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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adeel Ahmed; Saima Abdullah; Muhammad Bukhsh; Israr Ahmad; +1 Authors

    The Internet of Things (IoT) is getting important and interconnected technologies of the world, consisting of sensor devices. The internet is smoothly changing from an internet of people towards an Internet of Things, which permits various objects to connect to another wirelessly. The energy consumption of the IoT routing protocol can affect the network life span. In addition, the high volume of data produced by IoT will result in transmission collision, security issues, and energy dissipation due to increased data redundancy because tiny sensors are usually hard to recharge after they are deployed. Generally, to save energy, data aggregation reduces data redundancy at each node by turning some nodes into sleep mode and others into wake mode. Therefore, it is important to group the nodes with high data similarity using the fuzzy matrix. Then, the data received from the member nodes at the Cluster Head (CH) are analyzed using a fuzzy similarity matrix for clustering. In the next step, after clustering, some nodes are chosen from all groups as redundant nodes. The sleep scheduling mechanism is then applied to reduce data redundancy, network traffic jamming, and transmission costs. We have proposed an Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation Mechanism (EEDAM) secured by blockchain, which uses a data aggregation mechanism at the cluster level to save energy. As edge computing is used to provide on-demand trusted services to IoT with minimum delay, blockchain is integrated inside a cloud server, so the edge is validated by the blockchain to provide secure services to IoT. Finally, we performed simulations to calculate the performance of the proposed mechanism and compared it with the conventional energy-efficient algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed structural design can successfully reduce the amount of data, provide proper security to the IoT, and extend the wireless sensor network (WSN).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adnan Zahir; Bilal Haider Abbasi; Bilal Haider Abbasi; Bilal Haider Abbasi; +4 Authors

    The multipurpose plant species Linum usitatissimum famous for producing linen fibre and containing valuable pharmacologically active polyphenols, has rarely been tested for it's in vitro biosynthesis potential of lignans and neolignans. The current study aims at the synergistic effects of mineral nutrients variation and different photoperiod treatments on growth kinetics and biomass accumulation in in vitro cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Both nutrient quality and quantity affected growth patterns, as cultures established on Gamborg B5 medium had comparatively long exponential phase compared to Murashige and Skoog medium, while growth was slow but steady until last phases of the culture on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. Similarly, we observed that boron deficiency and nitrogen limitation in culture medium (Gamborg B5 medium) enhanced callus biomass (fresh weight 413 g/l and dry weight 20.7 g/l), phenolics production (667.60 mg/l), and lignan content (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside 6.33 and lariciresinol diglucoside 5.22 mg/g dry weight respectively) at 16/8 h light and dark-week 4, while that of neolignans (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside 44.42 and guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside 9.26 mg/g dry weight, respectively) in continuous dark after 4th week of culture. Conversely, maximum flavonoids production occurred at both Murashige and Skoog, Schenk and Hildebrandt media (both media types contain comparatively higher boron and nitrogen content) in the presence of continuous light. Generally, continuous dark had no significant role in any growth associated parameter. This study opens new dimension for optimizing growing conditions and evaluating underlying mechanisms in biosynthesis of lignans and neolignans in in vitro cultures of Linum usitatissimum.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Younis Jamal; Ejaz M. Shahid;

    This article is a literature review of use of biodiesel fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is based on the reports of about 50 scientists including (some manufacturers and agencies) who published their results between 1900 and 2005. The scientists and researchers conducted the test, using different types of raw and refined oils. These experiments with raw biodiesel as fuel did not show the satisfactory results, when they used the raw biodiesel. The fuel showed injector coking and piston ring sticking. Some of the scientists mixed with methanol or ethanol in presence of KOH or NaOH and then filtered and washed. The process is called transeterfication and is used to degum, dewax and to remove triglycerides from the vegetable oils. Transeterfication decreases the viscosity, density and flash point of the fuel. The results obtained, by using such oils in compression ignition engines as fuel, were satisfactory only for short term. A vast majority of scientists mixed the transesterified biodiesel oil with diesel with different ratios. When tested in long run, blends of the oil above 20% (B20) caused maintenance problems and even sometimes damaged the engine. Some authors reported success in using vegetable oils as diesel fuel extenders in blends of more than 20% even in long-term studies. The main conclusion derived by the researchers is that coking is a potentially serious problem with the use of unmodified vegetable biodiesel. However, the refined, chemically processed and degumed vegetable oil mixed with diesel can be used to run compression ignition engine for longer duration. It was reported that there was a slight decrease in brake power and a slight increase in fuel consumption. However, the lubricant properties of the biodiesel are better than diesel, which can help to increase the engine life. Moreover, the biodiesel fuel is environment friendly, produces much less NOx and HC and absolutely no Sox and no increase in CO2 at global level.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Renewable and Sustai...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Renewable and Sustai...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zeeshan Aslam; Fahad Ahmed; Ahmad Almogren; Muhammad Shafiq; +2 Authors

    Electricity theft is one of the main causes of non-technical losses and its detection is important for power distribution companies to avoid revenue loss. The advancement of traditional grids to smart grids allows a two-way flow of information and energy that enables real-time energy management, billing and load surveillance. This infrastructure enables power distribution companies to automate electricity theft detection (ETD) by constructing new innovative data-driven solutions. Whereas, the traditional ETD approaches do not provide acceptable theft detection performance due to high-dimensional imbalanced data, loss of data relationships during feature extraction and the requirement of experts' involvement. Hence, this paper presents a new semi-supervised solution for ETD, which consists of relational denoising autoencoder (RDAE) and attention guided (AG) TripleGAN, named as RDAE-AG-TripleGAN. In this system, RDAE is implemented to derive features and their associations while AG performs feature weighting and dynamically supervises the AG-TripleGAN. As a result, this procedure significantly boosts the ETD. Furthermore, to demonstrate the acceptability of the proposed methodology over conventional approaches, we conducted extensive simulations using the real power consumption data of smart meters. The proposed solution is validated over the most useful and suitable performance indicators: area under the curve, precision, recall, Matthews correlation coefficient, F1-score and precision-recall area under the curve. The simulation results prove that the proposed method efficiently improves the detection of electricity frauds against conventional ETD schemes such as extreme gradient boosting machine and transductive support vector machine. The proposed solution achieves the detection rate of 0.956, which makes it more acceptable for electric utilities than the existing approaches.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Aqib; Azhar Hussain; Hafız Muhammad Ali; Ammar Naseer; +1 Authors

