied to explore the optimal none knocking operating point for different nitric oxide emission limits. The minimal fuel consumption for different fuel mixtures with a methane number between 100 and 43 was determined and the effect of high inert admixtures to the fuel will be shown. In future, the presented numerical approach can support the development process of new large gas engines with even higher thermal efficiencies and therefore contribute to a sustainable energy production.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1849 United StatesPublisher:Wien, K. K. Hof- und staatsdruckerei Authors: De La Beche, Henry T. (Henry Thomas), 1796-1855.; Schrötter, Anton, ritter von Kristelli, 1802-1875, ed.; K. Akademie der wissenschaften, Vienna, ed.; Playfair, Lyon Playfair, Baron, 1818-1898. joint author.;Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1863 United StatesPublisher:Wien, Bei W. Braumüller Authors: Lipold, Markus Vincenz.;handle: 2027/chi.086444494
Aus dem Jahrbuche der K.K. Geologischen reichsanstalt, XII. bd., 1861 und 1862, 4. heft. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2016Publisher:Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft Authors: Nina Heim; Matthias Sander; Yvonne Kohnle;Basierend auf einer Face-to-Face-Befragung von 411 Konsumenten in fünf verschiedenen Einkaufsstätten beantwortet dieser Beitrag Fragen zum Label-Awareness von Endverbrauchern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Produktkennzeichen, wie beispielsweise das Fairtrade-Label, das Deutsche Bio-Siegel oder der Product-Carbon Footprint, vorwiegend von überdurchschnittlich gebildeten Käufergruppen im mittleren Alter wahrgenommen werden. Darüber hinaus haben das Umweltbewusstsein, das Kaufverhalten und die Wahl der Einkaufsstätte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Label-Bewusstsein. Diese Erkenntnisse sind dabei sowohl für die aktive Erinnerungsfähigkeit (Recall) als auch für die passive Gedächtnisleistung (Recognition) gültig. Die Befunde liefern damit für die Anbieter, die ihre Produkte mit Hilfe von Labels differenzieren wollen, wichtige Hinweise. Relevant sind die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ebenfalls aus gesellschaftlich-politischer Perspektive mit Fokus auf umwelt- und sozialpolitische Fragestellungen. Label awareness: How closely does the consumer look? – An analysis of consumers’ label awareness with particular regard to the food sector Based on a face-to-face survey among 411 consumers in five different stores, this article intends to answer questions regarding consumers’ label awareness. The results show that labels such as the Fairtrade Label, the German Bio-Siegel or the Product Carbon Footprint are predominantly noticed by middle-aged, highly educated potential buyers. In addition, environmental awareness, purchasing behaviour and store choice significantly influence label awareness. As these results are valid for both active (recall) and passive (recognition) cognitive performance, they provide important information for suppliers who aim at making their products distinguishable by labels and they are of equal relevance from a social and political perspective which focuses on environmental and socio-political issues. Our findings thus provide information that is of relevance to suppliers who aim at differentiating their products by labels but which is also important from a social and political perspective in order to better deal with current social and environmental questions. Perception des labels: Est-ce que le consommateur y fait attention? – L’analyse de la sensibilité des consommateurs aux labels tient compte, en particulier, du domaine de l’alimentation A la base d’un sondage face-à-face parmi 411 consommateurs dans cinq magasins, l’article présent donne des réponses à des questions qui concernent la sensibilité des consommateurs au labels. Les résultats montrent que les logos comme celui du Fairtrade, le Bio-Siegel allemand ou le Product-Carbon Footprint sont surtout perçus par des groupes d’acheteurs d’age moyenne et d’une formation au dessus de la moyenne. En plus, la conscience environnementale, le comportement d’achat ainsi que le choix du magasin ont une influence significative sur la sensibilitéau labels. Ces connaissances sont valables aussi bien pour la mémoire active (Recall) que pour la mémoire passive (Recognition). Les résultats livrent donc des informations de relevance pour les fournisseurs qui veulent rendre leurs produits identifiables à l’aide de labels. Les connaissances obtenues sont également important du point de vue socio-politique en mettant l’accent sur des questions concernant l’environnement et sur des aspects socio-politiques. Berichte über Landwirtschaft - Zeitschrift für Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft, Band 94, Heft 2, August 2016
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 2021Publisher:Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future Wealer, Ben; Breyer, Christian; Hennicke, Peter; Hirsch, Helmut; von Hirschhausen, Christian; Klafka, Peter; Kromp-Kolb, Helga; Präger, Fabian; Steigerwald, Björn; Traber, Thure; Baumann, Franz; Herold, Anke; Kemfert, Claudia; Kromp, Wolfgang; Liebert, Wolfgang; Müschen, Klaus;Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 9, 1–98. (Note:The article is in German, but provides a long English abstract.) ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (English further below): Angesichts der sich beschleunigenden Klimakrise wird die Bedeutung der Kernkraft, die derzeit ca. 10 % der weltweiten Stromproduktion ausmacht, für den zukünftigen Energieträgermix diskutiert. Einige Länder, internationale Organisationen, private Unternehmen sowie Forscher:innen messen der Kernenergie auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität und zum Ende fossiler Energien eine gewisse Bedeutung bei. Dies geht auch aus Energie- und Klimaszenarien des IPCC hervor. Dagegen legen die Erfahrungen mit der kommerziellen Nutzung der Kernkraft der letzten sieben Jahrzehnte nahe, dass ein solcher Pfad mit erheblichen technischen, ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Risiken verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Diskussionsbeitrag erörtert Argumente in den Bereichen „Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale“, „Wirtschaftlichkeit“, „zeitliche Verfügbarkeit“ sowie „Kompatibilität mit der sozial-ökologischen Transformation“ und zieht dann ein Fazit. Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale: In Kernkraftwerken sind jederzeit katastrophale Unfälle mit großen Freisetzungen radioaktiver Schadstoffe möglich. Dies zeigen nicht nur die Großunfälle, z. B. die Katastrophen von Tschernobyl und Fukushima, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Unfällen, die sich seit 1945 in jedem Jahrzehnt und in jeder Region, die Kernenergie nutzt, ereignet haben. Von in Planung befindlichen SMR-Reaktorkonzepten („Small Modular Reactors“) ist keine wesentlich größere Zuverlässigkeit zu erwarten. Darüber hinaus besteht permanent die Gefahr des Missbrauchs von waffenfähigem Spaltmaterial (hochangereichertes Uran bzw. Plutonium) für terroristische Zwecke oder andere Proliferation. Die Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle muss aufgrund hoher Halbwertszeiten für über eine Million Jahre sicher gewährleistet werden; die damit verbundenen Langfristrisiken sind aus heutiger Perspektive nicht überschaubar und weisen zukünftigen Generationen erhebliche Lasten zu. Wirtschaftlichkeit: Die kommerzielle Nutzung von Kernenergie war in den 1950er Jahren ein Nebenprodukt militärischer Entwicklungen und hat seit dieser Zeit niemals den Sprung zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen Energiequelle geschafft. Selbst der laufende Betrieb von älteren Kernkraftwerken wird heute zunehmend unwirtschaftlich. Laufzeitverlängerungen sind technisch und wirtschaftlich riskant. Beim Neubau von Kernkraftwerken der aktuellen 3. Generation muss mit Verlusten in Höhe mehrerer Milliarden US-$ bzw. € gerechnet werden. Zusätzlich fallen erhebliche und derzeit weitgehend unbekannte Kosten für den Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken und die Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle an. Energiewirtschaftliche Analysen zeigen, dass die Einhaltung ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele (globale Erwärmung 1,5° bis unter 2 °C) ohne Kernenergie nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung von Systemkosten mit erneuerbaren Energien kostengünstiger ist. Hierzu kommt, dass Unfallrisiken von Kernkraftwerken nicht versicherbar sind und Schäden daher immer sozialisiert werden müssen. Die in aktuellen Diskussionen genannten SMR-Konzepte („Small Modular Reactors“) und die Konzepte der sogenannten „Kernkraftwerke der 4. Generation“ (nicht-Leichtwasser-gekühlt) sind technisch unausgereift und weit von kommerziellen Einsätzen entfernt. Zeitliche Verfügbarkeit: Angesichts des stagnierenden bzw. in allen Kernkraftstaaten (außer China) rückläufigen Kernkraftwerksbaus, Planungs- und Bauzeiten von zwei Jahrzehnten (und mehr) sowie absehbar geringen technischen Innovationen kann Kernkraft in den für die Bekämpfung der Klimakrise relevanten Zeiträumen von zwei bis maximal drei Jahrzehnten keine Rolle spielen. Die Anzahl des Baubeginns von Kernkraftwerken ist bereits seit 1976 rückläufig. Aktuell befinden sich lediglich 52 Kernkraftwerke im Bau und nur wenige Länder versuchen den Einstieg in die Kernenergie. Traditionelle Hersteller wie Westinghouse (USA) und Framatome (Frankreich) sind finanziell angeschlagen und nicht in der Lage, im nächsten Jahrzehnt eine große Anzahl an Neubauprojekten in Angriff zu nehmen. Kernkraft in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Die größte Herausforderung der großen Transformation, d. h. von sozial-ökologischen Reformen in Richtung zu einem gesellschaftlich gestützten zukunftsfähigen, klimaneutralen Energiesystem, liegt in der Überwindung der Widerstände („Lock-in“) des alten, von fossilen Kraftwerken dominierten Energiesystems. Kernenergie ist nicht geeignet, diesen Transformationsprozess zu unterstützen, sondern blockiert diesen sogar: durch Innovations- und Investitionsblockaden. Nuklearer Wasserstoff ist weder aus technischen noch aus ökonomischen Gründen eine Option zur Steigerung der Auslastung von Kernkraftwerken. Japan ist ein plastisches Beispiel für Transformationsresistenz. In Deutschland schreitet die Atomwende zwar durch die Abschaltung der letzten sechs Kernkraftwerke (2021 bzw. 2022) voran, jedoch sind weitere Schritte zu einem vollständigen Atomausstieg notwendig, u. a. die Schließung der Atomfabriken in Lingen und Gronau. Die Atomwende ist auch eine notwendige Bedingung für eine erfolgreiche Endlagersuche. Fazit: Im vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrag wird eine Vielzahl von Argumenten geprüft und am bestehenden Stand der Forschung abgeglichen. Dabei bestätigt sich die Einschätzung der Scientists for Future aus dem Diskussionsbeitrag „Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland“ vom Juli 2021, dass Kernenergie nicht in der Lage ist, in der verbleibenden Zeit einen sinnvollen Beitrag zum Umbau zu einer klimaverträglichen Energieversorgung zu leisten. Kernkraft ist zu gefährlich, zu teuer und zu langsam verfügbar; darüber hinaus ist Kernkraft zu transformationsresistent, d. h. sie blockiert den notwendigen sozial-ökologischen Transformationsprozess, ohne den ambitionierte Klimaschutzziele nicht erreichbar sind. ENGLISH: In light of the accelerating climate crisis, nuclear energy and its place in the future energy mix is being debated once again. Currently its share of global electricity generation is about 10 percent. Some countries, international organizations, private businesses and scientists accord nuclear energy some kind of role in the pursuit of climate neutrality and in ending the era of fossil fuels. The IPCC, too, includes nuclear energy in its scenarios. On the other hand, the experience with commercial nuclear energy generation acquired over the past seven decades points to the significant technical, economic, and social risks involved. This paper reviews arguments in the areas of “technology and risks,” “economic viability,” ’timely availability,” and “compatibility with social-ecological transformation processes.” Technology and risks: Catastrophes involving the release of radioactive material are always a real possibility, as illustrated by the major accidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Also, since 