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Rising temperatures, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and sea level rise are playing a growing role in shaping displacement, rural-urban migration, circular movements but also voluntary and forced immobilities. The debate on climate mobilities – the interplay between climate change and human mobility – is currently moving centre stage in migration studies. Migration theory, on the other hand, does not necessarily reflect sufficiently on the role of the environment in mobility patterns. Including an understanding of the complex nature of climate mobilities avoids assuming climate change related mobility as new or exceptional per se, and offers understanding of the plural, multi-causal, and political ways in which climate change and human im/mobilities intersect.

Rising temperatures, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and sea level rise are playing a growing role in shaping displacement, rural-urban migration, circular movements but also voluntary and forced immobilities. The debate on climate mobilities – the interplay between climate change and human mobility – is currently moving centre stage in migration studies. Migration theory, on the other hand, does not necessarily reflect sufficiently on the role of the environment in mobility patterns. Including an understanding of the complex nature of climate mobilities avoids assuming climate change related mobility as new or exceptional per se, and offers understanding of the plural, multi-causal, and political ways in which climate change and human im/mobilities intersect.

The potential of renewable energy should be fully exploited in the transportation sector to achieve a cleaner production. Therefore, this paper proposes an on-grid hybrid hydrogen refueling and battery swapping station powered by wind energy. This novel concept can promote the development of low-carbon emission vehicles including hydrogen-based vehicle and battery electric vehicle. During the daily operation of the station, the multiple uncertainties may lead to a higher operational cost. To address this problem, a hybrid stochastic/distributionally robust optimization method is proposed to handle different uncertainties for the energy management problem. The first type of uncertainties can be depicted by a certain distribution, i.e. electricity price and wind power, which is processed by a stochastic optimization method. The second type of uncertainties is associated with human behaviors and is difficult to find its probability distribution, i.e. the hydrogen demand of hydrogen-based vehicles, so the second type is processed by a distributionally robust optimization method. The overall objective is to minimize the total operational cost of the station, which also considers the battery swapping station overstock punishment. Because a reasonable battery swapping scheduling can reduce the waiting time of users and operational cost of the station. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively address the conservatism of solutions as its total operational cost is 4.4% lower than that of the hybrid stochastic/robust optimization method under a high confidence level.

The potential of renewable energy should be fully exploited in the transportation sector to achieve a cleaner production. Therefore, this paper proposes an on-grid hybrid hydrogen refueling and battery swapping station powered by wind energy. This novel concept can promote the development of low-carbon emission vehicles including hydrogen-based vehicle and battery electric vehicle. During the daily operation of the station, the multiple uncertainties may lead to a higher operational cost. To address this problem, a hybrid stochastic/distributionally robust optimization method is proposed to handle different uncertainties for the energy management problem. The first type of uncertainties can be depicted by a certain distribution, i.e. electricity price and wind power, which is processed by a stochastic optimization method. The second type of uncertainties is associated with human behaviors and is difficult to find its probability distribution, i.e. the hydrogen demand of hydrogen-based vehicles, so the second type is processed by a distributionally robust optimization method. The overall objective is to minimize the total operational cost of the station, which also considers the battery swapping station overstock punishment. Because a reasonable battery swapping scheduling can reduce the waiting time of users and operational cost of the station. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively address the conservatism of solutions as its total operational cost is 4.4% lower than that of the hybrid stochastic/robust optimization method under a high confidence level.

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and causes stratospheric ozone depletion. While the emissions of N2O from soil are widely recognized, recent research has shown that terrestrial plants may also emit N2O from their leaves under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unclear whether foliar N2O emissions are universal across varying plant taxa, what the global significance of foliar N2O emissions is, and how the foliage produces N2O in situ. Here we investigated the abilities of 25 common plant taxa, including trees, shrubs and herbs, to emit N2O under in situ conditions. Using 15N isotopic labeling, we demonstrated that the foliage‐emitted N2O was predominantly derived from nitrate. Moreover, by selectively injecting biocide in conjunction with the isolating and back‐inoculating of endophytes, we demonstrated that the foliar N2O emissions were driven by endophytic bacteria. The seasonal N2O emission rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 ng N2O–N g−1 dried foliage h−1. Extrapolating these emission rates to global foliar biomass and plant N uptake, we estimated global foliar N2O emission to be 1.21 and 1.01 Tg N2O–N year−1, respectively. These estimates account for 6%–7% of the current global annual N2O emission of 17 Tg N2O–N year−1, indicating that in situ foliar N2O emission is a universal process for terrestrial plants and contributes significantly to the global N2O inventory. This finding highlights the importance of measuring foliar N2O emissions in future studies to enable the accurate assigning of mechanisms and the development of effective mitigation.