    Les matériaux de stockage thermique prenant en compte les matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) ont attiré de nombreux chercheurs pour la gestion thermique des crises énergétiques en raison d'une meilleure plage de température adaptée aux applications de stockage thermique. Cependant, l'efficacité des PCM est affectée par une très faible conductivité thermique et cette déficience limite l'utilisation des PCM comme matériau de stockage thermique efficace. Pour augmenter la conductivité thermique du PCM, différentes nanoparticules (NP) avec une valeur plus élevée de conductivité thermique sont ajoutées, appelées nano PCM. Cet article présente la préparation et la caractérisation de matériaux à changement de phase améliorés par de l'alumine NP métallique (Al2O3) et des nanotubes de carbone multiparois NP non métalliques (MWCNT). L'objectif de cette étude est de créer le nano PCM en ajoutant des NP d'Al2O3 et de MWCNT dans de la cire de paraffine à 2 % en poids, 4 % en poids et 6 % en poids. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de la cire de paraffine pure, la température maximale de pic obtenue après 90 min est de 61,53 °C. Dans le cas de l'oxyde d'alumine, la température maximale de crête obtenue à la couche supérieure pour les trois échantillons est la suivante ; pour 2 % en poids est de 62,65 °C, 4 % en poids est de 63 °C et 6 % en poids est de 64 °C et dans le cas des MWCNT, la température maximale de crête obtenue à la couche supérieure pour les trois échantillons est la suivante ; pour 2 % en poids est de 68 °C, 4 % en poids est de 69,86 °C et 6 % en poids est de 70,55 °C. La température maximale de crête a été augmentée par une augmentation de la concentration de NPs, ce qui a permis d'améliorer la charge et la décharge du PCM. Il a été observé que le composite de cire de paraffine ayant 6 % en poids de NP de MWCNT montre les meilleurs résultats par rapport aux autres échantillons préparés. Los materiales de almacenamiento térmico que consideran materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) han atraído a muchos investigadores para la gestión térmica de crisis energéticas debido a un mejor rango de temperatura para adaptarse a las aplicaciones de almacenamiento térmico. Sin embargo, la efectividad de los PCM se ve afectada por una conductividad térmica muy baja y esta deficiencia limita el uso de PCM como material de almacenamiento térmico eficiente. Para aumentar la conductividad térmica del PCM, se añaden diferentes nanopartículas (NP) con un mayor valor de conductividad térmica que se denominan nano PCM. Este documento presenta la preparación y caracterización de material de cambio de fase mejorado por alúmina NPs metálica (Al2O3) y nanotubos de carbono multipared NPs no metálicos (MWCNTs). El objetivo de este estudio es crear el nano PCM mediante la adición de NP de Al2O3 y MWCNT en cera de parafina al 2% en peso, 4% en peso y 6% en peso. Los resultados mostraron que en el caso de la cera de parafina pura, la temperatura máxima máxima obtenida después de 90 min es de 61.53 °C. En el caso del óxido de alúmina, la temperatura máxima del pico obtenida en la capa superior para las tres muestras es la siguiente; para el 2% en peso es 62,65 °C, el 4% en peso es 63 °C y el 6% en peso es 64 °C y en el caso de los MWCNT, la temperatura máxima del pico obtenida en la capa superior para las tres muestras es la siguiente; para el 2% en peso es 68 °C, el 4% en peso es 69,86 °C y el 6% en peso es 70,55 °C. La temperatura máxima máxima se incrementó por un incremento de la concentración de NPs, lo que resulta en una mejor carga y descarga de PCM. Se observó que el compuesto de cera de parafina que tiene 6% en peso de NP de MWCNT muestra los mejores resultados en comparación con otras muestras preparadas. Thermal storage materials considering phase-changing materials (PCM) have attracted many researchers for thermal management of energy crises due to better temperature range to suit the thermal storage applications. However, the effectiveness of PCMs is affected by very low thermal conductivity and this deficiency limits the use of PCMs as an efficient thermal storage material. To increase the thermal conductivity of PCM, different nanoparticles (NPs) with a higher value of thermal conductivity are added which are called nano PCM. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of phase change material enhanced by metallic NPs alumina (Al2O3) and nonmetallic NPs multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The aim of this study is to create the nano PCM by adding Al2O3 & MWCNTs NPs in Paraffin wax at 2 wt%,4 wt% and 6 wt%. The results showed that in the case of pure paraffin wax, the maximum peak temperature obtained after 90 min is 61.53 °C. In the case of alumina oxide maximum peak temperature obtained at top layer for all three samples is as follows; for 2 wt% is 62.65 °C, 4 wt% is 63 °C and 6 wt% is 64 °C and in the case of MWCNTs maximum peak temperature obtained at top layer for all three samples is as follows; for 2 wt% is 68 °C, 4 wt% is 69.86 °C and 6 wt% is 70.55 °C. The maximum peak temperature was increased by an increment of NPs concentration results in better charging and discharging of PCM. It was observed that composite of paraffin wax having 6 wt% of MWCNTs NPs shows the best results as compared to other prepared samples. جذبت مواد التخزين الحراري التي تأخذ في الاعتبار مواد تغيير الطور (PCM) العديد من الباحثين للإدارة الحرارية لأزمات الطاقة بسبب نطاق درجة حرارة أفضل لتناسب تطبيقات التخزين الحراري. ومع ذلك، تتأثر فعالية PCMs بالتوصيل الحراري المنخفض للغاية ويحد هذا النقص من استخدام PCMs كمواد تخزين حرارية فعالة. لزيادة الموصلية الحرارية لـ PCM، تتم إضافة جسيمات نانوية مختلفة (NPs) ذات قيمة أعلى من الموصلية الحرارية والتي تسمى nano PCM. تعرض هذه الورقة إعداد وتوصيف مادة تغيير الطور المعززة بألومينا NPs المعدنية (Al2O3) والأنابيب النانوية الكربونية متعددة الجدران NPs غير المعدنية (MWCNTs). الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو إنشاء نانو PCM عن طريق إضافة Al2O3 و MWCNTs NPs في شمع البارافين بنسبة 2 ٪ بالوزن و 4 ٪ بالوزن و 6 ٪ بالوزن. وأظهرت النتائج أنه في حالة شمع البارافين النقي، فإن درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى التي تم الحصول عليها بعد 90 دقيقة هي 61.53 درجة مئوية. في حالة درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى لأكسيد الألومينا التي تم الحصول عليها في الطبقة العليا لجميع العينات الثلاث هي كما يلي ؛ بالنسبة لـ 2 ٪ بالوزن هو 62.65 درجة مئوية، 4 ٪ بالوزن هو 63 درجة مئوية و 6 ٪ بالوزن هو 64 درجة مئوية وفي حالة MWCNTs تكون درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى التي تم الحصول عليها في الطبقة العليا لجميع العينات الثلاث على النحو التالي ؛ بالنسبة لـ 2 ٪ بالوزن هو 68 درجة مئوية، 4 ٪ بالوزن هو 69.86 درجة مئوية و 6 ٪ بالوزن هو 70.55 درجة مئوية. تمت زيادة درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى عن طريق زيادة تركيز NPs مما يؤدي إلى تحسين شحن وتفريغ PCM. لوحظ أن مركب شمع البارافين الذي يحتوي على 6 ٪ بالوزن من NPs MWCNTs يظهر أفضل النتائج مقارنة بالعينات المحضرة الأخرى.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Carlo Drago; Andrea Gatto; Andrea Gatto;