1945, countless accidents have occurred wherever nuclear energy has been deployed. No significantly higher reliability is to be expected from the SMRs (“small modular reactors”) that are currently at the planning stage. Even modern mathematical techniques, such as probabilistic security analyses (PSAs), do not adequately reflect important factors, such as deficient security arrangements or rare natural disasters and thereby systematically underestimate the risks. Moreover, there is the ever-present proliferation risk of weapon-grade, highly enriched uranium, and plutonium. Most spent fuel rods are stored in scarcely protected surface containers or other interim solutions, often outside proper containment structures. The safe storage of highly radioactive material, owing to a half-live of individual isotopes of over a million years, must be guaranteed for eons. Even if the risks involved for future generations cannot be authoritatively determined today, heavy burdens are undoubtedly externalized to the future. Nuclear energy and economic efficiency: The commercial use of nuclear energy was, in the 1950s, the by-product of military programmes. Not then, and not since, has nuclear energy been a competitive energy source. Even the continued use of existing plants is not economical, while investments into third generation reactors are projected to require subsidies to the tune of billions of $ or €. The experience with the development of SMR concepts suggests that these are prone to lead to even higher electricity costs. Lastly, there are the considerable, currently largely unknown costs involved in dismantling nuclear power plants and in the safe storage of radioactive waste. Detailed analyses confirm that meeting ambitious climate goals (i. e. global heating of between 1.5° and below 2° Celsius) is well possible with renewables which, if system costs are considered, are also considerably cheaper than nuclear energy. Given, too, that nuclear power plants are not commercially insurable, the risks inherent in their operation must be borne by society at large. The currently hyped SMRs and the so-called Generation IV concepts (not light-water cooled) are technologically immature and far from commercially viable. Timely availability: Given the stagnating or – with the exception of China – slowing pace of nuclear power plant construction, and considering furthermore the limited innovation potential as well as the timeframe of two decades for planning and construction, nuclear power is not a viable tool to mitigate global heating. Since 1976, the number of nuclear power plants construction starts is declining. Currently, only 52 nuclear power plants are being built. Very few countries are pursuing respective plans. Traditional nuclear producers, such as Westinghouse (USA) and Framatome (France) are in dire straits financially and are not able to launch a significant number of new construction projects in the coming decade. It can be doubted whether Russia or China have the capacity to meet a hypothetically surging demand for nuclear energy but, in any event, relying on them would be neither safe nor geopolitically desirable. Nuclear energy in the social-ecological transformation: The ultimate challenge of the great transformation, i. e. kicking off the socio-ecological reforms that will lead to a broadly supported, viable, climate-neutral energy system, lies in overcoming the drag (“lock-in”) of the old system that is dominated by fossil fuel interests. Yet, make no mistake, nuclear energy is of no use to support this process. In fact, it blocks it. The massive R&D investment required for a dead-end technology crowds out the development of sustainable technologies, such as those in the areas of renewables, energy storage and efficiency. Nuclear energy producers, given the competitive environment they operate in, are incentivized to prevent – or minimize – investments in renewables. For obvious technical as well as economic reasons, nuclear hydrogen – the often-proclaimed deus ex machina – cannot enhance the viability of nuclear power plants. Japan is an exhibit A of transformation resistance. In Germany the end of the atomic era proceeds, and the last six nuclear power stations will be switched off in 2021 and 2022, but further steps are still needed, most importantly the search for a safe storage facility for radioactive waste. By way of conclusion: The present analysis reviews a whole range of arguments based on the most recent and authoritative scientific literature. It confirms the assessment of the paper Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany – 16 points of orientation, published on 22 April 2021 by Scientists for Future (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334) that nuclear energy cannot, in the short time remaining before the climate tips, meaningfully contribute to a climate-neutral energy system. Nuclear energy is too dangerous, too expensive, and too sluggishly deployable to play a significant role in mitigating the climate crisis. In addition, nuclear energy is an obstacle to achieving the social-ecological transformation, without which ambitious climate goals are elusive.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Preprint 2005Authors: Thomas Heinzow; Richard S.J. Tol; Burkhard Bruemmer;Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down Research Papers in EconomicsPreprint . 2005Full-Text: http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/working-papers/Offshore_Windenergie.pdfData sources: Research Papers in Economicshttps://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/...Article . 2006Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down Research Papers in EconomicsPreprint . 2005Full-Text: http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/working-papers/Offshore_Windenergie.pdfData sources: Research Papers in Economicshttps://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/...Article . 2006Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1853 United StatesPublisher:Berlin, Ernst & Korn Authors: Brix, Philipp Wilhelm, 1817-1899.; Heintz, Wilhelm Heinrich, 1817-1880.; Verein zur beförderung des gewerbfleisses (Berlin, Germany). ed.;handle: 2027/nnc1.cu50752480
