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The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the most cost-effective decommissioning and refurbishment investment decision for existing gas networks. An optimization model is developed and tested on a real test bed in an Austrian federal state. The analysis is performed from the network operator’s perspective and depicts different network decommissioning or refurbishment options under the decision of supplying or not supplying available gas demands. Whether or not there is ensured supply, we find that smaller gas networks (in terms of pipeline capacity and network length) are needed in the future. Analyzed shadow prices indicate that a balance/trade-off between the cost-optimal gas network design with and without ensured supply could lead to a robust and economically competitive future for downsized gas networks. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to socialize network operators’ costs among the remaining consumers connected to the network in the future. This adds a cost component to consumers, which needs to be considered when determining the profitability of sustainable alternatives to natural gas.

Transitioning away from fossil feedstocks is imperative to mitigate climate change, and necessitates the utilization of renewable, alternative carbon and energy sources to foster a circular carbon economy. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass and one-carbon compounds emerge as promising feedstocks that could be renewably upgraded by thermophilic anaerobes (thermoanaerobes) via gas fermentation or consolidated bioprocessing to value-added products. In this review, the potential of thermoanaerobes for cost-efficient, effective and sustainable bioproduction is discussed. Metabolic and bioprocess engineering approaches are reviewed to draw a comprehensive picture of current developments and future perspectives for the conversion of renewable feedstocks to chemicals and fuels of interest. Selected bioprocessing scenarios are outlined, offering practical insights into the applicability of thermoanaerobes at a large scale. Collectively, the potential advantages of thermoanaerobes regarding process economics could facilitate an easier transition towards sustainable bioprocesses with renewable feedstocks.

The study of neutron-induced reactions is of high relevance in a wide variety of fields, ranging from stellar nucleosynthesis and fundamental nuclear physics to applications of nuclear technology. In nuclear energy, high accuracy neutron data are needed for the development of Generation IV fast reactors and accelerator driven systems, these last aimed specifically at nuclear waste incineration, as well as for research on innovative fuel cycles. In this context, a high luminosity Neutron Time Of Flight facility, n_TOF, is operating at CERN since more than a decade, with the aim of providing new, high accuracy and high resolution neutron cross-sections. Thanks to the features of the neutron beam, a rich experimental program relevant to nuclear technology has been carried out so far. The program will be further expanded in the near future, thanks in particular to new highflux experimental area, now under construction.

Es wurde ein Versuchsstand f��r einen thermochemischen Energiespeicher geplant und gebaut. Er besteht aus einem Reaktor, der mit festem Kupfersulfat einen der Reaktionspartner enth��lt, und einem Tank, indem der zweite Reaktionspartner Ammoniak gespeichert wird. Der Tank und der Reaktor bilden ein geschlossenes System, das durch Rohre miteinander verbunden wird. Diese Verbindung kann durch Magnetventile, die mittels PLC gesteuert werden, ge��ffnet und geschlossen werden. Durch die Rohre str��mt Ammoniak in den Reaktor, wo das Kupfersulfat unter W��rmefreisetung entladen wird. Zum Beladen des Energiespeichers simuliert ein Heizband ��bersch��ssige Abw��rme und stellt die notwendige W��rme bereit, die zur Freisetzung des Ammoniaks erforderlich ist. Um das Ammoniak speichern zu k��nnen, muss es gek��hlt und kondensiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden daf��r mehrere Optionen f��r die K��hlung pr��sentiert. F��r ein profundes Verst��ndnis der thermodynamischen Zus��nde der Reaktanden w��hrend des Betriebes ist der Versuchsstand mit Temperatur- und Drucksensoren ausgestattet. Die Datenverarbeitung erfolgt durch eine Prozesskontrollsoftware. Da ein passendes K��hlsystem nicht bereitzustellen war, wurden Tests mit einem anderen thermochemischen System durchgef��hrt. Als Feststoff wurde Calciumoxalat-Monohydrat verwendet, das mit Wasser reagiert. A test rig for the use of a thermochemical energy system was planned and constructed. It consists of a reactor that contains solid copper sulphate as one of the partners of the chemical reaction and a tank, where the other constituent ammonia is stored. The tank and the reactor form a closed system that is connected through pipes. The connection is opened and closed through solenoid valves that are controlled by a PLC. Through the pipes ammonia can stream into the reactor and the copper sulphate is discharged under heat release. For the charging of the energy storage a heating band simulates waste heat and provides the necessary heat for the dissipation of ammonia. In order to store the ammonia it needs to be cooled to 34C and condensed. In the thesis different options for the cooling system are proposed. For a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic states of the constituents during the test the test rig is equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. The data acquisition is done by a PLC. Since a suitable cooling system could not be provided tests with another thermochemical system were performed. As a solid calcium oxalate monohydrate was used which reacts with water. It was not possible to successfully hydrate the calcium oxalate.

