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Abstract Additional experimental data concerning the kinetics of Ni-Mo codeposition were obtained by investigating cathodic polarization using a rotating disc electrode. The Ni-Mo alloys were deposited from an ammonium citrate bath. The alloy deposition was controlled by activation in the case of low values of the cathode potential and by diffusion in the case of higher values. The hydrogen discharge was found to be diffusion controlled. The inductive influence of nickel results in depolarization of the reduction of molybdenum which cannot be deposited separately. An increase in the disc rotation speed caused an increase in the maximum cathode efficiency and in the molybdenum content of the alloy.

La0.3Ba0.7Zr0.5X0.3Y0.2 (X = Gd, Mn, Ce named as LaBaZrGdY, LaBaZrMnY, and LaBaZrCeY, respectively) SOFC electrolytes were prepared via novel organic and chemical auto-combustion methods, via spinach extract and oxalic acid as chelating agents.

AbstractDie thermodynamischen Eigenschaften flüssiger verdünnter Zn‐Lösungen bei einer Pb‐Konzentration von 0,01 bis 0,7 Molenbruch werden durch EMK‐Messungen an der Konzentrationszelle Aermittelt.

The aim of this work was to analyze the impact of three different moisture contents (MC), at 45% MC, 65% MC, 75% MC, on the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin during fungi treatment by Flammulina velutipes of Agropyron elongatum 'BAMAR' and on biogas production. The analysis of chemical composition shown that F. velutipes had greater selectivity for lignin biodegradation with the highest hemicellulose and lignin removal at 29.1% and 35.4%, respectively, and lowest cellulose removal (20.48%) at 65% MC. F. velutipes cultivated at 65% MC increased biogas production of 398.07Ndm(3)kg(-1)VS(-1), which was 120% higher than the untreated sample. These treatment conditions resulted in 134% more methane yield compared with untreated sample. The results of this study suggested that A. elongatum is a potential biomass for biogas production in agriculture biogas plant and white-rot fungus F. velutipes provides an effective methods for improve biodegradation of A. elongatum.

Abstract The fuzzy-set theory is used to incorporate linguistic ‘rules of the thumb’ of a human operator in the HTR nuclear power plant controller. The results of the extensive computer simulations are encouraging and confirm the usefulness of this approach in nuclear power plant control. In the Appendix a short introduction to fuzzy logic is given.

Abstract The paper presents an analysis of heat and mass transfer in the mixing chamber (MC) of steam–water injectors. It is aimed at determination of two-phase flow parameters at the MC outlet. The steam condensation in MC is described by 0D two-fluid model that assumes mechanical and thermodynamic non-equilibrium between vapor and liquid phases. To close the model equations, empirical correlation for condensate mass fraction at the MC outlet is proposed. It is based on pressure and temperature measurements on MC walls in four laboratory-scale injectors. The injectors differed primarily by motive steam expansion ratio that resulted in a change of steam pressure, temperature and velocity at the MC inlet. The proposed correlation predicts the condensate mass fraction with accuracy of 20% for the investigated injectors. Average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in MC of the four injectors is also calculated using experimental data and then compared with the predictions of the proposed model. It is found that HTC values are in the range of 200–700 kW/m2K, depending predominantly on vapor–liquid temperature difference at the MC inlet.

Abstract A key aspect of CAES is the optimal configuration of the thermodynamic cycle. In this paper, the situation of cooperation between the current conventional power plants and wind farms is analyzed, and then, based on thermodynamic models, the process of storing thermal and electrical energy in the CAES system coupled with a heat storage and recovery is developed. Therefore, three levels can be distinguished, namely: the global level of energy production; the central level of energy conversion and storage; and the local level of heat storage. Two different types of a CAES, with and without an Underground Heat Exchanger (UHE), were analyzed. The round-trip efficiency of CAES with a UHE approaches 52.26%. The article also analyses transient phenomena of charging and discharge the heat storage with UHE. The heat transfer rate and temperature received from the underground thermal energy storage was estimated. For this purpose, preliminary thermal-FSI approach was coupled with zero-dimensional model of CAES. The newly proposed CAES with a UHE, never studied before, can be used for applications requiring a high round-trip efficiency.

Until recently π‐conjugated organic materials are based mainly on linear systems. Recent years, however, have brought about increasing interest in molecules boasting a dendritic, branched, or star‐shaped architecture. This tendency is a direct result of the ongoing search for materials with progressively better properties. Such compounds, featuring novel, 3D architectures, exhibit a multitude of interesting qualities, making them stand out from well‐known materials. The direction of star‐shaped compound application is determined by whether they are able to form aggregates, π‐stacks. This feature is a source of some astounding properties, coveted in numerous applications. Among this class of compounds high charge mobility, high fluorescence efficiency, and good charge separation are all found. Depending on the structure of the core, the molecule may adopt various types of symmetry. Similarly, the conjugation of orbitals may extend over the whole structure or be interrupted at chosen segments. The number of papers pertaining to star‐shaped oligomers and polymers is ascending with each year, evidencing a growing interest in them. Consequently, this Review focuses particularly on the most recent reports concerning modification of the structure and properties of the aforementioned type of compounds, as well as on the development of devices based on them. image