"Anhang" signed: Prof. Dr. W. Heintz. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Part of book or chapter of book 2017 NetherlandsPublisher:vz-nrw (Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V.) Authors: Wahlen, S.;Lebensmittelabfälle werden zunehmend als gesellschaftliches Problem erachtet. Die Initiative "foodsharing" versucht, diesem Problem entgegenzutreten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern diese Initiative als politischer Konsum und Lebensstilbewegung verstanden werden kann. In Lebensstilbewegungen streben individuelle Verbraucher durch ihre alltäglichen Konsumpraktiken einen gesellschaftlichen Wandel an. Anders als im traditionellen Verständnis sozialer Bewegungen treten in Lebensstilbewegungen (1) individuelle und private Aktivität in den Vordergrund, werden (2) kulturelle Ziele verfolgt sowie ist (3) die Partizipation als anhaltende zu erachten. Anhand dieser drei Distinktionskriterien wird das Foodsharing näher betrachtet, als Lebensstilbewegung kategorisiert und die unscharfen Grenzen zwischen sozialen Bewegungen und Lebensstilbewegungen herausgearbeitet. Beiträge zur Verbraucherforschung Beiträge zur Verbraucherforschung
Social Science Open ... arrow_drop_down Social Science Open Access RepositoryPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Social Science Open Access RepositoryWageningen Staff PublicationsPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Wageningen Staff Publicationsadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Social Science Open ... arrow_drop_down Social Science Open Access RepositoryPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Social Science Open Access RepositoryWageningen Staff PublicationsPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Wageningen Staff Publicationsadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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Research data keyboard_double_arrow_right Dataset 2024Publisher:Zenodo Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; Schleich, Joachim;This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Bachelor thesis 2023Embargo end date: 05 Apr 2023Publisher:Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Authors: Schnetzer, Katharina;Angesichts der sich rasant verschlimmernden Klimakrise und des prognostizierten Ressourcenmangels wächst das Interesse und der Druck, nachhaltige Lösungen für das Wirtschaftssystem zu erschließen. Die Circular Economy bietet ein aussichtsreiches Konzept, um nachhaltige Strategien in Geschäftsmodelle zu integrieren. In der vorliegenden Abschlussarbeit wird daher untersucht, welche zirkulären Ansätze in Unternehmen kommuniziert und umgesetzt werden. Die Forschungsfrage beschäftigt sich damit, inwiefern Diskrepanzen zwischen den Strategien aus Kundenperspektive und Geschäftsmodell-perspektive auftreten. Darüber hinaus werden Wechselmotivatoren von linearen zu zirkulären Produkten aus Kunden- und Unternehmensperspektive untersucht. Hierzu wurden mithilfe von Experten des Fraunhofer Instituts UMSICHT Produkte bzw. Dienstleistungen ermittelt, die in das Spektrum der Circular Economy fallen. Diese wurden dann anhand einer Kommunikations-analyse bezüglich der beworbenen und angewendeten R-Strategien, sowie der adressierten Wechselmotivation für Kunden untersucht. In einer Onlineumfrage wurden die Beweggründe eines Unternehmens, nachhaltige Ansätze in die Geschäftstätigkeiten zu integrieren, ermittelt. In view of the rapidly worsening climate crisis and the predicted shortage of resources, there is a growing interest and pressure to develop sustainable solutions for the economic system. The circular economy offers a promising concept for integrating sustainable strategies into business models. This thesis therefore investigates which circular approaches are communicated and implemented in companies. The research question deals with the extent to which discrepancies occur between strategies from the customer perspective and the business model perspective. Furthermore, change motivators from linear to circular products are investigated from the customer and also from the company perspective. For this purpose, products and services that fall within the spectrum of the Circular Economy were identified with the help of experts at the Fraunhofer Institute UMSICHT. These products and services were then examined on the basis of a communication analysis with regard to the advertised and applied R-strategies, as well as the addressed change motivation for customers. An online survey was used to determine the motivation of a company to integrate sustainable approaches into its business activities.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2016Publisher:TU Wien Authors: Werner Holly;Die wesentlichen Faktoren, die den Betriebsbereich und damit eine weitere Wirkungsgradsteigerung von Großgasmotoren einschränken, sind die klopfende Verbrennung und die Stickoxidbildung. Diese Arbeit behandelt deshalb die Modellierung dieser Prozesse mittels Reaktionskinetik im Rahmen eines prädiktiven Ladungswechselmodells. Mithilfe dieses Modells wurde das Betriebsverhalten eines Großgasmotors untersucht und im Hinblick auf höchste Wirkungsgrade optimiert. Um ein prädiktives 1D-Verbrennungsmodell für den Versuchsmotor abzuleiten, beschäftigt sich der erste Teil dieser Arbeit mit der detaillierten Untersuchung des Brennverfahrens. Dafür wurde einerseits eine 3D-LES-Berechnung mit 29 gefeuerten Zyklen durchgeführt. Aufgrund der hohen Modellierungstiefe konnte die Flammenausbreitung in der Vorkammer und im Zylinder sowie dessen zyklischen Schwankungen analysiert werden. Um die Sensitivität des Brennverfahrens gegenüber Betriebspunktvariationen zu bewerten, wurden andererseits Indizierdaten vom Motorprüfstand ausgewertet. Durch die Adaption eines bestehenden Verbrennungsmodells konnte der Brennverlauf von Gasmotoren mit Vorkammerzündkerze mit hoher Genauigkeit abgebildet werden. Des Weiteren zeigten die experimentellen Daten, dass eine klopfende Verbrennung vor allem bei Zyklen mit kurzer Zündverzugszeit eintritt. Um den Einsatz der Reaktionskinetik im Ladungswechselmodell zu ermöglichen, wurde ein Zyklusschwankungsmodell entwickelt und in das prädiktive Verbrennungsmodell implementiert. Die Selbstzündung des Endgases sowie die Stickoxidbildung