    Resilience is receiving increasing scientific attention, albeit its notion is still in progress and not univocal, especially when it comes to specific sectors such as energy. Energy and resilience policy is detected as a dominant strategy to achieve international development objectives throughout long-term sustainability and wellbeing goals. Energy resilience also crosses major energy policy issues – namely energy vulnerability, security, poverty, and justice. Making use of the Web Of Science 2018 release, this work aims at contributing to a clarification of the concept of energy resilience, proposing a taxonomy. The bibliometric outputs show a sharp increase in scientific publications on the issue. The bibliometric analysis suggests a taxonomy of energy resilience based on 7 approaches or strategies. The results suggest an evolution of the conceptual contributions, that enlarge resilience early use, merely applied to technical and hard sciences. Resilience is today used in different disciplines, including social sciences and sustainability studies, as part of a holistic approach centered on sustainable development.

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    Authors: Ali A. El‐Moursy; Amany Abdelsamea; Rukshanda Kamran; Mohamed Saad;

    L'utilisation des centres de données de cloud computing se développe rapidement pour répondre à l'énorme augmentation de la demande de ressources de calcul haute performance (HPC), de stockage et de mise en réseau pour les applications commerciales et scientifiques. La consolidation des machines virtuelles (VM) implique la migration en direct des VM pour qu'elles s'exécutent sur moins de serveurs physiques, ce qui permet d'éteindre ou d'exécuter davantage de serveurs en mode basse consommation, afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la consommation d'énergie, les coûts d'exploitation et les émissions de CO2. Une étape cruciale de la consolidation des machines virtuelles est la détection de la surcharge de l'hôte, qui tente de prédire si un serveur physique sera ou non sursouscrit avec des machines virtuelles. Contrairement à la majorité des travaux antérieurs qui utilisent l'utilisation du processeur comme seul indicateur de la surcharge de l'hôte, une étude récente a proposé un algorithme de détection de la surcharge de l'hôte à régression multiple, qui prend en compte plusieurs facteurs : l'utilisation du processeur, de la mémoire et du réseau BW. Ce document fournit d'autres améliorations dans deux directions. Tout d'abord, nous fournissons des algorithmes d'utilisation d'hôte de régression multidimensionnelle (MDRHU) qui combinent l'utilisation du processeur, de la mémoire et du réseau BW via la distance euclidienne (MDRHU-ED) et la sommation absolue (MDRHU-AS), respectivement. Cela conduit à de meilleurs résultats en termes de consommation d'énergie et de violation de l'accord de niveau de service. Deuxièmement, l'étude prend explicitement en compte les charges de travail HPC du monde réel. Notre étude de simulation approfondie illustre davantage la supériorité de nos algorithmes proposés par rapport aux méthodes existantes. En particulier, par rapport à l'algorithme de régression multiple le plus récemment proposé qui est basé sur la relation géométrique (GR), nos algorithmes proposés fournissent une amélioration d'au moins 12 % de la consommation d'énergie et une amélioration d'au moins 80 % d'une métrique qui combine la consommation d'énergie, la violation du niveau de service et le nombre de migrations de VM. El uso de centros de datos de computación en la nube está creciendo rápidamente para satisfacer el tremendo aumento de la demanda de computación de alto rendimiento (HPC), almacenamiento y recursos de red para aplicaciones empresariales y científicas. La consolidación de máquinas virtuales (VM) implica la migración en vivo de las VM para que se ejecuten en menos servidores físicos y, por lo tanto, permitir que más servidores se apaguen o se ejecuten en modo de bajo consumo, para mejorar la eficiencia del consumo de energía, el costo operativo y la emisión de CO2. Un paso crucial en la consolidación de máquinas virtuales es la detección de sobrecarga de host, que intenta predecir si un servidor físico estará sobresuscrito o no con máquinas virtuales. En contraste con la mayoría de los trabajos anteriores que utilizan la utilización de la CPU como el único indicador de sobrecarga de host, un estudio reciente ha propuesto un algoritmo de detección de sobrecarga de host de regresión múltiple, que tiene en cuenta múltiples factores: CPU, memoria y utilización de BW de red. Este documento proporciona una mejora adicional en dos direcciones. En primer lugar, proporcionamos algoritmos de utilización de host de regresión multidimensional (MDRHU) que combinan la utilización de CPU, memoria y BW de red a través de la distancia euclidiana (MDRHU-ED) y la suma absoluta (MDRHU-AS), respectivamente. Esto conduce a mejores resultados en términos de consumo de energía y violación del acuerdo de nivel de servicio. En segundo lugar, el estudio tiene en cuenta explícitamente las cargas de trabajo de HPC del mundo real. Nuestro extenso estudio de simulación ilustra aún más la superioridad de nuestros algoritmos propuestos sobre los métodos existentes. En particular, en comparación con el algoritmo de regresión múltiple propuesto más recientemente que se basa en la relación geométrica (GR), nuestros algoritmos propuestos proporcionan una mejora de al menos el 12% en el consumo de energía y una mejora de al menos el 80% en una métrica que combina el consumo de energía, la violación del nivel de servicio y el número de migraciones de VM. The use of cloud computing data centers is growing rapidly to meet the tremendous increase in demand for high-performance computing (HPC), storage and networking resources for business and scientific applications. Virtual machine (VM) consolidation involves the live migration of VMs to run on fewer physical servers, and thus allowing more servers to be switched off or run on low-power mode, as to improve the energy consumption efficiency, operating cost and CO2 emission. A crucial step in VM consolidation is host overload detection, which attempts to predict whether or not a physical server will be oversubscribed with VMs. In contrast to the majority of previous work which use CPU utilization as the sole indicator for host overload, a recent study has proposed a multiple regression host overload detection algorithm, which takes multiple factors into consideration: CPU, memory and network BW utilization. This paper provides further improvement along two directions. First, we provide Multi-Dimensional Regression Host Utilization (MDRHU) algorithms that combine CPU, memory and network BW utilization via Euclidean Distance (MDRHU-ED) and absolute summation (MDRHU-AS), respectively. This leads to improved results in terms of energy consumption and service level agreement violation. Second, the study explicitly takes real-world HPC workloads into consideration. Our extensive simulation study further illustrates the superiority of our proposed algorithms over existing methods. In particular, as compared to the most recently proposed multiple regression algorithm that is based on Geometric Relation (GR), our proposed algorithms provide an improvement of at least 12% in energy consumption, and an improvement of at least 80% in a metric that combines energy consumption, service-level-violation, and number of VM migrations. ينمو استخدام مراكز بيانات الحوسبة السحابية بسرعة لتلبية الزيادة الهائلة في الطلب على الحوسبة عالية الأداء (HPC) وموارد التخزين والشبكات للأعمال والتطبيقات العلمية. يتضمن دمج الأجهزة الافتراضية (VM) الترحيل المباشر للأجهزة الافتراضية لتشغيلها على عدد أقل من الخوادم المادية، وبالتالي السماح بإيقاف تشغيل المزيد من الخوادم أو تشغيلها على وضع الطاقة المنخفضة، وذلك لتحسين كفاءة استهلاك الطاقة وتكلفة التشغيل وانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون. تتمثل الخطوة الحاسمة في دمج الأجهزة الافتراضية في اكتشاف الحمل الزائد للمضيف، والذي يحاول التنبؤ بما إذا كان سيتم الاكتتاب الزائد للخادم الفعلي مع الأجهزة الافتراضية أم لا. على النقيض من غالبية الأعمال السابقة التي تستخدم استخدام وحدة المعالجة المركزية كمؤشر وحيد للحمل الزائد للمضيف، اقترحت دراسة حديثة خوارزمية متعددة للكشف عن الحمل الزائد للمضيف الانحدار، والتي تأخذ عوامل متعددة في الاعتبار: استخدام وحدة المعالجة المركزية والذاكرة والشبكة BW. توفر هذه الورقة مزيدًا من التحسين على طول اتجاهين. أولاً، نحن نقدم خوارزميات استخدام مضيف الانحدار متعدد الأبعاد (MDRHU) التي تجمع بين وحدة المعالجة المركزية والذاكرة واستخدام شبكة الأسلحة البيولوجية عبر المسافة الإقليدية (MDRHU - ED) والتجميع المطلق (MDRHU - AS)، على التوالي. وهذا يؤدي إلى تحسين النتائج من حيث استهلاك الطاقة وانتهاك اتفاقية مستوى الخدمة. ثانيًا، تأخذ الدراسة صراحةً في الاعتبار أعباء العمل في مجال الحوسبة عالية الأداء في العالم الحقيقي. توضح دراستنا للمحاكاة الشاملة كذلك تفوق خوارزمياتنا المقترحة على الأساليب الحالية. على وجه الخصوص، بالمقارنة مع خوارزمية الانحدار المتعددة المقترحة مؤخرًا والتي تستند إلى العلاقة الهندسية (GR)، توفر خوارزمياتنا المقترحة تحسينًا بنسبة 12 ٪ على الأقل في استهلاك الطاقة، وتحسينًا بنسبة 80 ٪ على الأقل في مقياس يجمع بين استهلاك الطاقة وانتهاك مستوى الخدمة وعدد هجرات الأجهزة الافتراضية.

