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Currently active suspension system is more applicable than passive for improving the suspension performance, ensuring the stability and passenger safety in modern automotive suspension system. However, high energy consumption is one of the main disadvantages of implementing this system in real applications. In this paper, the energy consumption of electromagnetic actuators used for an active suspension system controlled by proportional-integral-derivative (PID), fuzzy adaptive PID, and neuron adaptive PID are investigated through simulation studies. Based on the energy consumption and the performance analysis, it has found that it is potential to develop a vibration energy recovery system to achieve the energy balance requirement in active suspension systems.

Currently active suspension system is more applicable than passive for improving the suspension performance, ensuring the stability and passenger safety in modern automotive suspension system. However, high energy consumption is one of the main disadvantages of implementing this system in real applications. In this paper, the energy consumption of electromagnetic actuators used for an active suspension system controlled by proportional-integral-derivative (PID), fuzzy adaptive PID, and neuron adaptive PID are investigated through simulation studies. Based on the energy consumption and the performance analysis, it has found that it is potential to develop a vibration energy recovery system to achieve the energy balance requirement in active suspension systems.

This deliverable includes the methodology in EnergyPROSPECTS for an in-depth study of energy citizenship. It features the criteria used for selecting the cases for indepth study, the list of cases selected for in-depth study as well as key research foci and empirical research questions.

This deliverable includes the methodology in EnergyPROSPECTS for an in-depth study of energy citizenship. It features the criteria used for selecting the cases for indepth study, the list of cases selected for in-depth study as well as key research foci and empirical research questions.

River systems play an important role in the filling of sedimentary basins and record the history of external forcing processes, such as climate, tectonics and sea-level change, acting on them. They are potential reservoirs for oil, gas and water, and can host coal and placer mineral deposits. Because of the complex interplay between the external forcing processes, however, understanding of the genesis of the stratigraphy of river systems and interpreting the stratigraphy correctly is far from straightforward. Current conceptual models are oversimplified, and more insight into the impact of external forcing processes must be gained to improve these models. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of climate (i.e., discharge and sediment influx) on the development of the large-scale stratigraphic architecture of river systems, in isolation and in conjunction with sea-level fluctuations, through an analogue modelling approach. Analogue physical models reproduce the long-term average effects and products of the transport processes in a river system, rather than the transport processes themselves. An advantage of analogue modelling over numerical modelling is that it is hard to make the model fit preconceived notions about the results, making it possible to test and develop conceptual models. The impact of climate (i.e., discharge and sediment influx) on the large-scale stratigraphic architecture of river-delta-shelf-basin systems appears not to be as dominant as the impact of sea-level change, but it does significantly affect the smaller scale stratigraphic architecture, such as the relative size of systems tracts and the rate and extent of erosion. Furthermore, we found a fundamental difference between the impact of changes in discharge and the impact of changes in sediment influx on the yield and mass accumulation at the mouth of a river system. River systems can act as buffers for rapid changes in sediment influx, while they react very rapidly to changes in discharge. Thus, the small-scale stratigraphy at the river mouth is controlled mainly by changes in discharge, and the large-scale stratigraphy is controlled by changes in sediment influx (and sea-level fluctuations). Also, because the response of the river gradient to an increase in discharge is the opposite to its response to an increase in sediment influx (and vice versa), the mass accumulation at the river mouth, combined with the overall stratigraphic architecture of the system, can be used to constrain paleo-discharge and paleo-sediment influx scenarios. Finally, our experiments show that a complex stratigraphic architecture is not necessarily the result of complex forcing, but can result from very simple changes in discharge. To assess the development of the stratigraphy in physical models, a new method for processing the data obtained in the experiments was developed. Series of subsequent digital elevation models of the surface of the model are converted, using custom-made software, into synthetic three-dimensional stratigraphy, containing true isochronous surfaces. This data set contains the development of the system through time in three dimensions, and can be presented in various formats, such as geological maps, geological sections and Wheeler diagrams.