wurden mit einem stochastischen Reaktormodell untersucht und dabei passende Reaktionsmechanismen validiert und reduziert. Diese wurden ebenfalls in das prädiktive Motormodell implementiert. Durch die Abbildung der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Elementarreaktionen konnte eine hohe Modellierungstiefe für die kinetisch kontrollierten Prozesse erreicht werden. Um den breiten Anwendungsbereich zu verdeutlichen, wurde das prädiktive Motormodell für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen und Betriebsparameter validiert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird das prädiktive Motormodell eingesetzt, um optimale Betriebspunkte in Abhängigkeit eines gegebenen Brenngases darzustellen. Dabei wurde eine systematische Variation der Miller-Steuerzeit und des Ladedrucks betrachtet. Es zeigte sich, dass hohe Ladedrücke und aggressive Miller-Strategien vorteilhaft für hohe Wirkungsgrade sind. Um den Wirkungsgrad für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen zu steigern, wurde das Motormodell mit einem Optimierungsalgorithmus gekoppelt. Betriebsgrößen wie die Miller-Steuerzeit, Ladedruck, Äquivalenzverhältnis, Zündzeitpunkt und das Verdichtungsverhältnis wurden variiert, um für unterschiedliche gesetzliche NOx-Grenzwerte den optimalen klopffreien Betriebspunkt zu ermitteln. Die Optimierungen wurden für unterschiedliche Kraftstoffmischungen mit einer Methanzahl zwischen 100 und 43 durchgeführt. Des Weiteren wurde die Auswirkung von hohen Inert-Anteilen im Kraftstoff ermittelt. Zukünftig soll der vorgestellte Ansatz den Entwicklungsprozess von neuen und noch effizienteren Großgasmotoren unterstützen und so einen Beitrag zu einer effizienteren Energieerzeugung leisten. The main limiting factors for the thermal efficiency of large gas engines are the knocking combustion and the nitric oxide emissions. The aim of the presented work is, therefore, to model these effects with reaction kinetic in the framework of a predictive 1D model. Consequently, the model was used to investigate the operating behaviour of the gas engine and to optimise the engines fuel consumption for different given fuel mixtures. To obtain a predictive 1D combustion model, the first part of this thesis deals with a comprehensive investigation of the combustion process. The combustion of 29 consecutive cycles was simulated with a 3D LES approach and due to the high model depth, the flame propagation in the prechamber and cylinder including their cyclic variations could be observed. Afterwards, experimental test bench data were analysed in order to quantify the effect of varied operating parameter on the combustion process. Based on these investigations, a combustion model for gas engine application was adapted and modified. Therefore, the predictive 1D model was able to predict the heat release of the combustion for large gas engine with prechamber spark plug in good agreement with the test bench data. Further, the cycle resolved measurements showed a strong correlation between the knocking combustion and the cyclic variations, which mainly comes form the flame kernel development. To enable the usage of reaction kinetic in the process simulation, a cyclic variation model was developed and implemented into the 1D combustion model. The self-ignition of the unburned zone and the nitric oxide emissions were investigated with a stochastic reactor model and suitable reaction mechanisms were validated. Subsequently, the mechanisms were implemented into the predictive 1D engine model. The modelling of the rate-determining elementary reaction enabled a high model depth for the kinetic controlled processes. To show the wide scope, the 1D engine model was validated for different fuel mixtures and operating parameters. The last part of this thesis concentrates on the analysis of the engines operating behaviour. Therefore, a systematic variation of the miller timing and load revealed, that early miller strategies and high loads are suitable for good thermal efficiencies. The process simulation software was further coupled with an optimisation algorithm in order to optimise the fuel consumption for different fuel mixtures. Operating parameters like the miller timing, boost pressure, equivalence ratio, spark timing and compression ratio were varied to explore the optimal none knocking operating point for different nitric oxide emission limits. The minimal fuel consumption for different fuel mixtures with a methane number between 100 and 43 was determined and the effect of high inert admixtures to the fuel will be shown. In future, the presented numerical approach can support the development process of new large gas engines with even higher thermal efficiencies and therefore contribute to a sustainable energy production.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1849 United StatesPublisher:Wien, K. K. Hof- und staatsdruckerei Authors: De La Beche, Henry T. (Henry Thomas), 1796-1855.; Schrötter, Anton, ritter von Kristelli, 1802-1875, ed.; K. Akademie der wissenschaften, Vienna, ed.; Playfair, Lyon Playfair, Baron, 1818-1898. joint author.;Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1863 United StatesPublisher:Wien, Bei W. Braumüller Authors: Lipold, Markus Vincenz.;handle: 2027/chi.086444494
Aus dem Jahrbuche der K.K. Geologischen reichsanstalt, XII. bd., 1861 und 1862, 4. heft. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2016Publisher:Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft Authors: Nina Heim; Matthias Sander; Yvonne Kohnle;Basierend auf einer Face-to-Face-Befragung von 411 Konsumenten in fünf verschiedenen Einkaufsstätten beantwortet dieser Beitrag Fragen zum Label-Awareness von Endverbrauchern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Produktkennzeichen, wie beispielsweise das Fairtrade-Label, das Deutsche Bio-Siegel oder der Product-Carbon Footprint, vorwiegend von überdurchschnittlich gebildeten Käufergruppen im mittleren Alter wahrgenommen werden. Darüber hinaus haben das Umweltbewusstsein, das Kaufverhalten und die Wahl der Einkaufsstätte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Label-Bewusstsein. Diese Erkenntnisse sind dabei sowohl für die aktive Erinnerungsfähigkeit (Recall) als auch für die passive Gedächtnisleistung (Recognition) gültig. Die Befunde liefern damit für die Anbieter, die ihre Produkte mit Hilfe von Labels differenzieren wollen, wichtige Hinweise. Relevant sind die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ebenfalls aus gesellschaftlich-politischer Perspektive mit Fokus auf umwelt- und sozialpolitische Fragestellungen. Label awareness: How closely does the consumer look? – An analysis of consumers’ label awareness with particular regard to the food sector Based on a face-to-face survey among 411 consumers in five different stores, this article intends to answer questions regarding consumers’ label awareness. The results show that labels such as the Fairtrade Label, the German Bio-Siegel or the Product Carbon Footprint are predominantly noticed by middle-aged, highly educated potential buyers. In addition, environmental awareness, purchasing behaviour and store choice significantly influence label awareness. As these results are valid for both active (recall) and passive (recognition) cognitive performance, they provide important information for suppliers who aim at making their products distinguishable by labels and they are of equal relevance from a social and political perspective which focuses on environmental and socio-political issues. Our findings thus provide information that is of relevance to suppliers who aim at differentiating their products by labels but which is also important from a social and political perspective in order to better deal with current social and environmental questions. Perception des labels: Est-ce que le consommateur y fait attention? – L’analyse de la sensibilité des consommateurs aux labels tient compte, en particulier, du domaine de l’alimentation A la base d’un sondage face-à-face parmi 411 consommateurs dans cinq magasins, l’article présent donne des réponses à des questions qui concernent la sensibilité des consommateurs au labels. Les résultats montrent que les logos comme celui du Fairtrade, le Bio-Siegel allemand ou le Product-Carbon Footprint sont surtout perçus par des groupes d’acheteurs d’age moyenne et d’une formation au dessus de la moyenne. En plus, la conscience environnementale, le comportement d’achat ainsi que le choix du magasin ont une influence significative sur la sensibilitéau labels. Ces connaissances sont valables aussi bien pour la mémoire active (Recall) que pour la mémoire passive (Recognition). Les résultats livrent donc des informations de relevance pour les fournisseurs qui veulent rendre leurs produits identifiables à l’aide de labels. Les connaissances obtenues sont également important du point de vue socio-politique en mettant l’accent sur des questions concernant l’environnement et sur des aspects socio-politiques. Berichte über Landwirtschaft - Zeitschrift für Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft, Band 94, Heft 2, August 2016
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 2021Publisher:Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future Wealer, Ben; Breyer, Christian; Hennicke, Peter; Hirsch, Helmut; von Hirschhausen, Christian; Klafka, Peter; Kromp-Kolb, Helga; Präger, Fabian; Steigerwald, Björn; Traber, Thure; Baumann, Franz; Herold, Anke; Kemfert, Claudia; Kromp, Wolfgang; Liebert, Wolfgang; Müschen, Klaus;Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future, 9, 1–98. (Note:The article is in German, but provides a long English abstract.) ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (English further below): Angesichts der sich beschleunigenden Klimakrise wird die Bedeutung der Kernkraft, die derzeit ca. 10 % der weltweiten Stromproduktion ausmacht, für den zukünftigen Energieträgermix diskutiert. Einige Länder, internationale Organisationen, private Unternehmen sowie Forscher:innen messen der Kernenergie auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität und zum Ende fossiler Energien eine gewisse Bedeutung bei. Dies geht auch aus Energie- und Klimaszenarien des IPCC hervor. Dagegen legen die Erfahrungen mit der kommerziellen Nutzung der Kernkraft der letzten sieben Jahrzehnte nahe, dass ein solcher Pfad mit erheblichen technischen, ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Risiken verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Diskussionsbeitrag erörtert Argumente in den Bereichen „Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale“, „Wirtschaftlichkeit“, „zeitliche Verfügbarkeit“ sowie „Kompatibilität mit der sozial-ökologischen Transformation“ und zieht dann ein Fazit. Technologie und Gefahrenpotenziale: In Kernkraftwerken sind jederzeit katastrophale Unfälle mit großen Freisetzungen radioaktiver Schadstoffe möglich. Dies zeigen nicht nur die Großunfälle, z. B. die Katastrophen von Tschernobyl und Fukushima, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Unfällen, die sich seit 1945 in jedem Jahrzehnt und in jeder Region, die Kernenergie nutzt, ereignet haben. Von in Planung befindlichen SMR-Reaktorkonzepten („Small Modular Reactors“) ist keine wesentlich größere Zuverlässigkeit zu erwarten. Darüber hinaus besteht permanent die Gefahr des Missbrauchs von waffenfähigem Spaltmaterial (hochangereichertes Uran bzw. Plutonium) für terroristische Zwecke oder andere Proliferation. Die Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle muss aufgrund hoher Halbwertszeiten für über eine Million Jahre sicher gewährleistet werden; die damit verbundenen Langfristrisiken sind aus heutiger Perspektive nicht überschaubar und weisen zukünftigen Generationen erhebliche Lasten zu. Wirtschaftlichkeit: Die kommerzielle Nutzung von Kernenergie war in den 1950er Jahren ein Nebenprodukt militärischer Entwicklungen und hat seit dieser Zeit niemals den Sprung zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen Energiequelle geschafft. Selbst der laufende Betrieb von älteren Kernkraftwerken wird heute zunehmend unwirtschaftlich. Laufzeitverlängerungen sind technisch und wirtschaftlich riskant. Beim Neubau von Kernkraftwerken der aktuellen 3. Generation muss mit Verlusten in Höhe mehrerer Milliarden US-$ bzw. € gerechnet werden. Zusätzlich fallen erhebliche und derzeit weitgehend unbekannte Kosten für den Rückbau von Kernkraftwerken und die Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle an. Energiewirtschaftliche Analysen