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    Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Cloud Com...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hv...
      Other literature type . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/c6...
      Other literature type . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammet Deveci; Dragan Pamucar; Elif Oguz;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Applied Energy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Access Routes
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      Applied Energy
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Masilu Marupi; Munira Batool; Morteza Alizadeh; Noor Zanib;

    The global climate protection policy aimed at achieving a zero greenhouse gas emissions target has led to the fast incorporation of large-scale photovoltaics into the power network. The conventional AC grid was not modeled to be incorporated with large-scale non-synchronous inverter-based energy resources (IBR). Incorporating inertia-free IBR into the grid leads to technical issues such as the degradation of system strength and inertia, therefore affecting the safety and reliability of the electrical power system. This research introduced a new solution to incorporate a flywheel in the rotor of a synchronous machine to improve the dynamic inertia control during a system disruption and to maintain the constancy of the system. The objective of this work is to enhance large-scale photovoltaic systems in such a way that they can avoid failures during a fault. A model of transient constancy with two synchronous generators and a LSPV is established in PowerWorld modeling software. A line-to-ground and three-phase fault are simulated in a system with up to 50% IBR penetration. The outcomes showed that the power network was able to ride through faults (RTFs) and that the stability of frequency and voltage are enhanced because of a flywheel that improved grid inertia and strength.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energies
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muhammad Ijaz Khan; Sumaira Qayyum; Mehr Nigar; Yu‐Ming Chu; +1 Authors

    AbstractNanofluid comprising nanometer sized materials, called nanoparticles. These liquids are built colloidal suspensions of nanomaterials in a continuous phase liquid. The nanomaterials utilized in nanoliquids are typically made of carbon nanotubes, oxides and metals. In this research, communication, the impact of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis is addressed in flow of non‐Newtonian fluid towards shrinking/stretching the surface. The energy equation is developed subjesct to dissipation, radiative flux (nonlinear) and Ohmic heating. The activation energy is further considered for chemical reaction. The nonlinear flow expressions are transformed into ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. The obtained systems of ordinary differential equation's are numerically solved through Shooting method (bvp4c). The concentration, temperature and velocity profiles are determined graphically. Mass transfer, surface drag force and heat transfer rate are shown by tables. At last, entropy and Bejan number are discussed through graphs in which entropy showed increasing behavior for magnetic, radiation, Brinkman and diffusivity parameter but Bejan number showed opposite behavior for them.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Numerical Methods fo...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Numerical Methods fo...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adeel Ahmed; Saima Abdullah; Muhammad Bukhsh; Israr Ahmad; +1 Authors