Introduction: This paper proposes a deep learning algorithm based on the VMD-SSA-BiLSTM model for time series forecasting in the smart grid financial market. The algorithm aims to extract useful information from power grid signals to improve the timing prediction accuracy and meet the needs of sustainable innovation management.Methods: The proposed algorithm employs the variational mode decomposition (VMD) method to decompose and reduce the dimensionality of historical data, followed by singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to perform singular spectrum analysis on each intrinsic mode function component. The resulting singular value spectrum matrices serve as input to a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) neural network, which learns the feature representation and prediction model of the smart grid financial market through forward propagation and backpropagation.Results: The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively predicts the smart grid financial market's time series, achieving high prediction accuracy and stability. The approach can contribute to sustainable innovation management and the development of the smart grid.Discussion: The VMD-SSA-BiLSTM algorithm's efficiency in extracting useful information from power grid signals and avoiding overfitting can improve the accuracy of timing predictions in the smart grid financial market. The algorithm's broad application prospects can promote sustainable innovation management and contribute to the development of the smart grid.

In the described case, the dust and ash particles are removed in a product gas filter. A scrubber with packed bed was used to clean the product gas from the tar components. The solvent of the scrubber was RME (rapeseed methyl ester), a biodiesel. RME is used because of its good tar separating characteristics. To investigate these tar separation characteristics of RME and the separation efficiency of the scrubber, four enrichment experiments were carried out during this work. These experiments took place at the 'Technikum' nearby the biomass steam gasification plant G��ssing. There, a pilot-scale scrubber and product gas from the gasification plant were used to perform the enrichment experiments. The four experiments are long term experiments with duration of approximately 120 hours each to obtain comparable results, it is necessary to make sure most of parameters are constant during the experiments. Only the RME temperature was changed from 0��C in the first experiment to 40��C in the last experiment. The task of this master thesis was to investigate the removal efficiency of the scrubber for the tar components benzene, toluene and xylene from the gas. During the enrichment experiments, a continuing data recording was fulfilled and in addition discontinuous tar sampling was accomplished. The discontinuous tar samples were taken 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h, 120h after the start of the experiments. The tar samples were analyzed in a laboratory and the results give the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the scrubber to eliminate benzene, toluene and xylene from the product gas. Using an exponential model, the results were fitted as scrubber efficiency as function of dry product gas volume at standard pressure and temperature. The results give good information about the behavior of toluene and xylene, because they show a good correlation between the temperature of RME and the separation efficiency. The results of benzene do not show this clear correlation. The results show, that, if fresh RME is used, a very good, nearly 100% tar separation is possible. Comparing the results to the CHP's scrubber, it can be concluded, that only a very little fraction of the tar components, which were investigated in this work, are actually removed there. Es wurde im Technikumsma��stab ein Versuchsw��scher mit Produktgas aus dem Biomasseheizkraftwerk G��ssing betrieben. Es wurden vier 120h Anreicherungsversuche bei Temperaturen von 0��C bis 40��C durchgef��hrt, um das Abscheideverhalten zu untersuchen. Die bei den Versuchen betrachteten Teerkomponenten waren Benzol, Toluol und Xylol. Sie wurden ausgew��hlt, da sie die am schwersten abzutrennende Teerfraktion sind. W��hrend der Anreicherungsversuche wurden s��mtliche Parameter m��glichst konstant gehalten, einzig die Temperatur des W��schermediums wurde variiert. Neben einer kontinuierlichen Datenaufzeichnung wurden 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h und 120h nach Versuchsstart Teerproben vor und nach dem Versuchsw��scher genommen. Diese Probenahme liefert Messpunkte, um die Effizient des Versuchsw��schers zu beurteilen. Durch ein exponentielles Modell wurden die ermittelten Daten in eine kontinuierliche Funktion des Abscheidegrades umgerechnet. Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit ��hnlichen, mit dem gleichen L��sungsmittel betriebenen W��scher zu gew��hrleisten, wurde das durch den W��scher gereinigte Produktgasnormvolumen in eine Beladung des L��sungsmittels umgerechnet. Somit erh��lt man einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Abscheidegrad und der Beladung des L��sungsmittels. Die Ergebnisse liefern f��r die Teerkomponenten Toluol und Xylol einen eindeutig erkennbaren Zusammenhang zwischen L��sungsmitteltemperatur und Abscheidegrad. Benzol zeigt diesen Zusammenhang ohne ausf��hrliche Fehlerbetrachtung nicht. Bei geringer Beladung des L��sungsmittels kann ein Abscheidegrad von 100% f��r alle betrachteten Komponenten erreicht werden, mit steigender Beladung nimmt der Abscheidegrad f��r alle Komponenten jedoch stark ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen des Weiteren, dass sich mit steigender L��sungsmitteltemperatur der Abscheidegrad bei gleicher betrachteter Teerkomponente verschlechtert. Diese Gegebenheiten deuten darauf hin, dass Absorptionsprozesse f��r die Teerabscheidung in einem Biodieselw��scher verantwortlich sind und Kondensation eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Ein Vergleich mit dem Kraftwerksw��scher zeigt, dass dieser die beobachteten Teerkomponenten nur zu einem geringen Teil abscheidet.