zeigen, dass die Einhaltung ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele (globale Erwärmung 1,5° bis unter 2 °C) ohne Kernenergie nicht nur möglich, sondern auch unter Berücksichtigung von Systemkosten mit erneuerbaren Energien kostengünstiger ist. Hierzu kommt, dass Unfallrisiken von Kernkraftwerken nicht versicherbar sind und Schäden daher immer sozialisiert werden müssen. Die in aktuellen Diskussionen genannten SMR-Konzepte („Small Modular Reactors“) und die Konzepte der sogenannten „Kernkraftwerke der 4. Generation“ (nicht-Leichtwasser-gekühlt) sind technisch unausgereift und weit von kommerziellen Einsätzen entfernt. Zeitliche Verfügbarkeit: Angesichts des stagnierenden bzw. in allen Kernkraftstaaten (außer China) rückläufigen Kernkraftwerksbaus, Planungs- und Bauzeiten von zwei Jahrzehnten (und mehr) sowie absehbar geringen technischen Innovationen kann Kernkraft in den für die Bekämpfung der Klimakrise relevanten Zeiträumen von zwei bis maximal drei Jahrzehnten keine Rolle spielen. Die Anzahl des Baubeginns von Kernkraftwerken ist bereits seit 1976 rückläufig. Aktuell befinden sich lediglich 52 Kernkraftwerke im Bau und nur wenige Länder versuchen den Einstieg in die Kernenergie. Traditionelle Hersteller wie Westinghouse (USA) und Framatome (Frankreich) sind finanziell angeschlagen und nicht in der Lage, im nächsten Jahrzehnt eine große Anzahl an Neubauprojekten in Angriff zu nehmen. Kernkraft in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Die größte Herausforderung der großen Transformation, d. h. von sozial-ökologischen Reformen in Richtung zu einem gesellschaftlich gestützten zukunftsfähigen, klimaneutralen Energiesystem, liegt in der Überwindung der Widerstände („Lock-in“) des alten, von fossilen Kraftwerken dominierten Energiesystems. Kernenergie ist nicht geeignet, diesen Transformationsprozess zu unterstützen, sondern blockiert diesen sogar: durch Innovations- und Investitionsblockaden. Nuklearer Wasserstoff ist weder aus technischen noch aus ökonomischen Gründen eine Option zur Steigerung der Auslastung von Kernkraftwerken. Japan ist ein plastisches Beispiel für Transformationsresistenz. In Deutschland schreitet die Atomwende zwar durch die Abschaltung der letzten sechs Kernkraftwerke (2021 bzw. 2022) voran, jedoch sind weitere Schritte zu einem vollständigen Atomausstieg notwendig, u. a. die Schließung der Atomfabriken in Lingen und Gronau. Die Atomwende ist auch eine notwendige Bedingung für eine erfolgreiche Endlagersuche. Fazit: Im vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrag wird eine Vielzahl von Argumenten geprüft und am bestehenden Stand der Forschung abgeglichen. Dabei bestätigt sich die Einschätzung der Scientists for Future aus dem Diskussionsbeitrag „Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland“ vom Juli 2021, dass Kernenergie nicht in der Lage ist, in der verbleibenden Zeit einen sinnvollen Beitrag zum Umbau zu einer klimaverträglichen Energieversorgung zu leisten. Kernkraft ist zu gefährlich, zu teuer und zu langsam verfügbar; darüber hinaus ist Kernkraft zu transformationsresistent, d. h. sie blockiert den notwendigen sozial-ökologischen Transformationsprozess, ohne den ambitionierte Klimaschutzziele nicht erreichbar sind. ENGLISH: In light of the accelerating climate crisis, nuclear energy and its place in the future energy mix is being debated once again. Currently its share of global electricity generation is about 10 percent. Some countries, international organizations, private businesses and scientists accord nuclear energy some kind of role in the pursuit of climate neutrality and in ending the era of fossil fuels. The IPCC, too, includes nuclear energy in its scenarios. On the other hand, the experience with commercial nuclear energy generation acquired over the past seven decades points to the significant technical, economic, and social risks involved. This paper reviews arguments in the areas of “technology and risks,” “economic viability,” ’timely availability,” and “compatibility with social-ecological transformation processes.” Technology and risks: Catastrophes involving the release of radioactive material are always a real possibility, as illustrated by the major accidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Also, since 1945, countless accidents have occurred wherever nuclear energy has been deployed. No significantly higher reliability is to be expected from the SMRs (“small modular reactors”) that are currently at the planning stage. Even modern mathematical techniques, such as probabilistic security analyses (PSAs), do not adequately reflect important factors, such as deficient security arrangements or rare natural disasters and thereby systematically underestimate the risks. Moreover, there is the ever-present proliferation risk of weapon-grade, highly enriched uranium, and plutonium. Most spent fuel rods are stored in scarcely protected surface containers or other interim solutions, often outside proper containment structures. The safe storage of highly radioactive material, owing to a half-live of individual isotopes of over a million years, must be guaranteed for eons. Even if the risks involved for future generations cannot be authoritatively determined today, heavy burdens are undoubtedly externalized to the future. Nuclear energy and economic efficiency: The commercial use of nuclear energy was, in the 1950s, the by-product of military programmes. Not then, and not since, has nuclear energy been a competitive energy source. Even the continued use of existing plants is not economical, while investments into third generation reactors are projected to require subsidies to the tune of billions of $ or €. The experience with the development of SMR concepts suggests that these are prone to lead to even higher electricity costs. Lastly, there are the considerable, currently largely unknown costs involved in dismantling nuclear power plants and in the safe storage of radioactive waste. Detailed analyses confirm that meeting ambitious climate goals (i. e. global heating of between 1.5° and below 2° Celsius) is well possible with renewables which, if system costs are considered, are also considerably cheaper than nuclear energy. Given, too, that nuclear power plants are not commercially