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The pitch control system has a profound impact on the development of wind energy, and yet a delay or non-minimum phase can weaken its performance. Thus, there is a strong incentive to enhance pitch control technology in order to counteract the negative effects of unidentified delays and non-minimum phase characteristics. To reduce the complexity of the parameter-tuning process and improve the performance of the system, in this paper, we propose a novel control method for wind turbine pitch angle with time delays. Specifically, the proposed control method is state-space PIDD2, which is based on internal model control (IMC) and the open-loop system step response. Then, considering the tracking, disturbance rejection and measurement noise, the proposed controller is verified through simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the state-space PIDD2 (SS-PIDD2) can provide a trade-off between robustness, time domain performance and measurement noise attenuation and effectively improve pitch control performance in contrast to series PID and PI control methods.

The pitch control system has a profound impact on the development of wind energy, and yet a delay or non-minimum phase can weaken its performance. Thus, there is a strong incentive to enhance pitch control technology in order to counteract the negative effects of unidentified delays and non-minimum phase characteristics. To reduce the complexity of the parameter-tuning process and improve the performance of the system, in this paper, we propose a novel control method for wind turbine pitch angle with time delays. Specifically, the proposed control method is state-space PIDD2, which is based on internal model control (IMC) and the open-loop system step response. Then, considering the tracking, disturbance rejection and measurement noise, the proposed controller is verified through simulations. The simulation results demonstrate that the state-space PIDD2 (SS-PIDD2) can provide a trade-off between robustness, time domain performance and measurement noise attenuation and effectively improve pitch control performance in contrast to series PID and PI control methods.

Poland remains the most coal-dependent economy in the EU. To minimize that problem, which is particularly clear and dangerous in the period of a shortage of fossil fuels, the Polish authorities have decided to establish various institutions, organizational and regulatory solutions. Their role is to support the development of renewable energy sources and local energy communities. The latter are to focus on optimizing the production and consumption of energy in pursuit of energy self-sufficiency on a local scale. One such institution, set up in Poland over the last several years, is the energy cooperative, which is intended to increase the efficient use of the potential of renewable energy sources in rural and urban–rural areas. The authors of this article verify the assumptions, for instance, the number, composition or production and members’ consumption profiles, under which such a relatively new institution has the chance to develop. A novelty in this research paper is that the interests of the entities composing a given energy cooperative may additionally be secured by the use of surplus generation for crypto-coin mining, and thus the storage of energy in virtual currency. A dedicated mathematical model in mixed-integer programming technology was used, enriched with respect to previous research, making it possible for members of the cooperative to achieve energy independence while maximizing self-consumption and using their excess energy for processing cryptocurrency. This is in line with the global trend of “greening”; the processes of acquiring electronic money.

Poland remains the most coal-dependent economy in the EU. To minimize that problem, which is particularly clear and dangerous in the period of a shortage of fossil fuels, the Polish authorities have decided to establish various institutions, organizational and regulatory solutions. Their role is to support the development of renewable energy sources and local energy communities. The latter are to focus on optimizing the production and consumption of energy in pursuit of energy self-sufficiency on a local scale. One such institution, set up in Poland over the last several years, is the energy cooperative, which is intended to increase the efficient use of the potential of renewable energy sources in rural and urban–rural areas. The authors of this article verify the assumptions, for instance, the number, composition or production and members’ consumption profiles, under which such a relatively new institution has the chance to develop. A novelty in this research paper is that the interests of the entities composing a given energy cooperative may additionally be secured by the use of surplus generation for crypto-coin mining, and thus the storage of energy in virtual currency. A dedicated mathematical model in mixed-integer programming technology was used, enriched with respect to previous research, making it possible for members of the cooperative to achieve energy independence while maximizing self-consumption and using their excess energy for processing cryptocurrency. This is in line with the global trend of “greening”; the processes of acquiring electronic money.

The economic activity of businesses and the living standards of the population are largely dependent on inflation. Here, energy prices are of particular importance. Energy is what offers a competitive edge to economies. Therefore, many energy sectors still remain under state control. However, the fuel market is free although highly concentrated. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of fuel price changes on inflation in Poland. The research was based on causality models and regression models including asymmetry correction. The flow path was analyzed of price impulses from the basic raw material (i.e., crude oil) through wholesale diesel prices to inflation. The study demonstrates that with each successive stage of raw material processing, price volatility proves to be weaker. However, the final effect is still significant: inflation is largely shaped by energy carriers and, here, specifically by fuel prices. Such results have serious implications for the state’s economic policy. On one hand, they point to the limitations of this policy and, on the other hand, they raise questions about the legitimacy of the reforms that free up energy markets.

