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Energy safety is one of the most important factors influencing energy market. As a part of activities carried out in the ENERGYREGION project analyses on Autonomous Energy Regions (AER) models and possible development models were performed. This paper presents the AER concept and definition with taking into account law valid in the energy sector and concerning energy safety of the consumers. Also the AER targeting model and AER development models with actions needed to be conducted are presented here. ENERGYREGION - 2007-2013 Central Europe Programme co-financed by the ERDF

This article addresses the problem that fluctuations in the torque of an internal combustion engine (ICE) lead to additional energy losses, as it causes fluctuations in the speed and kinetic energy of the car. These losses increase as the frequency of oscillations of the torque of the internal combustion engine approaches the frequency of free (natural oscillations) of the running gear of the car in the longitudinal direction. If there is an elastic connection between the traction force and the movement of the car, the movement of the latter can be represented as complex. At the same time, the portable movement is uniform, and the relative movement is oscillatory. This article presents the results of the study of these losses for cars with mechanical and combined electromechanical drive wheels. Analytical expressions are obtained, which allows to take into account additional energy losses including the tangential rigidity of the tire and the rigidity of the suspension in the longitudinal direction. When using a combined electromechanical drive of the drive wheels as well as in the case of a mechanical transmission of a car, the resonance is dangerous. But with the increase in the share of torque kem on the wheel generated by the electric motor, the relative additional energy losses for the movement of the car are reduced.

"When a semiconductor comes into contact with a liquid (redox species), to maintain electrostatic equilibrium, there will be a charge transfer between the n-type or p-type semiconductor and liquid phase if formal redox energy level of redox species lies inside semiconductor band gap. We have considered one dimensional particle energy bands for the nearly free particle model at a saline/semiconductor interface structure. […] (fragm.)

Increasing the energy efficiency of using electricity is a current problem. As a modern solution, the development of power equipment based on power electronics was presented. These devices, which absorb relatively large powers from the low-voltage grid, lead to the distortion of currents in the power supply network and to the reduction of the power factor, leading to increased losses in supply networks. The aim of the paper is to develop an innovative solution to increase the power performance of power electronics devices as a result of improving their power factor. The scientific innovation consists in the realization of the technical solution for the fusion of the power factor correction and power conversion improvement in the unique functional block, which has an AC / DC power converter. A simulation model of the AC /DC converter mode has been developed. The efficiency of power factor improvement of the AC / DC converter and operation in switching mode at the zero voltage of the transistor in the primary circuit of the transformer has been demonstrated. It has been experimentally demonstrated the possibility of manufacturing AC / DC converters with cumulative power factor correction functions and output voltage stabilization. The magnitude of the voltage pulses (alternate component) on the rectifier's filter capacitors does not exceed the maximum allowable operating value of the capacitor. This ensures increased efficiency of the converter. The AC / DC converter has an efficiency of 98% and power factor equal cosϕ > 0.985 for the 1500 W power supply and the 220/12V.

The basic task of economy is meeting the consumption and development needs of society. This process undergoes dynamic changes as the economical development evolves. This is definitely connected with energy deliveries in quality and quantity needed to cover the demands of the consumers. Therefore, it is crucial to undertake rational decisions for the power sector on the basis of the acquired knowledge, and shape the country's power demand in a perspective of at least dozen of years. The structure of energy consumption in Poland is assessed and the planned need for energy by the year 2025 is analysed in the paper.

The main parameters of the microclimate of pig farms are regulated by the norms of technological design. Naturally, such micro-climate parameters at real energy prices require high costs, but these are the most favourable conditions for the life of suckling piglets. According to the presented analysis, the problem of research is the need to provide a micro-climate in the room for comfortable keeping of pigs, which is currently achieved through high energy. The purpose of the development is to increase the efficiency of the microclimate of pig farms by using a mechatronic control system, rational use of utilized air energy and soil thermal potential with reduced energy costs of the ventilation system. The problem is solved by creating such a mechatronic system to ensure the microclimate of pig farms, which can: switch the direction of airflow to ensure the operation of the system in winter and summer; to control the movement of air, which must be disposed of according to the parameters of its quality; to provide a local microclimate in each place where animals are kept; rational use of soil thermal energy as a source of alternative energy; to carry out automatic pumping of the water necessary for humidification of air, and its utilization. The article presents the results of research of parameters of the developed mechatronic system of providing microclimate of pig premises, which were carried out in three stages: research of heat exchanger of side-evaporating type; substantiation of the ventilation system of polluted air intake; substantiation of the ventilation system for injecting clean air taking into account it's geothermal heating/cooling. The advantage of the proposed mechatronic system of the microclimate of pig farms is that it allows increasing the efficiency of microclimate by rational use of energy of utilized air (due to the use of side-evaporator type heat exchanger based on Maisotsenko cycle) and soil heat potential (geothermal energy) at low operating costs of the ventilation system through the additional provision of mechatronic elements. The presented results of numerical simulation of the indirect evaporative heat exchanger allow us to state that the cooling effect obtained in indirect evaporative channels can be quite high in comparison with traditional air conditioning patterns. The presented heat exchanger based on the Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) of considered heat carrier flow scheme is characterized by its high cost-effectiveness, low specific cost, small operational costs and structural simplicity, which is confirmed in the works. The models obtained in the Star CCM +software package can be used for optimization analysis of air-cooling with variations in the Reynolds number, humidity, channel length and geometric dimensions of channels. Because of analytical investigations of the contaminated air intake ventilation system, the method was developed and on its basis – the algorithm was implemented for the determination of geometrical arrangement of holes in the air duct of the mechatronic system for pigsty microclimate maintenance.