    The Internet of Things (IoT) is getting important and interconnected technologies of the world, consisting of sensor devices. The internet is smoothly changing from an internet of people towards an Internet of Things, which permits various objects to connect to another wirelessly. The energy consumption of the IoT routing protocol can affect the network life span. In addition, the high volume of data produced by IoT will result in transmission collision, security issues, and energy dissipation due to increased data redundancy because tiny sensors are usually hard to recharge after they are deployed. Generally, to save energy, data aggregation reduces data redundancy at each node by turning some nodes into sleep mode and others into wake mode. Therefore, it is important to group the nodes with high data similarity using the fuzzy matrix. Then, the data received from the member nodes at the Cluster Head (CH) are analyzed using a fuzzy similarity matrix for clustering. In the next step, after clustering, some nodes are chosen from all groups as redundant nodes. The sleep scheduling mechanism is then applied to reduce data redundancy, network traffic jamming, and transmission costs. We have proposed an Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation Mechanism (EEDAM) secured by blockchain, which uses a data aggregation mechanism at the cluster level to save energy. As edge computing is used to provide on-demand trusted services to IoT with minimum delay, blockchain is integrated inside a cloud server, so the edge is validated by the blockchain to provide secure services to IoT. Finally, we performed simulations to calculate the performance of the proposed mechanism and compared it with the conventional energy-efficient algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed structural design can successfully reduce the amount of data, provide proper security to the IoT, and extend the wireless sensor network (WSN).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adnan Zahir; Bilal Haider Abbasi; Bilal Haider Abbasi; Bilal Haider Abbasi; +4 Authors

    The multipurpose plant species Linum usitatissimum famous for producing linen fibre and containing valuable pharmacologically active polyphenols, has rarely been tested for it's in vitro biosynthesis potential of lignans and neolignans. The current study aims at the synergistic effects of mineral nutrients variation and different photoperiod treatments on growth kinetics and biomass accumulation in in vitro cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Both nutrient quality and quantity affected growth patterns, as cultures established on Gamborg B5 medium had comparatively long exponential phase compared to Murashige and Skoog medium, while growth was slow but steady until last phases of the culture on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. Similarly, we observed that boron deficiency and nitrogen limitation in culture medium (Gamborg B5 medium) enhanced callus biomass (fresh weight 413 g/l and dry weight 20.7 g/l), phenolics production (667.60 mg/l), and lignan content (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside 6.33 and lariciresinol diglucoside 5.22 mg/g dry weight respectively) at 16/8 h light and dark-week 4, while that of neolignans (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside 44.42 and guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside 9.26 mg/g dry weight, respectively) in continuous dark after 4th week of culture. Conversely, maximum flavonoids production occurred at both Murashige and Skoog, Schenk and Hildebrandt media (both media types contain comparatively higher boron and nitrogen content) in the presence of continuous light. Generally, continuous dark had no significant role in any growth associated parameter. This study opens new dimension for optimizing growing conditions and evaluating underlying mechanisms in biosynthesis of lignans and neolignans in in vitro cultures of Linum usitatissimum.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Younis Jamal; Ejaz M. Shahid;

    This article is a literature review of use of biodiesel fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is based on the reports of about 50 scientists including (some manufacturers and agencies) who published their results between 1900 and 2005. The scientists and researchers conducted the test, using different types of raw and refined oils. These experiments with raw biodiesel as fuel did not show the satisfactory results, when they used the raw biodiesel. The fuel showed injector coking and piston ring sticking. Some of the scientists mixed with methanol or ethanol in presence of KOH or NaOH and then filtered and washed. The process is called transeterfication and is used to degum, dewax and to remove triglycerides from the vegetable oils. Transeterfication decreases the viscosity, density and flash point of the fuel. The results obtained, by using such oils in compression ignition engines as fuel, were satisfactory only for short term. A vast majority of scientists mixed the transesterified biodiesel oil with diesel with different ratios. When tested in long run, blends of the oil above 20% (B20) caused maintenance problems and even sometimes damaged the engine. Some authors reported success in using vegetable oils as diesel fuel extenders in blends of more than 20% even in long-term studies. The main conclusion derived by the researchers is that coking is a potentially serious problem with the use of unmodified vegetable biodiesel. However, the refined, chemically processed and degumed vegetable oil mixed with diesel can be used to run compression ignition engine for longer duration. It was reported that there was a slight decrease in brake power and a slight increase in fuel consumption. However, the lubricant properties of the biodiesel are better than diesel, which can help to increase the engine life. Moreover, the biodiesel fuel is environment friendly, produces much less NOx and HC and absolutely no Sox and no increase in CO2 at global level.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Renewable and Sustai...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Zeeshan Aslam; Fahad Ahmed; Ahmad Almogren; Muhammad Shafiq; +2 Authors

    Electricity theft is one of the main causes of non-technical losses and its detection is important for power distribution companies to avoid revenue loss. The advancement of traditional grids to smart grids allows a two-way flow of information and energy that enables real-time energy management, billing and load surveillance. This infrastructure enables power distribution companies to automate electricity theft detection (ETD) by constructing new innovative data-driven solutions. Whereas, the traditional ETD approaches do not provide acceptable theft detection performance due to high-dimensional imbalanced data, loss of data relationships during feature extraction and the requirement of experts' involvement. Hence, this paper presents a new semi-supervised solution for ETD, which consists of relational denoising autoencoder (RDAE) and attention guided (AG) TripleGAN, named as RDAE-AG-TripleGAN. In this system, RDAE is implemented to derive features and their associations while AG performs feature weighting and dynamically supervises the AG-TripleGAN. As a result, this procedure significantly boosts the ETD. Furthermore, to demonstrate the acceptability of the proposed methodology over conventional approaches, we conducted extensive simulations using the real power consumption data of smart meters. The proposed solution is validated over the most useful and suitable performance indicators: area under the curve, precision, recall, Matthews correlation coefficient, F1-score and precision-recall area under the curve. The simulation results prove that the proposed method efficiently improves the detection of electricity frauds against conventional ETD schemes such as extreme gradient boosting machine and transductive support vector machine. The proposed solution achieves the detection rate of 0.956, which makes it more acceptable for electric utilities than the existing approaches.

