• Energy Research
• other engineering and technologies close
• PL close
• Polish close

The aim of the paper is to assess diversification dynamics of the agrarian structure of voivodeships in years 1996-2008. The calculations were made on the basis of statistical data obtained from the Central Statistical Office—the number and area of farms have been grouped by voivodeships. With the use of a fuzzy classification method, voivodeships have been divided into groups of similar agrarian structures according to data of 1996, 2002 and 2008. As a result, 4 groups comprising the same voivodeships in each year have been distinguished. Group I con- sists of Malopolskie, Śląskie and Podkarpackie voivodeships. It is characterized by the highest degree of fragmentation of the agrarian structure. In 2008 around 82% of farms had the area of 1-5 hectares, while 14.4% of them had the area of 5-10 hectares. The remaining farms repre- sent a very small proportion: 10-20 hectares—3.3%, 20-50 hectares—1.1%, more than 50 hec­tares—0.3%. Group II consists of Łodzkie, Mazowieckie and Lubelskie voivodeships, where structure indices are as follows: 51.5%, 29.2%, 14%, 4.2% and 0.5%. The lowest degree of fragmentation is observed in group III, comprising Podlaskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Pomorskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships. The average structure is more regular in this group: 35.5%, 23%, 25.2%, 13.3% and 3.1%. Group IV consists of Lubuskie, Dolnośląskie and Opolskie voivodeships and average structure indices are as follows: 57%, 19.9%, 12.5%, 7.3% and 3.2%.

W artykule wyjaśnione zostały przyczyny i konsekwencje zmian w globalnym sektorze technologii informacyjnych i komunikacji (ICT). Wyspecyfikowane zostały główne procesy determinujące zmiany w wymiarach: rynkowym, technologicznym i ekonomicznym. Zaprezentowane zostały skutki zachodzących procesów - zmiany tradycyjnych reguł konkurowania i współpracy, przenikanie się branż, rozmywanie się ich granic, zmiany układu sił w powiązanych branżach a także tworzenie nowych. Monika Golonka

Prospecting for the alternative sources of energy is the priority of European energy policy. One of the most effective ways to multiply the sources of energy in Poland are agricultural biogas – works. This article takes into consideration the administrative barriers of these enterprises formation. The author, analysing the regulations relating to building process, regional planning and environmental protection, focuses on advantages and disadvantages of this kind of undertaking as well for the national economy as for the local community. Besides the author deals with the main problems of the biogas – works investors.

Wykorzystując doniesienia literaturowe oraz wyniki badań własnych, przedstawiono występowanie, budowę chemiczną i morfologiczną alg słodkowodnych występujących także na terenie Polski oraz zastosowanie ich biomasy jako cennego surowca dla różnych gałęzi przemysłu i rolnictwa. Z powodu braku w Polsce systemu wykorzystywania biomasy alg do celów przemysłowych i rolniczych, zagospodarowanie tych surowców powstających na dużą skalę w zbiornikach wodnych stanowi duże wyzwanie i jest istotnym elementem gospodarki zrównoważonego rozwoju. Praca sfinansowana ze środków grantu PBS 1/A1/2/2012: „Innowacyjna technologia ekstraktów glonowych – komponentów nawozów, pasz i kosmetyków” przyznanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. 92 7 1001 1004 Przemysł Chemiczny

Becoming a successor or not is a fact of very much importance for quite many people. The estimations made tell us that commonly the share of goods inherited within the property owned by contemporary households is up to 40 per cent. An inheritance obtained brings not rarely a violent change in material situation of an individual-successor while an unjust or unjustified division of it is able to cause long term family conflicts. The article presents particular types of motivations that can be met in contemporary economic ideas; the types in question make a framework of the analysis of a behavior as far as a property accumulation is concerned and, consequently, in relation with transmitting it to the progeny under a form of an inheritance. The problems involved with inheriting shall be of increasing importance together with strengthening of market economy in our country and with still and more deeper differences in the society from the point of view of property owned. Referring to different categories of inheritances (planned or non-planned, capitalist, retrospective, paternalist, motivated by ordinary succession o f generations, etc.) - the Author gives a review o f particular types of motivations and in final part of the article he is occupied with a qualification of the existing models of inheriting and with empirical verification of typical approaches.

The aim of this discussion is to determine whether and to what degree the legal regulations concerning the production and utilization of agricultural biogas affect the development of this branch of renewable sources of energy. In conclusion the author states among other things that regulations on agricultural biogas production and utilisation, binding to date, are insufficient to strengthen this branch of economy, there are no regulations referring directly to the construction conditions and principles of operation for agricultural biogas plants. Inconclusiveness of law does not promote future investments and reduces profitability of already existing installations. The situation is going to improve after the Act on the amendment to the Act on Energy Law, enacted on 8 January 2010, enters into force, realising the main proposals formulated in the strategic document “Innovative Economy – Energy agriculture”. However, it seems unlikely to have a biogas plant in every commune by the year 2020, as it is planned. This ambitious plan requires legislative measures being an effect of a comprehensive approach to regulations concerning agriculture, the environment and the energy sector. L’autrice si propone l’obiettivo di rispondere alla domanda se, e in quale misura, la regolazione giuridica della produzione e dell’utilizzo del biogas agricolo incida sullo sviluppo di tale settore delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Nelle conclusioni si constata che le previsioni finora esistenti sono insufficienti per rinforzare l’economia del settore in questione. Manca una diretta disciplina delle condizioni di costruzione e dei principi del funzionamento degli impianti di biogas agricolo. Inoltre, l’equivocità della legge non favorisce gli investimenti futuri e abbassa la rendita degli impianti già esistenti. La situazione migliorerà dopo l’entrata in vigore della legge approvata l’8 gennaio 2010 di modifica della legge “Diritto energetico”, volta a realizzare i principali auspici formulati nel documento strategico „L’economia Innovativa – L’agricoltura energetica”. È tuttavia incerto se si riuscirà di costruire, come si intende, un impianto di biogas in ogni comune entro il 2020, poiché questo piano ambizioso richiede soluzioni legislative che siano il risultato di un approccio integrato delle normative agricole, ambientali ed energetiche.

The present study analyses eco-innovation from the perspective of sustainable building. The authoress put special emphasis on topics that are currently widely discussed such as factors of development of eco-innovation, types of eco-innovation, environmental guidelines for sustainable building and building certification systems. Furthermore also it discusses the approach of eco-innovation in the European Union to demonstrate whether Poland is a leader in this field or not. Moreover, it discusses some examples of eco-innovation in construction, which should be a contribution to the development of further analysis of this issue.