The economic activity of businesses and the living standards of the population are largely dependent on inflation. Here, energy prices are of particular importance. Energy is what offers a competitive edge to economies. Therefore, many energy sectors still remain under state control. However, the fuel market is free although highly concentrated. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of fuel price changes on inflation in Poland. The research was based on causality models and regression models including asymmetry correction. The flow path was analyzed of price impulses from the basic raw material (i.e., crude oil) through wholesale diesel prices to inflation. The study demonstrates that with each successive stage of raw material processing, price volatility proves to be weaker. However, the final effect is still significant: inflation is largely shaped by energy carriers and, here, specifically by fuel prices. Such results have serious implications for the state’s economic policy. On one hand, they point to the limitations of this policy and, on the other hand, they raise questions about the legitimacy of the reforms that free up energy markets.

Nearly two-thirds of the emissions that cause smog come from road transport. In April 2019, the European Parliament adopted new regulations on public procurement to encourage investment in clean buses-electric, hydrogen, or gas. Directive 2009/33/EC is to apply from the second half of 2021. The aim of this article is to make an attempt to simulate the number of zero-emission buses (ZEB) in European Union (EU) member countries in two time horizons: 2025 and 2030, and to forecast the number of clean vehicles in the precise time horizons, including before and after 2050. Research questions are as follows: (1) what will be the number of ZEBs in individual EU countries over the next few years; (2) which of the EU countries will reach by 2030 the level of 95% share of ZEBs in all buses, which are a fleet of public transport buses; and (3) in which year will which EU countries reach the level of 95% share of zero-emission buses. The method used is a Bass model. The conducted analyses demonstrate that, by 2050, only four of the EU members will be able to reach 95% level of share of clean buses in the city bus transport fleets. It is likely that other countries may not achieve this even by 2050.

Nearly two-thirds of the emissions that cause smog come from road transport. In April 2019, the European Parliament adopted new regulations on public procurement to encourage investment in clean buses-electric, hydrogen, or gas. Directive 2009/33/EC is to apply from the second half of 2021. The aim of this article is to make an attempt to simulate the number of zero-emission buses (ZEB) in European Union (EU) member countries in two time horizons: 2025 and 2030, and to forecast the number of clean vehicles in the precise time horizons, including before and after 2050. Research questions are as follows: (1) what will be the number of ZEBs in individual EU countries over the next few years; (2) which of the EU countries will reach by 2030 the level of 95% share of ZEBs in all buses, which are a fleet of public transport buses; and (3) in which year will which EU countries reach the level of 95% share of zero-emission buses. The method used is a Bass model. The conducted analyses demonstrate that, by 2050, only four of the EU members will be able to reach 95% level of share of clean buses in the city bus transport fleets. It is likely that other countries may not achieve this even by 2050.

This article presents research conducted in one of the largest mining companies in the EU—Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa S.A. It relates to how the implementation of sustainable strategic management has affected methane projects. In the study, a literature analysis was first conducted, establishing the existence and significance of the research gap. Then, a group of experts from JSW S.A., during moderated workshops, prepared a multidimensional model describing the structure of the implementation of sustainable strategic management. The model was constructed and verified using the AHP method. As a result of the study, it was found that the implementation of sustainable strategic management resulted in a change of the company’s strategic priorities. Significant professionalization of management in the course of these projects was also observed. The most important and beneficial element of the implementation was the adoption of strategic goals related to the production of their very own energy based on methane emitted by mines. Other noteworthy elements of the change concern the introduction of continuous business case assurance during projects and the standardization of the project phase model.

This article presents research conducted in one of the largest mining companies in the EU—Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa S.A. It relates to how the implementation of sustainable strategic management has affected methane projects. In the study, a literature analysis was first conducted, establishing the existence and significance of the research gap. Then, a group of experts from JSW S.A., during moderated workshops, prepared a multidimensional model describing the structure of the implementation of sustainable strategic management. The model was constructed and verified using the AHP method. As a result of the study, it was found that the implementation of sustainable strategic management resulted in a change of the company’s strategic priorities. Significant professionalization of management in the course of these projects was also observed. The most important and beneficial element of the implementation was the adoption of strategic goals related to the production of their very own energy based on methane emitted by mines. Other noteworthy elements of the change concern the introduction of continuous business case assurance during projects and the standardization of the project phase model.