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    Authors: Muhammad Aqib; Azhar Hussain; Hafız Muhammad Ali; Ammar Naseer; +1 Authors

    Les matériaux de stockage thermique prenant en compte les matériaux à changement de phase (PCM) ont attiré de nombreux chercheurs pour la gestion thermique des crises énergétiques en raison d'une meilleure plage de température adaptée aux applications de stockage thermique. Cependant, l'efficacité des PCM est affectée par une très faible conductivité thermique et cette déficience limite l'utilisation des PCM comme matériau de stockage thermique efficace. Pour augmenter la conductivité thermique du PCM, différentes nanoparticules (NP) avec une valeur plus élevée de conductivité thermique sont ajoutées, appelées nano PCM. Cet article présente la préparation et la caractérisation de matériaux à changement de phase améliorés par de l'alumine NP métallique (Al2O3) et des nanotubes de carbone multiparois NP non métalliques (MWCNT). L'objectif de cette étude est de créer le nano PCM en ajoutant des NP d'Al2O3 et de MWCNT dans de la cire de paraffine à 2 % en poids, 4 % en poids et 6 % en poids. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de la cire de paraffine pure, la température maximale de pic obtenue après 90 min est de 61,53 °C. Dans le cas de l'oxyde d'alumine, la température maximale de crête obtenue à la couche supérieure pour les trois échantillons est la suivante ; pour 2 % en poids est de 62,65 °C, 4 % en poids est de 63 °C et 6 % en poids est de 64 °C et dans le cas des MWCNT, la température maximale de crête obtenue à la couche supérieure pour les trois échantillons est la suivante ; pour 2 % en poids est de 68 °C, 4 % en poids est de 69,86 °C et 6 % en poids est de 70,55 °C. La température maximale de crête a été augmentée par une augmentation de la concentration de NPs, ce qui a permis d'améliorer la charge et la décharge du PCM. Il a été observé que le composite de cire de paraffine ayant 6 % en poids de NP de MWCNT montre les meilleurs résultats par rapport aux autres échantillons préparés. Los materiales de almacenamiento térmico que consideran materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) han atraído a muchos investigadores para la gestión térmica de crisis energéticas debido a un mejor rango de temperatura para adaptarse a las aplicaciones de almacenamiento térmico. Sin embargo, la efectividad de los PCM se ve afectada por una conductividad térmica muy baja y esta deficiencia limita el uso de PCM como material de almacenamiento térmico eficiente. Para aumentar la conductividad térmica del PCM, se añaden diferentes nanopartículas (NP) con un mayor valor de conductividad térmica que se denominan nano PCM. Este documento presenta la preparación y caracterización de material de cambio de fase mejorado por alúmina NPs metálica (Al2O3) y nanotubos de carbono multipared NPs no metálicos (MWCNTs). El objetivo de este estudio es crear el nano PCM mediante la adición de NP de Al2O3 y MWCNT en cera de parafina al 2% en peso, 4% en peso y 6% en peso. Los resultados mostraron que en el caso de la cera de parafina pura, la temperatura máxima máxima obtenida después de 90 min es de 61.53 °C. En el caso del óxido de alúmina, la temperatura máxima del pico obtenida en la capa superior para las tres muestras es la siguiente; para el 2% en peso es 62,65 °C, el 4% en peso es 63 °C y el 6% en peso es 64 °C y en el caso de los MWCNT, la temperatura máxima del pico obtenida en la capa superior para las tres muestras es la siguiente; para el 2% en peso es 68 °C, el 4% en peso es 69,86 °C y el 6% en peso es 70,55 °C. La temperatura máxima máxima se incrementó por un incremento de la concentración de NPs, lo que resulta en una mejor carga y descarga de PCM. Se observó que el compuesto de cera de parafina que tiene 6% en peso de NP de MWCNT muestra los mejores resultados en comparación con otras muestras preparadas. Thermal storage materials considering phase-changing materials (PCM) have attracted many researchers for thermal management of energy crises due to better temperature range to suit the thermal storage applications. However, the effectiveness of PCMs is affected by very low thermal conductivity and this deficiency limits the use of PCMs as an efficient thermal storage material. To increase the thermal conductivity of PCM, different nanoparticles (NPs) with a higher value of thermal conductivity are added which are called nano PCM. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of phase change material enhanced by metallic NPs alumina (Al2O3) and nonmetallic NPs multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The aim of this study is to create the nano PCM by adding Al2O3 & MWCNTs NPs in Paraffin wax at 2 wt%,4 wt% and 6 wt%. The results showed that in the case of pure paraffin wax, the maximum peak temperature obtained after 90 min is 61.53 °C. In the case of alumina oxide maximum peak temperature obtained at top layer for all three samples is as follows; for 2 wt% is 62.65 °C, 4 wt% is 63 °C and 6 wt% is 64 °C and in the case of MWCNTs maximum peak temperature obtained at top layer for all three samples is as follows; for 2 wt% is 68 °C, 4 wt% is 69.86 °C and 6 wt% is 70.55 °C. The maximum peak temperature was increased by an increment of NPs concentration results in better charging and discharging of PCM. It was observed that composite of paraffin wax having 6 wt% of MWCNTs NPs shows the best results as compared to other prepared samples. جذبت مواد التخزين الحراري التي تأخذ في الاعتبار مواد تغيير الطور (PCM) العديد من الباحثين للإدارة الحرارية لأزمات الطاقة بسبب نطاق درجة حرارة أفضل لتناسب تطبيقات التخزين الحراري. ومع ذلك، تتأثر فعالية PCMs بالتوصيل الحراري المنخفض للغاية ويحد هذا النقص من استخدام PCMs كمواد تخزين حرارية فعالة. لزيادة الموصلية الحرارية لـ PCM، تتم إضافة جسيمات نانوية مختلفة (NPs) ذات قيمة أعلى من الموصلية الحرارية والتي تسمى nano PCM. تعرض هذه الورقة إعداد وتوصيف مادة تغيير الطور المعززة بألومينا NPs المعدنية (Al2O3) والأنابيب النانوية الكربونية متعددة الجدران NPs غير المعدنية (MWCNTs). الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو إنشاء نانو PCM عن طريق إضافة Al2O3 و MWCNTs NPs في شمع البارافين بنسبة 2 ٪ بالوزن و 4 ٪ بالوزن و 6 ٪ بالوزن. وأظهرت النتائج أنه في حالة شمع البارافين النقي، فإن درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى التي تم الحصول عليها بعد 90 دقيقة هي 61.53 درجة مئوية. في حالة درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى لأكسيد الألومينا التي تم الحصول عليها في الطبقة العليا لجميع العينات الثلاث هي كما يلي ؛ بالنسبة لـ 2 ٪ بالوزن هو 62.65 درجة مئوية، 4 ٪ بالوزن هو 63 درجة مئوية و 6 ٪ بالوزن هو 64 درجة مئوية وفي حالة MWCNTs تكون درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى التي تم الحصول عليها في الطبقة العليا لجميع العينات الثلاث على النحو التالي ؛ بالنسبة لـ 2 ٪ بالوزن هو 68 درجة مئوية، 4 ٪ بالوزن هو 69.86 درجة مئوية و 6 ٪ بالوزن هو 70.55 درجة مئوية. تمت زيادة درجة حرارة الذروة القصوى عن طريق زيادة تركيز NPs مما يؤدي إلى تحسين شحن وتفريغ PCM. لوحظ أن مركب شمع البارافين الذي يحتوي على 6 ٪ بالوزن من NPs MWCNTs يظهر أفضل النتائج مقارنة بالعينات المحضرة الأخرى.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Carlo Drago; Andrea Gatto; Andrea Gatto;