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and causes stratospheric ozone depletion. While the emissions of N2O from soil are widely recognized, recent research has shown that terrestrial plants may also emit N2O from their leaves under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unclear whether foliar N2O emissions are universal across varying plant taxa, what the global significance of foliar N2O emissions is, and how the foliage produces N2O in situ. Here we investigated the abilities of 25 common plant taxa, including trees, shrubs and herbs, to emit N2O under in situ conditions. Using 15N isotopic labeling, we demonstrated that the foliage‐emitted N2O was predominantly derived from nitrate. Moreover, by selectively injecting biocide in conjunction with the isolating and back‐inoculating of endophytes, we demonstrated that the foliar N2O emissions were driven by endophytic bacteria. The seasonal N2O emission rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 ng N2O–N g−1 dried foliage h−1. Extrapolating these emission rates to global foliar biomass and plant N uptake, we estimated global foliar N2O emission to be 1.21 and 1.01 Tg N2O–N year−1, respectively. These estimates account for 6%–7% of the current global annual N2O emission of 17 Tg N2O–N year−1, indicating that in situ foliar N2O emission is a universal process for terrestrial plants and contributes significantly to the global N2O inventory. This finding highlights the importance of measuring foliar N2O emissions in future studies to enable the accurate assigning of mechanisms and the development of effective mitigation.

This chapter presents current knowledge, methods, and applications of nutritional energetics in an aquaculture setting. All organisms ingest and metabolize macronutrients that supply dietary energy and the nutrients have different fates. The different aspects of energy flow from feed to fish or shrimp are similar to those known in land animals or birds, but the aquatic mode of life imposes challenges and confers advantages both at the cellular level and at the whole organism level. Energy gain and losses are governed by the efficiency with which the macronutrients are utilized. The application of net energy system as prevailing in monogastric land animal nutrition is also valid for aquatic organisms. The large number of species reared by aquaculture is a real challenge, but many of the basic principles are valid across species. There is a need for precisely quantifying the partition of dietary digestible energy for somatic growth, reproduction, and other physiological changes due to environmental factors.

This chapter presents current knowledge, methods, and applications of nutritional energetics in an aquaculture setting. All organisms ingest and metabolize macronutrients that supply dietary energy and the nutrients have different fates. The different aspects of energy flow from feed to fish or shrimp are similar to those known in land animals or birds, but the aquatic mode of life imposes challenges and confers advantages both at the cellular level and at the whole organism level. Energy gain and losses are governed by the efficiency with which the macronutrients are utilized. The application of net energy system as prevailing in monogastric land animal nutrition is also valid for aquatic organisms. The large number of species reared by aquaculture is a real challenge, but many of the basic principles are valid across species. There is a need for precisely quantifying the partition of dietary digestible energy for somatic growth, reproduction, and other physiological changes due to environmental factors.

Abstract: This study evaluates the economic and environmental benefits of implementing the proposed REcovered Nitrogen from manURE (RENURE) criteria as mineral fertiliser into the Nitrates Directive (ND) to facilitate the utilisation of minerals from manure. Implementing the RENURE amendment could significantly contribute to sustainability goals in an economic way, offering a 4.8 % reduction in economic costs in livestock-dense regions including Brittany (-0.7 %), Lombardy (-2.3 %), Flanders (-2.6 %), Lower Saxony (-4.7 %), Catalonia (-4.8 %), North-Rhine Westphalia (-4.8 %), and the Netherlands (-5.0 %). Through spatially explicit multi-agent modeling, the study revealed that the RENURE amendment not only promises economic benefits, but also enhances nitrogen circularity by 1.3 % and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 6 % in these areas. These findings highlight the potential of nutrient recovery and reuse under RENURE to address both economic and environmental challenges, supporting the European Union's (EU) Farm-to-Fork strategy (F2F) goals of reducing nutrient emissions to the air and fertilizer use.