insurable, the risks inherent in their operation must be borne by society at large. The currently hyped SMRs and the so-called Generation IV concepts (not light-water cooled) are technologically immature and far from commercially viable. Timely availability: Given the stagnating or – with the exception of China – slowing pace of nuclear power plant construction, and considering furthermore the limited innovation potential as well as the timeframe of two decades for planning and construction, nuclear power is not a viable tool to mitigate global heating. Since 1976, the number of nuclear power plants construction starts is declining. Currently, only 52 nuclear power plants are being built. Very few countries are pursuing respective plans. Traditional nuclear producers, such as Westinghouse (USA) and Framatome (France) are in dire straits financially and are not able to launch a significant number of new construction projects in the coming decade. It can be doubted whether Russia or China have the capacity to meet a hypothetically surging demand for nuclear energy but, in any event, relying on them would be neither safe nor geopolitically desirable. Nuclear energy in the social-ecological transformation: The ultimate challenge of the great transformation, i. e. kicking off the socio-ecological reforms that will lead to a broadly supported, viable, climate-neutral energy system, lies in overcoming the drag (“lock-in”) of the old system that is dominated by fossil fuel interests. Yet, make no mistake, nuclear energy is of no use to support this process. In fact, it blocks it. The massive R&D investment required for a dead-end technology crowds out the development of sustainable technologies, such as those in the areas of renewables, energy storage and efficiency. Nuclear energy producers, given the competitive environment they operate in, are incentivized to prevent – or minimize – investments in renewables. For obvious technical as well as economic reasons, nuclear hydrogen – the often-proclaimed deus ex machina – cannot enhance the viability of nuclear power plants. Japan is an exhibit A of transformation resistance. In Germany the end of the atomic era proceeds, and the last six nuclear power stations will be switched off in 2021 and 2022, but further steps are still needed, most importantly the search for a safe storage facility for radioactive waste. By way of conclusion: The present analysis reviews a whole range of arguments based on the most recent and authoritative scientific literature. It confirms the assessment of the paper Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany – 16 points of orientation, published on 22 April 2021 by Scientists for Future (doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334) that nuclear energy cannot, in the short time remaining before the climate tips, meaningfully contribute to a climate-neutral energy system. Nuclear energy is too dangerous, too expensive, and too sluggishly deployable to play a significant role in mitigating the climate crisis. In addition, nuclear energy is an obstacle to achieving the social-ecological transformation, without which ambitious climate goals are elusive.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Preprint 2005Authors: Thomas Heinzow; Richard S.J. Tol; Burkhard Bruemmer;Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down Research Papers in EconomicsPreprint . 2005Full-Text: http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/working-papers/Offshore_Windenergie.pdfData sources: Research Papers in Economicshttps://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/...Article . 2006Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down Research Papers in EconomicsPreprint . 2005Full-Text: http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/working-papers/Offshore_Windenergie.pdfData sources: Research Papers in Economicshttps://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/...Article . 2006Data sources: DANS (Data Archiving and Networked Services)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1853 United StatesPublisher:Berlin, Ernst & Korn Authors: Brix, Philipp Wilhelm, 1817-1899.; Heintz, Wilhelm Heinrich, 1817-1880.; Verein zur beförderung des gewerbfleisses (Berlin, Germany). ed.;handle: 2027/nnc1.cu50752480
"Anhang" signed: Prof. Dr. W. Heintz. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Part of book or chapter of book 2017 NetherlandsPublisher:vz-nrw (Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V.) Authors: Wahlen, S.;Lebensmittelabfälle werden zunehmend als gesellschaftliches Problem erachtet. Die Initiative "foodsharing" versucht, diesem Problem entgegenzutreten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern diese Initiative als politischer Konsum und Lebensstilbewegung verstanden werden kann. In Lebensstilbewegungen streben individuelle Verbraucher durch ihre alltäglichen Konsumpraktiken einen gesellschaftlichen Wandel an. Anders als im traditionellen Verständnis sozialer Bewegungen treten in Lebensstilbewegungen (1) individuelle und private Aktivität in den Vordergrund, werden (2) kulturelle Ziele verfolgt sowie ist (3) die Partizipation als anhaltende zu erachten. Anhand dieser drei Distinktionskriterien wird das Foodsharing näher betrachtet, als Lebensstilbewegung kategorisiert und die unscharfen Grenzen zwischen sozialen Bewegungen und Lebensstilbewegungen herausgearbeitet. Beiträge zur Verbraucherforschung Beiträge zur Verbraucherforschung
Social Science Open ... arrow_drop_down Social Science Open Access RepositoryPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Social Science Open Access RepositoryWageningen Staff PublicationsPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Wageningen Staff Publicationsadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Social Science Open ... arrow_drop_down Social Science Open Access RepositoryPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Social Science Open Access RepositoryWageningen Staff PublicationsPart of book or chapter of book . 2017Data sources: Wageningen Staff Publicationsadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.15501/978-3-86336-914-9_2&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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