    Resilience is receiving increasing scientific attention, albeit its notion is still in progress and not univocal, especially when it comes to specific sectors such as energy. Energy and resilience policy is detected as a dominant strategy to achieve international development objectives throughout long-term sustainability and wellbeing goals. Energy resilience also crosses major energy policy issues – namely energy vulnerability, security, poverty, and justice. Making use of the Web Of Science 2018 release, this work aims at contributing to a clarification of the concept of energy resilience, proposing a taxonomy. The bibliometric outputs show a sharp increase in scientific publications on the issue. The bibliometric analysis suggests a taxonomy of energy resilience based on 7 approaches or strategies. The results suggest an evolution of the conceptual contributions, that enlarge resilience early use, merely applied to technical and hard sciences. Resilience is today used in different disciplines, including social sciences and sustainability studies, as part of a holistic approach centered on sustainable development.

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    Authors: Ali A. El‐Moursy; Amany Abdelsamea; Rukshanda Kamran; Mohamed Saad;

    L'utilisation des centres de données de cloud computing se développe rapidement pour répondre à l'énorme augmentation de la demande de ressources de calcul haute performance (HPC), de stockage et de mise en réseau pour les applications commerciales et scientifiques. La consolidation des machines virtuelles (VM) implique la migration en direct des VM pour qu'elles s'exécutent sur moins de serveurs physiques, ce qui permet d'éteindre ou d'exécuter davantage de serveurs en mode basse consommation, afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la consommation d'énergie, les coûts d'exploitation et les émissions de CO2. Une étape cruciale de la consolidation des machines virtuelles est la détection de la surcharge de l'hôte, qui tente de prédire si un serveur physique sera ou non sursouscrit avec des machines virtuelles. Contrairement à la majorité des travaux antérieurs qui utilisent l'utilisation du processeur comme seul indicateur de la surcharge de l'hôte, une étude récente a proposé un algorithme de détection de la surcharge de l'hôte à régression multiple, qui prend en compte plusieurs facteurs : l'utilisation du processeur, de la mémoire et du réseau BW. Ce document fournit d'autres améliorations dans deux directions. Tout d'abord, nous fournissons des algorithmes d'utilisation d'hôte de régression multidimensionnelle (MDRHU) qui combinent l'utilisation du processeur, de la mémoire et du réseau BW via la distance euclidienne (MDRHU-ED) et la sommation absolue (MDRHU-AS), respectivement. Cela conduit à de meilleurs résultats en termes de consommation d'énergie et de violation de l'accord de niveau de service. Deuxièmement, l'étude prend explicitement en compte les charges de travail HPC du monde réel. Notre étude de simulation approfondie illustre davantage la supériorité de nos algorithmes proposés par rapport aux méthodes existantes. En particulier, par rapport à l'algorithme de régression multiple le plus récemment proposé qui est basé sur la relation géométrique (GR), nos algorithmes proposés fournissent une amélioration d'au moins 12 % de la consommation d'énergie et une amélioration d'au moins 80 % d'une métrique qui combine la consommation d'énergie, la violation du niveau de service et le nombre de migrations de VM. El uso de centros de datos de computación en la nube está creciendo rápidamente para satisfacer el tremendo aumento de la demanda de computación de alto rendimiento (HPC), almacenamiento y recursos de red para aplicaciones empresariales y científicas. La consolidación de máquinas virtuales (VM) implica la migración en vivo de las VM para que se ejecuten en menos servidores físicos y, por lo tanto, permitir que más servidores se apaguen o se ejecuten en modo de bajo consumo, para mejorar la eficiencia del consumo de energía, el costo operativo y la emisión de CO2. Un paso crucial en la consolidación de máquinas virtuales es la detección de sobrecarga de host, que intenta predecir si un servidor físico estará sobresuscrito o no con máquinas virtuales. En contraste con la mayoría de los trabajos anteriores que utilizan la utilización de la CPU como el único indicador de sobrecarga de host, un estudio reciente ha propuesto un algoritmo de detección de sobrecarga de host de regresión múltiple, que tiene en cuenta múltiples factores: CPU, memoria y utilización de BW de red. Este documento proporciona una mejora adicional en dos direcciones. En primer lugar, proporcionamos algoritmos de utilización de host de regresión multidimensional (MDRHU) que combinan la utilización de CPU, memoria y BW de red a través de la distancia euclidiana (MDRHU-ED) y la suma absoluta (MDRHU-AS), respectivamente. Esto conduce a mejores resultados en términos de consumo de energía y violación del acuerdo de nivel de servicio. En segundo lugar, el estudio tiene en cuenta explícitamente las cargas de trabajo de HPC del mundo real. Nuestro extenso estudio de simulación ilustra aún más la superioridad de nuestros algoritmos propuestos sobre los métodos existentes. En particular, en comparación con el algoritmo de regresión múltiple propuesto más recientemente que se basa en la relación geométrica (GR), nuestros algoritmos propuestos proporcionan una mejora de al menos el 12% en el consumo de energía y una mejora de al menos el 80% en una métrica que combina el consumo de energía, la violación del nivel de servicio y el número de migraciones de VM. The use of cloud computing data centers is growing rapidly to meet the tremendous increase in demand for high-performance computing (HPC), storage and networking resources for business and scientific applications. Virtual machine (VM) consolidation involves the live migration of VMs to run on fewer physical servers, and thus allowing more servers to be switched off or run on low-power mode, as to improve the energy consumption efficiency, operating cost and CO2 emission. A crucial step in VM consolidation is host overload detection, which attempts to predict whether or not a physical server will be oversubscribed with VMs. In contrast to the majority of previous work which use CPU utilization as the sole indicator for host overload, a recent study has proposed a multiple regression host overload detection algorithm, which takes multiple factors into consideration: CPU, memory and network BW utilization. This paper provides further improvement along two directions. First, we provide Multi-Dimensional Regression Host Utilization (MDRHU) algorithms that combine CPU, memory and network BW utilization via Euclidean Distance (MDRHU-ED) and absolute summation (MDRHU-AS), respectively. This leads to improved results in terms of energy consumption and service level agreement violation. Second, the study explicitly takes real-world HPC workloads into consideration. Our extensive simulation study further illustrates the superiority of our proposed algorithms over existing methods. In particular, as compared to the most recently proposed multiple regression algorithm that is based on Geometric Relation (GR), our proposed algorithms provide an improvement of at least 12% in energy consumption, and an improvement of at least 80% in a metric that combines energy consumption, service-level-violation, and number of VM migrations. ينمو استخدام مراكز بيانات الحوسبة السحابية بسرعة لتلبية الزيادة الهائلة في الطلب على الحوسبة عالية الأداء (HPC) وموارد التخزين والشبكات للأعمال والتطبيقات العلمية. يتضمن دمج الأجهزة الافتراضية (VM) الترحيل المباشر للأجهزة الافتراضية لتشغيلها على عدد أقل من الخوادم المادية، وبالتالي السماح بإيقاف تشغيل المزيد من الخوادم أو تشغيلها على وضع الطاقة المنخفضة، وذلك لتحسين كفاءة استهلاك الطاقة وتكلفة التشغيل وانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون. تتمثل الخطوة الحاسمة في دمج الأجهزة الافتراضية في اكتشاف الحمل الزائد للمضيف، والذي يحاول التنبؤ بما إذا كان سيتم الاكتتاب الزائد للخادم الفعلي مع الأجهزة الافتراضية أم لا. على النقيض من غالبية الأعمال السابقة التي تستخدم استخدام وحدة المعالجة المركزية كمؤشر وحيد للحمل الزائد للمضيف، اقترحت دراسة حديثة خوارزمية متعددة للكشف عن الحمل الزائد للمضيف الانحدار، والتي تأخذ عوامل متعددة في الاعتبار: استخدام وحدة المعالجة المركزية والذاكرة والشبكة BW. توفر هذه الورقة مزيدًا من التحسين على طول اتجاهين. أولاً، نحن نقدم خوارزميات استخدام مضيف الانحدار متعدد الأبعاد (MDRHU) التي تجمع بين وحدة المعالجة المركزية والذاكرة واستخدام شبكة الأسلحة البيولوجية عبر المسافة الإقليدية (MDRHU - ED) والتجميع المطلق (MDRHU - AS)، على التوالي. وهذا يؤدي إلى تحسين النتائج من حيث استهلاك الطاقة وانتهاك اتفاقية مستوى الخدمة. ثانيًا، تأخذ الدراسة صراحةً في الاعتبار أعباء العمل في مجال الحوسبة عالية الأداء في العالم الحقيقي. توضح دراستنا للمحاكاة الشاملة كذلك تفوق خوارزمياتنا المقترحة على الأساليب الحالية. على وجه الخصوص، بالمقارنة مع خوارزمية الانحدار المتعددة المقترحة مؤخرًا والتي تستند إلى العلاقة الهندسية (GR)، توفر خوارزمياتنا المقترحة تحسينًا بنسبة 12 ٪ على الأقل في استهلاك الطاقة، وتحسينًا بنسبة 80 ٪ على الأقل في مقياس يجمع بين استهلاك الطاقة وانتهاك مستوى الخدمة وعدد هجرات الأجهزة الافتراضية.