The research deals with problems of animal waste potential usage in order to produce biogas for energy generation in Ukraine. Although there are favorable conditions to develop biogas sector based on animal waste, the share energy, produced from it, is extremely low. The paper analyzes energy potential of agricultural biomass in Ukraine, economic tools, aimed at stimulating electricity generation from biogas based on animal waste, the results of their impact on biogas plants deployment. Among a number of barriers, which inhibit the development of this sector in Ukraine, the main ones are the need for significant initial investments to construct profitable biogas plants and a large amount of raw materials for their uninterrupted operation. Given the fact that 48.2% of farm animals are concentrated in small-scale farms and households, which cannot individually implement biogas projects, it is proposed to combine their financial and raw material resources within energy co-operatives. Economic benefits, which may be gained by small-scale farms within energy co-operative through the sale of electricity, generated from biogas, by feed-in tariff are calculated. It is discussed that in addition to economic benefits for small-scale farms owners, realization of the co-operative model in the bio-energy sector will let to obtain a number of ecological and social benefits both for territorial communities, and the state as a whole. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 18 (2018)

This study examines the performance of the forested land ownership by farmers in Poland this paper compares the efficiency of farms reporting a portion of their operated land as a forest with those that do not own any forested land. Using FADN data, the study focuses first on cost efficiency, which was estimated using the fixed effects stochastic cost frontier model (Kumbakhar and Knox Lovell, 2003). A generalized multiproduct translog cost function (Caves, Christensen, and Tretheway, 1980) was selected to represent the deterministic part of the cost function because it imposes fewer a-priori restrictions than other functional forms commonly used for the task. The efficiency scores (i.e., the fixed effects) were subject to further analysis, to establish the differences between farms with and without forest land (where forest land was measured as the proportion of the total farm area that was under forest land). The results strongly indicated, both in aggregate and considering estimates by farm type, that most of the farms with forest land were relatively less efficient than farms without them. Because the average farm size has been steadily increasing (although it remains relatively small) in response to a decreasing farm numbers in Poland, while the commercial agricultural production contracts in some peripheral areas without creating a shortage of food or agricultural commodities, there is an opportunity to reallocate land from its current uses to reforestation on farms already managing small groves. The speed of reallocating land will, however, depend greatly on ability of forested land to generate a stream of income. Given the FADN data, the transfer of all remaining agricultural land operated by farms with forested acreage to reforestation would add about 170 thousand hectares of privately owned forests in Poland. Additionally, the transition of farms owing woodlands may lead to their new role in the national environmental policy and efforts to cut the greenhouse gas emissions.

The relevance of this study is to solve the basic task for society to ensure sustainable management by improving the spatial management system of natural resource assets, increase their usage efficiency and ensure sustainable socio-economic development of Ukraine on this basis. At all levels of the state government, there appeared a need to ensure spatial management and transform the organizational structure of natural resource management on the basis of the introduction of a modern system of territorial natural entities with the change of relevant functions, mechanisms and powers in the direction of increasing the ecological and economic effect in various spheres of economic activity. Aim of the research: identification of the highest priority, to ensure sustainable management in resource constraints, the composition of threats and risks and their grouping; development of a closed scheme of permanent clarification of the most important, for spatial sustainable development, threats and risks. The methodological basis of the study is the work of domestic and foreign scientists on spatial management of natural resources, sustainable spatial development and economic security, regulations, analytical and statistical materials of ministries and departments, international organizations, other scientific and information materials. The study involves the use of a number of interrelated methods, including methods: analysis and synthesis; system analysis; economic and mathematical; expert assessments; graphic, etc. The scheme of grouping of organizational and economic mechanisms of realization of spatial model of management of sustainable management within a certain state formation is constructed. According to which a universal, for three stages of implementation of the corresponding type of macro- model (initiation, consolidation, incorporation) spatial management of sustainable development, algorithm is developed. The use of the latter involves: continuous grouping and identification of the most significant threats and risks (in a closed cycle of management, organizational and economic, forecasting, analytical and econometric procedures); development of measures to eliminate the consequences of turbulent shifts.