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    Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications
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      Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications
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    Authors: Muhammet Deveci; Dragan Pamucar; Elif Oguz;
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    Applied Energy
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      Applied Energy
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    Authors: Masilu Marupi; Munira Batool; Morteza Alizadeh; Noor Zanib;

    The global climate protection policy aimed at achieving a zero greenhouse gas emissions target has led to the fast incorporation of large-scale photovoltaics into the power network. The conventional AC grid was not modeled to be incorporated with large-scale non-synchronous inverter-based energy resources (IBR). Incorporating inertia-free IBR into the grid leads to technical issues such as the degradation of system strength and inertia, therefore affecting the safety and reliability of the electrical power system. This research introduced a new solution to incorporate a flywheel in the rotor of a synchronous machine to improve the dynamic inertia control during a system disruption and to maintain the constancy of the system. The objective of this work is to enhance large-scale photovoltaic systems in such a way that they can avoid failures during a fault. A model of transient constancy with two synchronous generators and a LSPV is established in PowerWorld modeling software. A line-to-ground and three-phase fault are simulated in a system with up to 50% IBR penetration. The outcomes showed that the power network was able to ride through faults (RTFs) and that the stability of frequency and voltage are enhanced because of a flywheel that improved grid inertia and strength.

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    Energies
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    Authors: Muhammad Ijaz Khan; Sumaira Qayyum; Mehr Nigar; Yu‐Ming Chu; +1 Authors

    AbstractNanofluid comprising nanometer sized materials, called nanoparticles. These liquids are built colloidal suspensions of nanomaterials in a continuous phase liquid. The nanomaterials utilized in nanoliquids are typically made of carbon nanotubes, oxides and metals. In this research, communication, the impact of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis is addressed in flow of non‐Newtonian fluid towards shrinking/stretching the surface. The energy equation is developed subjesct to dissipation, radiative flux (nonlinear) and Ohmic heating. The activation energy is further considered for chemical reaction. The nonlinear flow expressions are transformed into ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. The obtained systems of ordinary differential equation's are numerically solved through Shooting method (bvp4c). The concentration, temperature and velocity profiles are determined graphically. Mass transfer, surface drag force and heat transfer rate are shown by tables. At last, entropy and Bejan number are discussed through graphs in which entropy showed increasing behavior for magnetic, radiation, Brinkman and diffusivity parameter but Bejan number showed opposite behavior for them.

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    Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
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      Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations
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